Works Cited

Primary Sources

Barker Sr., William. “Confession.” Salem Village, 16 Sept. 1691, Salem Massachusetts. Speech.

This source is important to our National History Day project because it is a quote that

was spoken in William Barker Sr.’s Examination. He said, “Satans design was to set up

his own worship, abolish all the churches in the land, to fall next upon Salem and soe goe

through the countrey, He sayth the devil promeised that all his people should live bravely

that all persones should be equall; that their should be no day of resurection or of

judgement, and neither punishment nor shame for sin.” By going into more depth of this

article, we learned that it is credible. This famous quote was submitted by Bruce Nielson

and was published on Millenial Star, which posts other important quotes. We intend to

use this information in our National History Day project by placing this quote on one of

our more important pages.

Bishop, Bridget, and John Wildes. “Examination of Bridget Bishop.” Salem Village, 19 Apr.

1692, Salem, Massachusetts. Reading. After reading this document from the examination

of Bridget Bishop, we learned that the court judges did not require any evidence to

confirm the accused witches guilty. Bridget Bishop, who was the first witch to be hanged,

was tried in court and was accused by five different bewitched children. By going into

more depth of this source, we learned that it is credible. We got this primary source from

an official Salem Documents and it has been archived. We intend to use this information

in our project by explaining the justice system during the Salem Witch Trials.
Green, Boston B. “Today in History: March 1 The Salem Witch Trials.” ​Library of Congress​,

1692, www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/march-01/. Accessed 9 Nov. 2017. After

reading this petition for bail of accused witches, we learned about the bad conditions of

the jail that held accused witches. We also learned about the Indian attack and an

epidemic of smallpox in Salem. This source is useful and credible due to the fact that the

author and editor are mentioned on the back page of the primary source. We will use this

source in my National History Day project by using this archive on our final website.

Mather, Cotton. “Mather, Cotton (1663-1728) the Wonders of the Invisible World: Being an

Account of the Tryals.” ​The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History Reserved​,

Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History Reserved,

www.gilderlehrman.org/collections/83fb12fb-8bda-44de-8813-231220008802?back=/m

web/search%3Fneedle%3Dsalem%2520witch%2520trials. Accessed 19 Oct. 2017. By

gathering information from Mather’s book, we learned that he believed the Devil was

using the witches for his own good. By going into more depth of this book, we learned

that this author is credible. Cotton Mather, who wrote the book, “The Wonders of the

Invisible World”, was alive at the time of the Salem Witch Trials. He stated how the

Devil was taking over the witches’ bodies. We intend to use this information in our

project by explaining the Devil’s role in the Salem Witch Trials.

Osborne, Sarah, and John Wildes. “Examination of Sarah Osborne.” Salem Village, 1 Mar. 1962,

Salem, Massachusetts. Reading. By gathering information from the examination of Sarah

Osborne, we learned that she was one of the first three women to be accused. By going

into more depth of this examination, we learned that it is credible. The examination was
 published in Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcript Project. We intend

to use this information in our project by stating the first people to be accused, including

Sarah Osbourne.

Tituba, and John Wildes. “Examination of Tituba.” Salem Village, 1 Mar. 1692, Salem,

Massachusetts. Reading. By gathering information from this examination, we learned that

Tituba was the first person to confess to being a witch and said that she was only hurting

the children because they were going to “hurt” her. We also learned that she saw the devil

as a hog, as a dog, and two cats. By going into more depth of this article, we learned that

this source is credible. The examination was published in Salem Witch Trials

Documentary Archive and Transcription Project, which is known for publishing

numerous primary sources. We plan to use this information in our project by giving an

example of someone who denied being a witch/wizard and got hanged. We will also state

some things that the Devil would tell the witches, and what Tituba saw the devil as.

Wildes, John, and Giles Cory. “Examination of Giles Cory.” Salem Village, 19 Apr. 1692,

Salem, Massachusetts. Speech. By gathering information from the examination of Giles

Cory, we learned that Giles denied being a wizard (a male witch) and was later pressed to

death with heavy rocks. By going into more depth of the Giles Cory examination, we

learned that this source credible. The examination was published on Salem Witch Trials

Documentary Archive and Transcript Project, which is a site that publishes numerous

primary sources. We intend to use this information in my project by giving an example of

someone who denied being a witch or a wizard, which ended in death.

Secondary Sources

A., Grace. ​Governor William Phips​. 2018. ​Corruption in the Colony​, 2014,

people.ucls.uchicago.edu/~snekros/New%20World%20News/New_World_News/Corrup

tion_in_the_Colony.html. Accessed 8 Feb. 2018. In this image, Governor Phips, the

person that held the Salem compromise, is shown. This source is credible because it was

created by Ben Ray, a professor that specializes in early Salem. We plan to use this

source by providing an image of Phips to show that he stopped the accusatiosn of

witchcraft.

Allison, Paula, adapter. ​Salem Witch Trials​. History Channel, 2016. By gathering information

from this video, we learned more about the fits, accusations, and more details on the trials

in general. By going into more depth of this video, we learned that it is credible. All of

the information provided in this video was similar to the information from other credible

websites. We intend to use this information in our project by giving more detail on the

fits and accusations throughout the trials.

Baker, Emerson, et al., performers. ​Salem Witch Trials 101​. C-Span, 2017. ​C-Span​, National

Cable Satellite Corporation, www.c-span.org/video/?429605-4/salem-witch-trials-101.

Accessed 10 Nov. 2017. The information in this documentary was useful because we

learned that the possible reasoning of Ergot Poisoning was not possible because of certain

reasons listed in this informational video. We learned the medical disorders that can

result in stressful situations are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Mass

Conversion Hysteria. The witch trials eventually lead to accused witches to live tough,

stressful lives. Lastly, We learned that almost every single colony or society has had a
 witch hunt in the past. This source is credible because the person presenting all of the

information throughout the video is Professor Emerson Baker. Emerson Baker is a

professor at Salem State College, and Emerson Baker has written books about The Salem

Witch Trials. We intend to use this source in our project by including some of the

information that we gathered, by putting it in our own words and letting the viewer know

some of the myths that people often hear about the witch trials, are untrue.

Baylor Student Historian. “Salem Witch Trial Hysteria.” ​Salem Witch Trials 1692, Hysteria in

Colonial Massachusetts​, WordPress, 2015, blogs.baylor.edu/salemwitchtrials/. Accessed

15 Nov. 2017. After gathering important information from this website, we learned the

answers to this common question about our topic: How can a miscommunication escalate

so quickly? These questions are important to my topic because they can help us answer

questions that may be given by a National History Day judge in the future. This source is

credible because it was made by a student at Baylor. There are discussion questions for

professors included on this webpage. We plan to use this source in our National History

Day project by practicing answering questions from the judges, that will eventually

prepare us for competitions.

Berkshire Law Library. “The Salem Witchcraft Trials.” ​Massachusetts Law Updates​,

Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2017,

blog.mass.gov/masslawlib/legal-history/the-salem-witchcraft-trials/. Accessed 15 Nov.

2017. After reading this article about laws during the time the Witch Trials took place,

We learned about the laws today, compared to the laws in 1692 and how they have

changed. This source is credible because it was written by Berkshire Law Library. We
 plan to use this source in our final website by analyzing some of the information and

using it to help ourselves prepare for possible judge’s questions.

Betty Parris Bewitched. ​Legends of America​, Sept. 2017,

www.legendsofamerica.com/ma-salemafflicted/. Accessed 26 Jan. 2018. This image is

important to our National History Day project because this shows the first “bewitching”

of the Salem Witch Trials. We know that this source is credible because the website was

made by Kathy Alexander, who is best known for a history author. We intend to use this

source in our project by placing it under our timeline page to show the first accusation.

Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice. “History of the Salem Witch Trials.” ​History of Massachussetts Blog​,

Rebecca Beatrice Brooks, 18 Aug. 2011,

historyofmassachusetts.org/the-salem-witch-trials/. Accessed 28 Sept. 2017. By gathering

information from this website, we learned that about twenty “witches” were hanged from

being accused guilty. We also learned that the official Witch Trials started in February of

1692 and ended in May of 1693. By going into more depth of this article, we learned that

this site is credible. It was written by Rebecca Brooks, who listed her citations at the

bottom of her blog. We intend to use this information in our project by stating the period

the trials occurred during and listing some of the names of the bewitched.

Burgan, Michael. ​The Salem Witch Trials​. ​Google Book​ ed., Minneapolis, Compass Point Books,

2005. By reading this book, “The Salem Witch Trials” by Michael Burgan, we learned a

lot of information about the Salem Witch Trials that is necessary to include in our final

project. For example, we learned that accused witches could not be buried in Salem

Puritan cemeteries. This source is credible because it was written by Michael Burgan, an
 award-winning author, that has been writing for over twenty-five years. We will use this

source in our project by analyzing the facts in this book that will help explain the

historical significance of The Salem Witch Trials.

Campbell, Donna M. “Salem Witch Trials.” ​Donna M. Campbell Literary Movements and

Timelines​, Donna M. Campbell, 2010, public.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/witch.htm.

Accessed 16 Nov. 2017. Campbell provides an in-depth explanation of the effects of the

witch trials in the United States. This source is credible because Donna M. Campbell is

an English professor and director of graduate studies. We plan to use this source in our

project by using it to practice explaining our answers from judges.

Chadwick, Bruce. ​Infamous Trials​. Chelsea House, 1997. By reading this book, we learned that

during her fits, Abigail Parris would run around her house flapping her arms, saying

“swish swish”. We also learned that the bewitched would wrestle invisible forces. By

going into more depth of this article, we learned that it is credible. This book was written

by Bruce Chadwick, who earned his doctorate in American history in 1994. We intend to

use this information in our project by stating some things the children did during their

fits.

Connecticut Judicial Branch. “Witches and Witchcraft The First Person Executed in the

Colonies.” ​State of Connecticut Judicial Branch Law Library Services​, Connecticut

Judicial Branch, 2017, www.jud.ct.gov/lawlib/history/witches.htm. Accessed 5 Dec.

2017. After gathering information from this source, we learned about the history of

witchcraft. We learned about the first person accused of witchcraft in New England, as

well as other places experiencing witchcraft. This is a credible source of information

 because it was created by the Connecticut Judicial Branch. We plan to use this source in

our project by reflecting on some of the information

Court Trial. ​Historiek​, historiek.net/over-ons/. Accessed 6 Feb. 2018. This source is important to

our National History Day project because it shows an example of a court trial. We know

that this source is credible because the image was posted on Historiek, which is a site that

is known for credible historical information. We intend to use this image in our project by

placing it under the Retribution page inside of a slideshow.

Dan. “Salem 1692.” ​Salem Witch Trials Research​, Word Press, 2009,

salemwitchtrialsresearch.wordpress.com/2015/01/06/quotes-from-the-witch-trials/.

Accessed 1 Feb. 2018.

Dolan, Edward F. ​The Salem Witch Trials​. New York, Benchmark Books/Marshall Cavendish,

2002. While gathering information from this book, we discovered that the people of

Salem mostly immigrated from Europe, therefore they had many past experiences with

witchcraft that had left them terrified for centuries. We learned that people in Salem’s

village had a large amount of suspicion in witchcraft to older and “uglier” women. This

source is credible because it was written by Edward F. Dolan, an author with several

degrees in history. We will use this source in our project by explaining the background of

the people living in Salem and their earlier experiences with witchcraft.

Erickson, Carlie. “Salem Witch Trials.” ​District 186​, Springfield Public Schools, 2017,

www.sps186.org/teachers/ccrump/?p=27007&i=488603. Accessed 30 Jan. 2018. By

thoroughly reading the information given on this website, we learned the opinions of

people living in Salem Villiage in the 1690’s when witchcraft was an issue. This source is
 credible because it was created by a seventh and eighth-grade history teacher, Carlie

Erickson. We plan to use this source in our project by stating what people thought about

the deaths of the people in Salem at the time and by using quotes to represent how people

felt about what was going on.

Everett. Jails. ​Fineartamerica​, FineArtAmerica.com,

fineartamerica.com/featured/salem-witch-trial-martha-cory-in-jail-everett.html. Accessed

29 Jan. 2018. This image is important to our National History Day because it shows the

conditions of the jails where the accused would stay. It also shows how the accused did

not want to be there and weren’t guilty. By going into more depth of this website, we

learned that it is credible. This source was made by Everett, who is known for historic

images. We intend to use this image in our project by placing it on the timeline page to

show the jailing conditions for the people of Salem.

Giles Corey Crushing. ​Biography.com​, A&E Television Network, 21 Sept. 2017,

www.biography.com/news/salem-witch-trials-facts. Accessed 7 Feb. 2018. This source is

important to our National History Day project because it shows one of the different

punishment for witchcraft. This illustration shows how Giles Corey, an accused wizard,

died from the crushing of stones. We know that source is credible because it was

published in Biography.com, which is a website that is known for researching and

publishing historical accurate information. We intend to use this illustration on our

website by placing it under our Retribution page to show one of the ways that accused

were punished.
Gilman, Sarah. ​The Salem Witch Trials​. New York, Enslow Publishing, 2017. Explore Colonial

America. By gathering information from this book, we learned more about the Salem

Witch Trials in detail and what happened to some of the victims after the trials. We also

learned that during the middle ages, people would burn accused women of being witches.

By going into more depth of this book, we learned that it is credible. This book, “The

Salem Witch Trials” was written by Sarah Gilman, who has written more than ten books.

We intend to use this information in our project by stating what happened to some of the

victims after the trials.

Goss, David D. ​The Salem Witch Trials : a Reference Guide​. Westport, CT, Greenwood Press,

2008. After we read this resourceful book by David D. Goss, we learned the names of

several people held responsible for the deaths of nineteen innocent people. Goss is an

author of many Salem Witch Trial books, and the book was published by Greenwood

Press. We plan to use this source in our National History Day project by referring to the

source to inform the viewer or judge about the opinions of other Puritans.

History, Us. “Witchcraft in Salem.” ​US History​, Independence Hall Association, 2008,

www.ushistory.org/us/3g.asp. Accessed 28 Sept. 2017. By gathering information from

this website, I learned that Tituba, who was the Carribean slave of Reverend Samuel

Parris, was the first woman to be accused of witchcraft. I also learned the five different

tests that the court officers used as evidence against the “witches”. By going into more

depth of this article, I learned that it is credible. It was written by USHistory.com and is

published by Independence Hall Association. I intend to use this information in the

project by stating the five different tests they used to prove one guilty or innocent.
Kallen, Stuart A. ​The Salem Witch Trials​. Lucent Books, 1999. This source is important to our

National History Day project because this book contains important and detailed dates

from the Salem Witch Trials. For example, it said the year Salem was founded, the year

the Reverend Samuel Parris became Reverend and the time that Betty and Abigail started

acting strangely. By going into more depth of this article, I learned that it is credible. This

book was written by Stuart A. Kallen and was published by Luncent Inc Books in 1999. I

intend on using this information in my project by adding this information to our Timeline

tab on our website.

Larrabee, Eric. “From The Archives: New Hampshire’s Own Witch Hunt.” ​NHPR​, New

Hampshire Public Radio, 8 June 2015, nhpr.org/post/archives-nhs-own-witch-hunt.

Accessed 1 Dec. 2017. From gathering useful information from this website, I learned the

number of executed witches in Salem and the number of accused witches during another

witch hunt in a New Hampshire colony, nearly thirty years before the Salem Witch

Trials. This resource is important to my project because the site contains information

about events before the Salem Witch Trials. This source is credible because it was written

by an author. I plan to use this in my project by learning more about before the trials.

Lewis, Jone Johnson. “Elizabeth Procter.” ​ThoughtCo​, 1 June 2017,

www.thoughtco.com/victims-of-the-salem-witch-trials-3530332. Accessed 9 Jan. 2018.

This image is important to our National History Day Project because it shows a

bewitched woman being hanged for witchcraft. We thought that this picture would be

good for our project and would display our project perfectly. By going into more depth of

this website, we learned that it is credible. This website was made by Jone Johnson
 Lewis, who is a humanist minister and writes history articles for Thought.Co. We intend

to use this image in our project by making it one of the header images to show one of the

punishments of witchcraft.

The Library of Congress. “Colonial America (1492-1763).” ​America’s Story from America’s

Library​, Library of Congress, 9 May 2012,

www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/colonial/jb_colonial_salem_2.html. Accessed 27 Sept. 2017.

This source is important to our National History Day project because it has information

about how many people were jailed at the time of the trials, and it also has other

information about who ended the witch trials and when it ended. This is a credible source

because it is written and published by The Library of Congress and the URL ends in a

‘.gov’ I will use this source in our project by giving information about the number of

people jailed and the end of the Salem Witch Trials.

Linder, Douglas. “The Witchcraft Trials in Salem: A Commentary.” ​Famous American Trials​,

Douglas O. Linder, 2009,

law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/SAL_ACCT.HTM. Accessed 9 Nov. 2017.

The explanation given by this author helped us further understand how the witch trials

began. We also gained more knowledge of the history of witchcraft. This source is

credible because it was created by Douglas Linder, a historian, and author. We will use

this source for our project by explaining how the trials began and information about

witchcraft.

“List of 5 Possible Causes of the Salem Witch Trials.” ​History Lists​, HistoryLists.org, 2012,

historylists.org/events/list-of-5-possible-causes-of-the-salem-witch-trials.html. Accessed
 1 Feb. 2018. This source is important to our National History Day project because it

gives possible causes for the Salem Witch Trials, besides witchcraft. By going into more

depth of this website, we learned that it is credible. This source was written with the

intent of making people more aware of important events in history. We intend to use this

source in our project under our Potential Causes page. This will fit our Potential Causes

because it gives different causes for the trials.

M, Sam, and Sam F. “Life after Death.” ​The Salem Journal​,

people.ucls.uchicago.edu/~snekros/Salem%20Journal/Aftermath/SamMSamF.html.

Accessed 2 Nov. 2017. By gathering information from this article, we learned about the

aftermath of the Salem Witch Trials. We learned that only one of the six accusers

apologized about their accusings. The person that apologized was Ann Putman Jr. and

she accused sixty-two people. By going into more depth of this article, we learned that it

is a credible source of information. We intend to use this information in my project by

stating the short and long-term effect of the Salem Witch Trials.

Marciniak, Kristin. ​The Salem Witch Trials​. Ann Harbor, Michagan, Cherry Lake Publishers,

2014. By gathering information from this book, we learned that people thought Governor

Phips stopped the trials because his wife was accused of witchcraft. By going into more

depth of this article, we learned that it is credible. This book was written by Kristin

Marciniak, who has a degree in journalism from the University of Missouri-Columbia.

We plan to use this source in my project by explaining how people in early Salem were

treated unfairly.
McCaffery, Jill. ​The Salem Witch Trials​. Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. By reading this book,

we learned that Dorcas Good, who was four years old, was chained to a stone wall for

eight months. She was only five years old when she was released, and grew into a crazed

lady. We also learned that during the Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries), a fresh wave

of witch-crazes spread throughout Europe. The persecutions declined dramatically and

witchcraft was almost unknown around 1700. By going into more depth of this article, we

learned that it is credible. This book was written by Jill McCaffrey and was published by

Chelsea House Publishers. We intend to use to use this information in our project by

stating some outcomes of the trials and how they began.

Miller, James, and John Thompson. ​National Geographic Almanac of American History​.

National Geographic Books ed. By gathering information from the text, we learned that

farmers were an important role in witchcraft, they were the main accusers. People would

often cast “spells” on farmers and their land, therefore farmers would become angry with

the government. This is a credible source because it was written by James Miller because

he specializes in social movements, popular culture, intellectual history, and he has

studies the 18th century. We plan to use this source in our project by reflecting on what

happened before and during the trials.

Mvargic. Middle Ages Witchcraft. ​History Rundown​, 28 Dec. 2013,

www.historyrundown.com/were-witches-really-burned-in-the-middle-ages/. Accessed 30

Jan. 2018. This image is important to our National History Day project because it shows

how witchcraft has almost always been a part of history. The image represents how

witches of the middle ages were punished. We know that this source is credible because
 the website that this image was published on is known for having accurate historical

information. We intend to use this image in our project by placing it on our history page

to shows part of the history of witchcraft.

O’Connor, David L. Witchcraft. ​History News Network​, Columbia College of Art and Science,

31 July 2016, historynewsnetwork.org/article/163140. This image is important to our

National History Day project because it shows how some people of Salem viewed

“witches”. They viewed them as always causing havoc or destruction. This source is

credible because the image was published on a website by Columbian College of Art and

Science. We intend to use this image in our project by adding it to our timeline page or

adding it as a header on one of our pages.

Ray, Benjamin C. E-mail interview. 8 Dec. 2017. For interviewing Benjamin Ray, we gathered

information that was needed for our project that was difficult to find on other sources. We

learned the short term and long term effect of the trials, we also gained the knowledge of

how the trials ended up affecting the Puritans. Benjamin Ray is the creator of a credible

website containing information about the Salem Witch Trials and primary sources. We

plan to use this information in our project by adding to my “Before, During, and After”

document, Benjamin Ray has information about what happened before and after the

trials.

Ray, Benjamin C., and The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia. “Overview of the

Salem Witch Trials.” ​Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcription

Project​, Benjamin Ray and The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia,

salem.lib.virginia.edu/overview.html. By gathering important information from this

 website, we learned what the Salem Witch Trials were about, how they began, and why

they are significant to history. We learned the main idea of the trials and we learned a

further explanation of our topic’s historical significance. This website is credible because

it was created by Benjamin C. Ray, an author, and professor at The University of

Virginia. We plan to use this knowledge in our project by practicing how to answer

judge’s possible questions with this information.

Roach, Marielynn K. “Salem Witch Trials.” ​Salem.Org​, Salem Still Making History, 22 July

2004, salem.org/learn/salem-witch-trials/. Accessed 28 Sept. 2017. By gathering

information from this article, we learned that soon after the trials had begun, there were

more than one hundred- fifty people put in jail. Also, nineteen people were hanged and

one person was pressed by rocks. By going into more depth of this article, we learned that

it is credible. It was written by Maryiline K. Roach and is published by Salem Still

Making History. We intend to use this information by stating the number of people killed

and the estimate of people put in prison after the official trials started.

Roach, Marilynne K. ​In the Days of the Salem Witchcraft Trials​. Marilynne K. Roach, 1996. By

gathering information from this book, we learned that there was a compromise to the

Salem Witch Trials. The Governor at the time of the trials postponed the trials and set the

prisoners free after they paid their jail fees. Massachusetts also publicly announced their

mistakes and repaid the survivors and heirs for jail and court fees. By going into more

depth of this book, we learned that it is credible. This book was written by Marilynne K.

Roach who earned a BFA from the Massachusetts College of Art. We intend to use this
 information in our project by stating one of the most important parts of our project, the

compromise.

---. ​Six Women of Salem​. Marillynne K. Roach, 2013. By gathering information from this book,

we learned that people in early Salem told tales about a ghostly hound who was the devil

in the shape of a dog. By gathering more information from this book, we learned that it is

credible. This book was written by Marilynne K. Roach, who has written several other

Salem Witch Trial books. Also, this book was published by De Capo Press. We intend to

use this information in our National History Project by stating some visions the people of

Salem had.

The Salem Witch Trials​. ​Thought.co​. Accessed 2 Feb. 2018. This source is important to our

National History Day project because it represents how the trials looked and how the

“bewitched” accused the witches or wizards. By going into more depth of this website,

we learned that it is credible. This website was made by Jone Johnson Lewis, who is

a humanist minister and writes history articles for Thought.Co. We intend to use this

information in our project by placing it as our header on the home page. We see this

image as one of the most important pictures that represent our project.

Saxon, Vicki. “What Caused the Salem Witch Trials?” ​Daily​, ITHAKA, 27 Oct. 2015,

daily.jstor.org/caused-salem-witch-trials/. Accessed 23 Jan. 2018. This source is

important to our National History Day project because it gives us a lot of detailed

information about how the trials started and what events led up to them. This source is

credible because the author, Vicki Saxon, is known for writing articles about the Salem
 Witch Trials. We intend to use this information in our project by adding more

information to our history section and our background facts.

Schiff, Stacy. ​The Witches​. Little, Brown and Company, 2015. By gathering information from

this book, I learned the number of accused women and accused men, and more

information crucial to our project. This source is credible because Schiff attended school

at Phillips Academy. We plan to use this source by stating that not all of the accused

witches or wizards were female, and there were males involved too.

Site, The Salem Witchcraft. “Salem Village.” ​The Salem Witchcraft Site​, Salem Witchcraft Site,

www.tulane.edu/~salem/Salem%20Village%20Discord.html. Accessed 17 Oct. 2017. By

gathering information from this article, we learned that witchcraft accusers generally

accuse people of the same family because witchcraft is known to run through families.

Also, Salem Village didn’t have the most accused witches, but it was still the center of

events in 1692. By going into more depth of this article, we learned that it is credible

because the website has a long list of citations that they used. We intend to use this

information in our project by stating that accused witches usually run in the family, and

that Salem wasn’t the most accused place.

Smith, Gary. “Witchcraft Law up to the Salem Witch Trials.” ​Massachussetts Law Updates​,

Commonwealth of Massachussetts, 31 Oct. 2017,

blog.mass.gov/masslawlib/civil-procedure/witchcraft-law-up-to-the-salem-witchraft-trials

-of-1692/. Accessed 4 Dec. 2017. This source is important to our National History project

because we learned that “There was no required criminal law in the colony at that

time, and without legal training, the Court judged cases and punishments based on what
 they knew of English law and by their instincts of what they thought was

right.”. We also learned that “This made witchcraft a felony; a witch

convicted of a minor offense could receive a year in prison, but any witch accused and

found guilty a second time was sentenced to death.“ By going into more depth of this

article, we learned that it is credible. This article was written by Gary Smith and was

published on a ”.gov“ website. We intend to use this information in our project by stating

some of the Massachusetts Laws.

Sutter, Tim. “Salem Witchcraft.” ​Salem Witchcraft​, Tim Sutter, 2003,

www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281b/Philosophy%20of%20Magic/Ar

cana/Witchcraft%20and%20Grimoires/salemwitchcraft.html. Accessed 7 Dec. 2017. By

gathering information from this article, we learned about the main reasons for the Salem

Witch Trials. The main factors that started and fueled the trials were politics, religion,

family feuds, economics, and the imaginations and fears of the people. By going into

more depth of this article, we learned that it is credible. This source was made by Tim

Sutter and was published on Salem Witchcraft.com. We intend to use this information in

our National History Day project by stating the main causes of the Salem Witch Trials.

Tituba​. ​Smithsonian.com​, Smithsonian Institution, Nov. 2015,

www.smithsonianmag.com/history/unraveling-mysteries-tituba-salem-witch-trials-18095

6960/. Accessed 26 Jan. 2018. This image is important to our National History Day

project because it shows the who the first accusation was towards. Betty and

Abigail accused their slave, Tituba, for bewitching them, and she was the first person to

be convicted. We know that this source is credible because this image was posted on
 Smithsonian.com, which is a very well-known database for historically accurate content.

We intend to use this image in our project by placing it on our Retribution page.

Upham, W.P. ​Map of Salem Village 1692​. 1856. ​History of Massachusetts​, GalussoThemes.com,

2017, historyofmassachusetts.org/the-salem-witch-trials/. Accessed 6 Feb. 2018. This

source is important to our National History Day project because it shows how Salem

Village was planned out. This source is credible because we found it on a website that

provides information that was edited and corrected by a history professor. We plan to use

this source in our project by showing the layout of Salem Village and the display of the

corn that could have caused Ergot Poisoning.

Walker, Rachel. “Cotton Mather.” ​Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcription

Project​, The University of Virginia, 2001, salem.lib.virginia.edu/people/c_mather.html.

Accessed 2 Nov. 2017. By gathering information from this website, we learned about

Cotton Mather, a person from the time of the witch trials. Cotton Mather kept a journal,

or diary that has a lot of information that can be included on our website. This source is

credible because it has been reviewed and edited by history professors in Massachusetts.

We will use this source in our project by including some of the information we read about

in this archive from the 1600’s.

Winkler, Peter. “Salem Witch Trials.” Edited by Jennifer Kirkpatrick and Valerie A. May.

National Geographic​, 1997, www.nationalgeographic.org/interactive/salem-interactive/.

Accessed 19 Nov. 2017. After reading this article, we learned about how some of the

people and victims were affected by laws created during and after the time the trials took

place. This source is credible because it was made by many historians that have studied
the trials as their careers. We plan to use this source in our project by elaborating on some

of the unfair laws that the people of Salem lived by.