As to juridical quality:—

(a) Natural Civil Mixed — when the

when the obligation is in
when the obligation is in
obligation is in accordance with both
accordance with positive
accordance law. natural and positive
with natural law.
law. ( (c)

As to parties

Unilateral and bilateral ) Individual and collective

unilateral, bilateral, where where collective, where there
where only both parties are there is are several obligors
one party mutually or only one
is bound, reciprocally bound. obligor,
and
a. reciprocal b)
non-reciprocal
(where joint, when solidary,
performance
each obligor when
by one is
is liable only each
nondependent
for his obligor
upon
proportionate may be
performance
share of the held liable
by the other)
obligation, or for the
entire
obligation.
3. As to object
(a) Determinate determinate, when the object is ; generic, when the
and generic specific object is
designated by its
class or genus.

b) Simple and when there is only one multiple, when

multiple undertaking; there are several
undertakings.

B1 Multiple may be conjunctive, when all of or distributive,

obligations the undertakings are when only one
demandable at the same time, undertaking out of
several is
demandable.

B2 Distributive alternative, when the obligor is facultative, when

obligations allowed to choose one out of the obligor is
several obligations which may allowed to
be due and demandable, substitute another
obligation for one
which is due and
demandable.
c) Positive and when the obligor is obliged to negative, when the
negative — give or do something; obligor must
positive, refrain from giving
or doing
something.

(d) Real and real, when the obligation personal, when the
personal — consists in giving something; obligation consists
in doing or not
doing something.

e. Possible and when the obligation is capable when the

impossible — of fulfi llment in nature as well obligation is not
possible, as in law; capable of
impossible, fulfillment either in
nature or in law.

f. Divisible and Divisible and indivisible — indivisible, when

indivisible divisible, when the obligation is the obligation is
susceptible of partial not susceptible of
performance; indivisible, when partial
the obligation is not susceptible performance.
of partial performance.
 principal, when it is the main accessory, when
g) Principal and
undertaking; it is merely an
accessory —
undertaking to

guarantee the

fulfillment of

the principal

obligation.

As to perfection and extinguishment

(a) Pure — when the obligation is not subject to any condition or term

and is immediately demandable.

(b) Conditional — when the obligation is subject to a condition which

may be suspensive, in which case the happening or fulfi llment of the

condition results in the birth of the obligation, or resolutory, in which

case the happening or fulfi llment of the condition results in the

extinguishment of the obligation.

(c) With a term or period (a plazo) — when the obligation is subject to a

term or period which may be suspensive or from a day certain, in which

case the obligation is demandable only upon the expiration of the term,

or resolutory or to a day certain, in which case the obligation terminates

upon the expiration of the term.

credit is an asset in the patrimony of the creditor just as the debt is a

liability of the obligor. An obligation is the result of a contract (or some

other source). Hence, while a contract, if valid, always results in

obligations, not all obligations come from contracts. A contract always

presupposes a meeting of the minds; this is not necessarily true for all
kinds of obligations. Be it noted, however, from another viewpoint that

a contract may itself be the result of an obligation. Thus, if P engages A

as the former’s agent, we have the contract of agency. As an agent, A

has the obligation, say to look around for clients orbuyers, as in the real

estate business. As a result of such obligation, A may enter into a

contract of sale with C, a customer. The contract of sale itself results in

the obligations to pay and to deliver. The obligation to deliver may

result in a contract of carriage, and so on, ad infi nituum