INTRODUCTION TO

CHEMISTRY

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY II

1
 OBJECTIVES

 Identify five traditional areas of study in

chemistry.

 Relate pure chemistry to applied chemistry

 Identify reasons to study chemistry.

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 2
 What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of the
composition of “matter” – (matter is
anything with mass and occupies space),
its composition, properties, and the
changes it undergoes.
 Has a definite affect on everyday life taste
of foods, grades of gasoline, etc.
 Living and nonliving things are made of
matter
KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 3
 Chemistry is the study of the
composition, structure, and
properties of matter and the
changes it undergoes .

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 4
 5 Major Areas of Chemistry
1) Analytical Chemistry- concerned with
the composition of substances.
2) Inorganic Chemistry- primarily deals
with substances without carbon
3) Organic Chemistry- essentially all
substances containing carbon
4) Biochemistry- Chemistry of living
things
5) Physical Chemistry- describes the
behavior of chemicals

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 5
 What is Chemistry?
 Pure chemistry- gathers knowledge for
the sake of knowledge

 Applied Chemistry- is using chemistry

to attain certain goals, in fields like
medicine, agriculture, and manufacturing

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 6
 Why Study Chemistry?
 Everyone and everything around us
involves chemistry – explains our world
 What in the world isn’t Chemistry?
 Helps you make choices; helps make you
a better informed citizen
 A possible career for your future
 Used to attain a specific goal
 What did we describe as “pure” and
“applied” chemistry?
KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 7
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY II

8
KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 9
 SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES
 Protons
– + electrical charge
– mass = 1.672623 x 10-24 g
– relative mass = 1.007 atomic mass units
(amu)

 Electrons
– negative electrical charge
– relative mass = 0.0005 amu

 Neutrons
– no electrical charge
– mass = 1.009 amu
KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 10
 The atom is mostly empty space
 Protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
 The number of electrons is equal to
the number of protons.
 Electrons in space around the
nucleus.
 Extremely small.

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 11
 Proton ( Atomic ) Number, Z
 All atoms of the same element have
the same number of protons in the
nucleus, Z

13 proton number
Al symbol
26.9815 atomic weight

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 12
Nucleon ( Mass ) Number, A
 C atom with 6 protons and 6
neutrons is the mass standard
= 12 atomic mass units

 Mass Number
= no of protons + no of neutrons

 A boron atom can have

A = 5 p + 5 n = 10 amu
KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 13
 Isotopes
 Atoms of the same proton number
(same Z) but different nucleon
number (A).

 Boron-10 (10B) has 5 p and 5 n

 Boron-11 (11B) has 5 p and 6 n

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 14
 Atomic Orbitals
o An orbital refers to the region in space
around the nucleus where the probability
of finding a particular electron is high.
o An orbit is the circular path of an
electron around the nucleus.

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 15
ORBITAL S

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 16
ORBITAL P

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 17
ORBITAL d

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 18
KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 19
 The Energies of Orbitals
 The energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom is determined solely by
its principal quantum number. Thus, the energies of hydrogen orbitals
increase as follows:
1s<2s = 2p<3s = 3p = 3d<4s = 4p = 4d = 4f<…
 Although the electron density distributions are different in the 2s and
2p orbitals, hydrogen’s electron has the same energy whether it is in
the 2s orbital or a 2p orbital (degenerate).
 The 1s orbital in a hydrogen atom corresponds to the most stable
condition (ground state).
 An electron residing in this orbital is most strongly held by the nucleus
because it is closest to the nucleus.
 An electron in the 2s, 2p, or higher orbitals in a hydrogen atom is in an
excited state.

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 20
NRG
4s_ 4p_ _ _ 4d_ _ _ _ _ 4f_ _ _ _ _ _ _
3s_ 3p_ _ _ 3d_ _ _ _ _

2s_ 2p_ _ _

1s_

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 21
KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 22
 Electron Configuration of
Atom
The electronic configuration of an atom can be determined by using the following sets
of rules:

1.The Afbau Principle

 States that electron must occupy available orbitals of lower energy first before orbitals
of higher energy are filled.

2. Pauli Exclusion Principle

 States that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers. If two
electrons in an atom should have the same n, l, and ml values (that is, these two
electrons are in the same atomic orbital), then they must have different values of ms.
 It means that only two electrons of opposite spins can occupy each orbital.

3. Hund’s Rule
 States that the most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest
number of parallel spins.

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 23
 1
H 1s1
1.00794
1s
11
1s22s22p63s1
Na
22.99
1s 2s 2p 3s

20
1s22s22p63s23p64s2
Ca
40.078
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s

13
1s22s22p63s23p1
Al
26.982
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

7
1s22s22p3
N
14.007
1s 2s 2p

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 24
 Exceptions to the Afbau Principle
 The elements from scandium (Z = 21) to copper (Z = 29) are transition
metals.
 Transition metals either have incompletely filled d subshells or readily give rise
to cations that have incompletely filled d subshells.
 In this series additional electrons are placed in the 3d orbitals, according to
Hund’s rule.
 There are 2 irregularities, the electron configuration of chromium (Z = 24) is
[Ar]4s13d5 and not [Ar]4s23d4. Same pattern observed in copper which has
electronic configuration [Ar]4s13d10 rather than [Ar]4s23d9.
 The reason for these irregularities is that a slightly greater stability is
associated with the half-filled (3d5) and completely-filled (3d10) subshells.
 Electrons in the same subshell have equal energy but different spatial
distribution. Their shielding of one another is relatively small, and the electrons
are more strongly attracted by the nucleus when they have 3d5 configuration.
 According to Hund’s rule, the orbital diagram for Cr is:

Cr [Ar] Cu [Ar]
4s 3d 4s 3d

KATPM@ PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY II 25