Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Third Edition
Project
Management
and Systems
Engineering
Guide
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PROBLEM SOLVING
Classical Method Scientific Method Shotgun Method
1 What is the problem? 1 Define the problem 1 Make decision
2 What are the alterna- 2 State objectives 2 Analyze research
tives?
3 What is the best alterna- 3 Formulate a hypothesis 3 Correct
tive?
4 Collect data 4 Implement
5 Classify, analyze, and 5 Repeat 2–4 as required
interpret data against the
hypothesis
6 Draw conclusions, gen-
eralize, restate, or
develop new hypotheses
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;
PROGRAMMING
OFF-YEAR
MAR APR
FEB MAY
Claimant/ Investment
Component Strategy
Commander A I Review
JAN Input JUN
S
R
1st Cong Res
A
DEC P JUL
Congressional
Hearings YRĆ1
YRĆ1
Pres L
P Budget
Major
NOV Budget Apportionment AUG
Issues Review
S
A
PBD'S
C U T
E I
X O
OCT E SEP
OSD N
Review
Appraisal
Budget N Updates
to OSD
O Implementation
SEP E I Review OCT
X T
E C U DNCPPG
Claimant/
Component
NAVCOMPT Commander
Budget Input
AUG Review Congressional Pres BAMS NOV
POM Hearings Budget
YRĆ2 YRĆ2
DG
OSD POM Published
Review FYDP
Update
JUL JPAM DEC
Budget POM End CPFG
Guidance Submit Game
Call PPI
SPPs
JUN FYDP SECNAV JAN
Update Balance
MAY FEB
APR MAR
PROGRAMMING
ON-YEAR
Table III-1. Cost estimate categories.
".2"01 #,/ -/,-,0) #,/ &1"*0 2+!"/ ,+0&!"/1&,+ &+ %+!
))-/( "01&*1"
/,-,0) /".2&/"! #2/1%"/ !"#&+&1&,+ ,/ #2/1%"/
012!6 1, /"#&+" ,010 4%"/" %&$%"/ 1"$,/6 03" #,/ ,+" ,/ 14,
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1"$,/6 ,# 1%" #2+!0 "&+$ *!" 3&))" 1, 1%" -/,'" 1
%" 2!$"1 1"$,/&"0 /" !"0 /&"!
&+ 1)" 8
36 2!$"1 1"$,/&"0
8
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< 9%!23 ,/.' %30%#)!,,9 7(%. ,!2'% $/,,!2
!-/5.43 &/2 02/#52%-%.43 !2% ).6/,6%$ 4(%2%&/2% 4(/2/5'( !.$ !##52!4% !$6!.#%$ 0,!..).'
)3 %33%.4)!, 4/ %.352% 4(!4 &5.$).' )3 !6!),!",% 4/ 3500/24 02/*%#4 !#4)6)4)%3
(% .5-"%2 !.$ 6!2)%49 /& $/#5-%.43 2%15)2%$ 3)-0,9 "%#!53% ! 02/*%#4 %8)343 !2%
%./5'( 4/ 34!''%2 4(% )-!').!4)/. .,%33 4(% 02/*%#4 -!.!'%2 )3 02%0!2%$ 4(% $/#5-%.4!<
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/& 4()3 '5)$% 3%% #(!04%2 %30)4% !,, 4(%3% $)6%23% 0!0%23 4(%2% !2% 34),, $/#5-%.43 7()#(
7),, "% 2%15)2%$ ). /.% &/2- /2 !./4(%2 $52).' 4(% 02/*%#4 (% 30/.3/2 -!9 !54(/2 3/-% /&
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%#4
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!2% "539 7)4( ;&)2% $2),,3 (%2%&/2% 4(% $/#5-%.43 3(/5,$ "% /2'!.):%$ 4/ "% 2%!$ !.$
5.$%234//$ ).
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Category/Department Reference
Purpose
85-8'3 2'44/4-
"+9: '4* <'2;':/54 '9:+8 2'4 *+4:/,/+9 " /99;+9 $!"
" 5(0+):/<+9 '4*
8+95;8)+9
62'44/4-
85659+* "+).4/)'2 3685<+3+4:
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85);8+3+4: 2'49
)7;/9/:/54 2'4 '058 685);8+3+4:9 )7;/9/:/54 2'44/4-
62'44/4- '4* 8+7;+9: ;/*+
,58 ';:.58/:? ! !*
/9)+22'4+5;9
+9+'8). "+).4525-? %581 9:'(2/9.+9 ' 8+)58* 5, !$!"
#4/: !;33'8? :.+ +>/9:+4)+ 5, :.+ '4* 25)'2 /49:8;):/549
6850+):
;'2/:? 99;8'4)+ 2'4 9:'(2/9.+9 6850+): $"
685)+*;8+9 ,58 !% @@
7;'2/:? 8+</+= <+8/@
58 @@
,/)':/54 '4* )+8:/@
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@
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Category/Department Reference
Purpose
",%%'(., ('-"'.
-'+"3-"(' %'
-+&"', -! %/%, !)-+
( ,-'+"3-"(' -(
"&)%&'- '
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1.0
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YES
CONCEPTUAL APPROACH
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DEMONSTRATION: ANALYĆ (SEE CH 3)
SIS, SIMULATION,
EXPLORATORY
DEVELOPMENT
NO CONSTRAINTS NO
COMPATIBLE?
WAIVERABLE?
NO
YES YES
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RESOURCES PROVE OBTAIN CANCEL
RESOURCE
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REQUIREMENTS
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N i i i i
6
SUPPORT PARAMETERS
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availability cannot be used to predict the equipment availability in use; it is a specĆ
ification tool only and must be treated as such
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1
(Source: 1 LS Implementation Guide ĆĆ NAVMAT PĆ4000)
Definitions
1. Availability (A): The probability that an item will be ready to perform within specification at
the start of a mission.
2. Dependability ID): The probability that an item will be able to perform a complete mission
within specification and, should a failure occur during that time, can be restored to
operation within specification within the allowed downtime.
3. Reliability, (R): The probability that an item will be able to perform a complete mission
within specification, given that it is operational at the start of the mission. Alternately, the
probability at an item will operate within specification for a given period of time.
4. Maintainability (M): The probability that an item can be restored to operation within speciĆ
fication within a given downtime.
5. Supportability (S): The probability that all the elements necessary effect the repair of an
item will be available within a specified time.
14. Failure: Any item condition in which the item is unable to operate within specification.
a. Relevant Failure: A failure with which the item cannot perform its specified mission.
b. Nonrelevant Failure: A failure which causes degraded item performance but does
not prevent the item from performing its specified mission.
c. Partial Failure: A failure of one or more modes of operation which are not critical to
the item's specified mission.
15. Ready time: The time during which the item is capable of operation but not in use.
Formulae:
1. A (inherent availability) =
2. A (operational availability) =
a. (discounting preventive maintenance by assuming scheduling of PM to not interĆ
fere with possible use)
A =
b. (assuming 100% utilization) A =
3. a. D = Rm + M (1ĆRm ) (Rm = mission reliability)
8. MTBM =
Specification Terms:
Term Source
Support parameter definitions and formulae (continued).
Formulae:
1. A (inherent availability) =
2. A (operational availability) =
a. (discounting preventive maintenance by assuming scheduling of PM to not interĆ
fere with possible use)
A =
b. (assuming 100% utilization) A =
3. a. D = Rm + M (1ĆRm ) (Rm = mission reliability)
8. MTBM =
Specification Terms:
Term Source
Support parameter definitions and formulae (continued).
Specification Terms (continued):
Term Source
Support parameter definitions and formulae (continued).
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MDT = MTTR + MDT (Parts) + MDT (Assist) + MDT (Admin)
MDT (Parts)
MDT (Parts) = (part supply time in hours for the i part) li
(failure rate for the i part) MTBF (of the equipment)
MDT = MTTR + MDT (Parts) + MDT (Assist) + MDT (Admin)
MDT Parts)
[based on 1/2 hour for parts onboard, 24 hours for parts notĆonĆboard but expected to be onĆboard
shipsĆinĆcompany, 30 days for parts notĆonĆboard but inĆstock, 180 days for parts notĆonĆboard, notĆinĆ
stock (commonly available), 540 days for parts notĆonĆboard, notĆinĆstock (not commonly available)]
NOTES: (1) A controlled part is a nonstandard part which is fully provisioned; a lifeĆcycle
stocked part is a systemĆpecular part which is stocked in sufficient quantity to supĆ
port the expected life of the system (longĆleadĆtime items may be included if they
are fully provisioned). Uncontrolled parts include all items which are not standard
or controlled.
(2) These values assume a fully implemented logistic support plan. If any part of the
logistic support is not implemented, all provision parts will appear to be unconĆ
trolled parts."
. Mean downtime (MDT) specification values.
MDT (Assistance)
Task
Equipment Equipment
OrganiĆ Turnaround Equipment Equipment Turnaround
Equipment zational IM Repair IM Repair IM Repair Depot to onĆboard Turnaround Turnaround Under
Category Repair (on board) (mobile assist) (off ship) Repair pool to IM pool to Depot pool Warranty
Notes: (1) (2) (7) (2) (3) (4) (3) (4) (5) (3) (3) (3) (3) (6)
(1) Depot and equipment turnaround as determined by the equipment support concept do not
add in for those items for which redundancy is provided within the system.
(2) IM repair will be required in direct proportion to the percentage of maintenance tasks which
arde beyond the organization's level of maintenance capability (tables IVĆ3 and IVĆ5) assumĆ
ing no special training, test equipment, or tools are required. If special training is required,
add (2 number of weeks training required C)%, where C = 1 for nonvital, 2 for semivital,
and 5 for vital equipments. If special tools or test equipment are required, add 0.15 percent
of tasks requiring these items.
(3) These values assume fully implemented logistic support and training plans. If critical elements
of either plan are not implemented, support will not be available in less than 180 days.
. Mean downtime (MDT) specification values (continued).
MDT (Admin)
Delay Category
FRD (Fault Recognition Delay) 0.02 h Faults automatically detected and alarmed
= S (category delay) (% predicted
faults in category) 0.03 h Operator apparent faults
0.25 h Primary mode faults, not operator apparĆ
ent
4h Secondary mode faults
. Mean downtime (MDT) specification values (continued).
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QUANTITY
1000
LARGE
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INTERMEDIATE
100,000
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Source Title Report No. Date
Norfolk Naval Shipyard:
1. “Vibration Survey Report” — 1961
2. same — 1962
3. same — 1963
4. same — 1964
5. same AD 482035 1965
6. same AD 818880 1966
7. same AD 834603 1967
8. same — 1968–
1969
9. same —
Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard:
1. “Vibration and Noise Survey Reports? — 1961
2. same — 1963
Philadelphia Naval Shipyard:
1. “Collection of Letter Reports of Local Vibra- — 1961
tion Surveys”
2. same — 1962
3. same — 1963
4. “Collection of Vibration Surveys” AD 809229 1964
5. “Collection of Vibration Surveys and Letter — 1969
Reports”
6. “Collection of Vibration Surveys” — 1970
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard:
1. “Reports on Vibration Surveys” — 1962
Puget Sound Naval Shipyard:
1. “Collection of Reports on Vibration Surveys” — 1961
2. same — 1962
3. same — 1963
4. same AD 463274 1964
5. same AD 481976 1965
6. same AD 809213 1966
7. same AD 834332 1967
San Francisco Bay Naval Shipyard:
1. “Shipboard Vibration Survey of 1962” — 1962
2. “Collection of Vibration Surveys for 1963” — 1963
3. “Shipboard and Vibration Memos and Sur- AD 466652 1964
veys for 1964”
Source Title Report No. Date
4. “Collection of Vibration Surveys for 1965” — 1965
5. same... “1966” AD 815849 1966
Charleston Naval Shipyard:
1. “Informal and Letter Reports on Vibration AD 460923 1964
Problems for 1964”
Naval Electronics Laboratory Center:
1. D. Peterson, “Summary of NELC,” Recorded 1701 2 Apr
Shipboard Vibration Data 1970
2. R. H. Chalmers and D. L. Peterson, “Envi- 1577 16
ronmental Studies Aboard U.S. Navy Ves- Aug
sels in the South China and Caribbean 1968
Seas”
Naval Ship Research and Development Center, Washington, DC
1. V. S. Hardy, “Surface Ship Vibration” NSRDC 2338 June
1967
2. H. F. Alma and N. W. Huzil, “Surface Ship NSRDC Sep
Vibration” 2338A 1970
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RELIABILITY MISSION
MAINTAINABILITY READINESS
MAINTENANCE
CONCEPT
SUPPORT ELE-
TOTAL
MENTS
SUPPORT
LIFE-
MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL CYCLE
SPARE PARTS COST
TEST EQUIPMENT
MAINTENANCE TRAINING
FACILITIES
DATA
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ACQUISITION COST
COST
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Figure IX-2. Life-cycle cost vs reliability. (Relationships for maintainability are similar.)
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CANDIDATE
SYSTEMS
SYNTHESIS
LOGISTIC FEASIBILITY
SUPPORT ANALYSIS/
ALTERNATIVES EVALUATION
NO
FEASIBLE
CONCEPTUAL
PHASE
YES
CANDIDATE
LIFE-CYCLE
EVALUATION/
COST ANALYSIS
SELECTION
NO
ACCEPTABLE
YES
SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
VALIDATION
PHASE
DESIGN ANALYSIS
LIFE-CYCLE
EVALUATION/
COST ANALYSIS
SELECTION
NO
ACCEPTABLE
YES
DESIGN
SPECIFICATION
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1
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REQUIREMENTS
F
MIL-STD-454
REQ. 54
MIL-HDBK-472
PREDICTION
MIL-STD-2084
MAINTAINABILITY
GENERAL REQS
MIL-STD-1390 MIL-P-24534
LEVEL OF REPAIR PMS DOCUMEN-
MIL-STD-1388-1A TATION
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ANALYSIS WORK BREAKDOWN
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CRITICAL CHARACTERISTICS
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MIL-STD-1366
PHST DIMENSIONAL CONSTRAINTS
MIL-STD-1365
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Table XI-1. Table of values for MTBF confidence range curve.
Upper Limits Lower Limits
Number of
Failures 90% 80% 60% 60% 80% 90%
1 19.2 9.44 4.48 .620 .434 .333
2 5.62 3.76 2.43 .667 .515 .422
3 3.68 2.72 1.95 .698 .565 .476
4 2.92 2.29 1.74 .724 .598 .515
5 2.54 2.06 1.62 .746 .625 .546
7 2.13 1.80 1.48 .768 .667 .592
10 1.84 1.61 1.37 .800 .704 .637
15 1.62 1.46 1.28 .826 .746 .685
20 1.51 1.38 1.24 .847 .768 .719
30 1.39 1.29 1.18 .870 .806 .756
40 1.32 1.24 1.16 .884 .826 .787
50 1.28 1.21 1.14 .892 .847 .806
90%
7
5 80%
UPPER LIMIT
3 60%
MULTIPLE
OF MTBF
1.0
.7 60%
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)59%00= -14368%28 -2 %'')48-2+ 36 6).)'8-2+ # 97) !,) -2(-:-(9%0 *%'8367 ;-8,-2
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> *%'8367 %6) 3* 1%.36 -14368%2') %-096) 83 1))8 8,) 78%8)( '6-8)6-32 '390(
&) +6392(7 *36 238 97-2+ 8,) #
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8,)7) *%'8367 ;-00 +)2)6%00= 238 &) 79**-'-)28 -2 -87)0* *36 6).)'8-2+ 8,) #
&98 % '31&-2%8-32 3* > *%'8367 '390( &)
>
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238 '327-()6)( 7)6-397 &98 1%= 6)59-6) 74)'-%0 '327-()6%8-32 -2 7869'896-2+
8,) ;%66%28= 36 8,) %(1-2-786%8-:) 463')(96)7
$"?
/ .#*0' (+#.$5 /#/ /# -$/ -$ $) /' 6 - /* 0. ,0'$/6
/$1 '4 2$/# ) 2- ) .. *! /# 3/- !!*-/ ) *./ - ,0$- *! */# /# "*1 -)( )/
$) - ,0 ./$)" ) /# *)/-/*- $) +-*+*.$)" /# +-*1$.$*) #/ $. /# -
.#*0' !*- - ,0 ./$)" *)/-/*-. +-*+*.'. - .*)' -/$)/4 . *)
*./ )'4.$. . 2 '' . /# -$/ -$ !/*-. /#/ /# 2$'' (+'*4 1 )
/#*0"# /#*-*0"# *)*($ )'4.$. *! /# 0. ))*/ ( 0)/$' +-$ )
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.$. *! *./ 2# /# - *- )*/ /# (4 "** *0-. *! /$*) /# - (0./
!$"0- *) 2#$# /* . +-*' +-$ !*- *)/-/*- 1 '*+( )/+-*06
/$*) ) .0++*-/ ,0$.$/$*) 2$/# ) /# ) /#$. +-$ (0./ *(+- 2$/#
/# +-$ *! 1 '*+( )/+-*0/$*)6*)'4 *)/-/ +'0. /# +-*' *./ *! .0++*-/
4 /# "*1 -)( )/ 2$/#*0/ /# #$. (4 0) -/& ) . $)$/ $) !$"0-
6 4 +'*//$)" *./. 1 -.0. -)" *! ' 1 '. !*- 1 '*+( )/+-*0/$*)
0-1
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6 - +- . )/. /# 0) -/$)/4 *! /# *./. ..*$/ 2$/# #$ 1$)" ) .0++*-/$)"
/# 1-$*0. ' 1 '. *! - '$$'$/4 # 0. *! '$! 64' *./ (* '. ) ..$./ $)
/#$. 1'0/$*) +-* .. 2# ) .0!!$$ )/ / - 1$''
+*) - $+/ *! $ -. +-*+*.'. !0-/# - *./ )'4.$. $. ( /* / -($)
2# /# - /# 0. *! /# 2*0' *./6 !! /$1 # '$! 64' *./ 0-1 1 '6
*+ +-$*- /* - ' . 7 .0# . /# *) .#*2) $) !$"0- 6 7 ) *(6
+- 2$/# /# /*/' !$3 6+-$ $. $) /# +-*+*.'. ) /# $- - .+ /$1 +-*+*.
. ! *./ +-*+*.' $. '*2 /# '*2 - *0) *! /# *./ 0-1 /# +-$ $.
-$"#/ ) 0. *! /# $. !$)$/ '4 $)$/ ! /# +-*+*.' $. *1 /# 0++ -
*0) /# .#*0' )*/ *).$ - ) /2 ) !0-/# - 1'0/$*) (0./
( # !$-6+-$ ,0 ./$*) # - $. # '+ *).$ -'4 . $. #$ 1' - '$$'$/4
4 /# !/ *! *(+ /$/$*) (*)" $ -. !*- !$3 6+-$ *)/-/ 1 - ./$(/$*) *!
3+ / - '$$'$/4 4 $ - 2$'' / ) /* $)- . #$. /*/' +-$ ) - 0 #$.
#) *! $)" +/ 2# - . 0) - ./$(/$*) !*- /# +0-+*. *! $(+-*1$)"
+-*!$/ (4 '*. #$( /# *)/-/ . 2 ''
$ - (4 $)'$) /* '0(+ /# *./. ..*$/ 2$/# /# $)/* #$.
0)$/ +-$ 0/ $) *- - /* (& ) +/- % / $.$*) *) /# 0. *! /# /#
/0' +-$ +-*+*. !*- /# (0./ &)*2) $ -. /# - !*- (0./ - ,0$-
/* . +-/ '4 +-$ /# +-*1$.$*) .* /#/ ' - *(+-$.*) (4 ( 2$/#
/# "*1 -)( )/. *./ ./$(/ # +/- % / $.$*) $. . $) )* .('' +-/
*) /# $!! - ) /2 ) /# .0++*-/ *./. ) /# .0++*-/ *./. /# "*1 -)6
( )/ 2*0' $)0- $! /# ,0$+( )/ 2 - +0-#. 2$/#*0/ ) # 2--)/4
.#*0' )*-(''4 *./ 6 *! /# *+ -/$*)' 0)$/ ,0$.$/$*) *./ + - 4 -
6
MTBF
MTBF
MTBF
Funding Requirements
1 %.#4+(; 6*' 6;2'5 1( (70&5 61 $' 75'& (14 241%74'/'065 *#8+0) 6*' ! 241>
8+5+10 6*' (1..19+0) (70&+0) 21.+%; )7+&'.+0'5 *#8' $''0 #76*14+<'& (14 75' $;
#0&
!5 5*#.. $' (70&'& (41/ 6*' 5#/' #224124+#6+10 #5 6*' #%37+5+6+10 *#6
+5 6*' ! 5*#.. $' 2#+& (41/ 6*' 241%74'/'06 14 #224124+#6+10
1( 6*' 5'48+%' 14 #)'0%; %10%'40'& &'2'0&+0) 10 (41/ 9*+%* 1( 6*' #2241>
24+#6+105 6*' #%37+5+6+10 +5 (70&'&
*' ! 24+%' 5*#.. $' 2#46 1( 6*' (+:'&>24+%' %1064#%6 #0& 2#;/'06 61 6*'
9#44#0614 (14 ! 2146+10 5*#.. 016 $' /#&' &+(('4'06.; (41/ 2#;/'06
70&'4 6*' 4'/#+0+0) 2146+10 1( 6*' %1064#%6 ':%'26 6*#6 2#;/'06 (14 6*'
! /#; $' &'.#;'& 706+. &'.+8'4; 14 4'.+037+5*/'06 1( 241&7%6+10 %10641.
1( 6*' +6'/ $; 6*' 9#44#0614
*' 9#44#06; 2'4+1& 10 6*' +6'/5 5*#.. $')+0 #(6'4 /#07(#%674' #0& 7210
&'.+8'4; 14 4'.+037+5*/'06 1( 241&7%6+10 %10641. $; 6*' 9#44#0614
*' ! 5*#.. 4'37+4' 6*' 9#44#0614 61 4'2#+4 14 4'2.#%' 6*' 9#44#06'&
+6'/ 7210 (#+.74'
*' ! 5*#.. 016 +0%.7&' 4'37+4'/'065 (14 6*' 9#44#0614 61 2418+&' 014>
/#. 72-''2 %.'#0+0) #&,756+0) 4')7.#6+0) 14 16*'4 2'4+1&+% /#+06'0#0%'
#%%1/2.+5*'& 9*'6*'4 14 016 (#+.74' 1%%745
*' ! 5*#.. ':%.7&' %1/210'065 1( 6*' 9#44#06'& +6'/5 9*+%* 014>
/#..; 4'37+4' 4'2.#%'/'06 &74+0) 6*' 2'4+1& 1( 6*' 9#44#06; 57%* #5 (+.>
6'45 #0& .+)*6 $7.$5 *'5' %1/210'065 /#; $' #%%1706'& (14 $; 5'2#4#6'
2418+5+105 +0 6*' %1064#%6 %105+56'06 9+6* %744'06 .#95 #0& 4')7.#6+105
'%#75' ! 2418+5+105 /756 $' 6#+.14'& 61 6*' 2#46+%7.#4 +6'/ $'+0) 9#4>
4#06'& # 56#0& ! %.#75' +5 016 %106#+0'& +0 6*' 19'8'4 %'46#+0 '.'>
/'065 5*17.& $' %105+&'4'& (14 +0%.75+10 +0 #0 ! %.#75' *'5' '.'/'065 9*+%*
#4' &+5%755'& $'.19 %10%'40 6*' 56#6'/'06 1( %1064#%614 9#44#06; %1064#%614
1$.+)#6+105
)18'40/'06 1$.+)#6+105 /+5%'..#0'175 4'37+4'/'065 #0& #
4'37+4'/'065 ! 2418+5+105 #4' %105647%6'& $; +/2.'/'06+0) 6#+.14'& 2418+5+105
70&'4 =!#44#06; 1( 722.+'5 1( # 1/2.': #674'
>
'4/ 6#6' 6*' .'0)6* 1( 6+/' 6*' 9#44#06; 9+.. $' +0 '(('%6 57#..; 6*+5
5*17.& %18'4 75#)' 12'4#6+0) *1745 #0& %#.'0 6+/' )'0'4#..;
61
;'#45 9*+%*'8'4 1%%745 (+456
" >
(#!2'4#1!-.# 22# 2&# .0'+07 - (#!2'4# -$ 2&# 500,27 2&2 '1 2-
+-2'42# 2&# !-,20!2-0 2- "#1'%, ," .0-"3!# #/3'.+#,2 2&2 '1 +-0# 0#*'8
*# ," *#11 !-12*7 2- 0#.'0 $ 2�# '1 1.#!'$'#" 0#*' '*'27 0#/3'0#+#,2
'2 1&-3*" # !*#0*7 1#2 $-02&
'*30# #$',# 2&# $'*30#1 5&'!& '** 0#/3'0# 2&# !-,20!2-0 2- 0#.'0 -0
0#.*!# $'*#" '2#+ 2 ,- !&,%# ', 2&# !-,20!2 .0'!# 5&#, 2&# '2#+ '1
0#230,#" 2- &'+
6!*31'-,1 22# 2&# !-,"'2'-,1 ," !2'-,1 11-!'2#" 5'2& 0#.'0 0#.*!#8
+#,2 5&'!& 0# 1.#!'$'!**7 #6!*3"#" 3,"#0 2&# 500,27 9 13!& 1 '2#+1
*-12 -0 "+%#" "3# 2- $'0# #6.*-1'-, .!)',% ," 1&'..',%
&'..',% !-121 22# 5&- .71 2&# !-121 -$ 1&'..',% 2&# $'*#" 3,'21 2- 2&#
!-,20!2-0 2&# %-4#0,+#,2 -0 2&# !-,20!2-0
0'!# 22# 2&2 .0'!# 0#)-32 -$ 2&# 500,27 1&-3*" # ',!*3"#"
*-,% 5'2& 2&# 2-2* .0'!# 2- **-5 2&# %-4#0,+#,2 2- "#2#0+',# 2&# !-12
-$ 2&#
00,27 +0)',%1 22# 2&2 2&# !-,20!2-0 1&** # 0#/3'0#" 2- .0-+'8
,#,2*7 "'1.*7 2&# $-**-5',% ',$-0+2'-, -, 2&# $!# -$ 2&# 3,'2 2&2 2&#
'2#+ '1 500,2#" 2&# 500,27 .#0'-" ," !2'-,1 2- 2)# '$ 2&# 3,'2 $'*1
"30',% 2&# 500,27 .#0'-"
30,0-3," 2'+# 22# 2&# 230,0-3," 2'+# ," 2&# ..0-.0'2# "(3128
+#,21 -0 -2� !-,1'"#02'-,1 2- # #6!2#" '$ 2&# !-,20!2-0 #6!##"1 2&#
,3+ #0 -$ "71 1- 1.#!'$'#" !-,20!2 230,0-3," 2'+# 1&-3*" # "#$',#"
1 2&# .#0'-" #25##, 2&# "2# 2&# 3,'2 '1 0#!#'4#" 7 2&# !-,20!2-0 $-0
0#.'00#.*!#+#,2 ," 2&# "2# 5&#, 2&# 0#.'0#"0#.*!',% 3,'2 '1
1&'..#" 7 2&# !-,20!2-0 2- 2&# %-4#0,+#,2
#!-0"1 22# 2&2 2&# !-,20!2-0 1&** +',2', 0#!-0"1 7 1#0'* ,3+8
#0 $-0 #!& 3,'2 3,"#0 500,27 ," 1&** +)# 13!& 0#!-0"1 4'* *# 2-
2&# %-4#0,+#,2 3.-, 0#/3#12
-,2',#01 22# 5� -0 ,-2 2&# %-4#0,+#,2 5'** 13..*7 1.#!'* !-,8
2',#01 $-0 20,1.-02',% 3,'21 2- ," $0-+ 2&#'0 "#12',2'-,1 $-0 2&# *'$# -$
2&# 500,27
-8!-12 +-"'$'!2'-,1 22# 2&# .0-!#"30#1 $-0 13 +'22* -$ !-,20!2-0 ','8
2'2#" ,-8!-12 ,%',##0',% &,%# 0-.-1*1 1 "#1'%,#" 2- '+.0-4#
2&# '2#+1 0#*' '*'27+',2', '*'27 &# !-,20!2-0 1&-3*" # "4'1#"
2&2 13!& 1 5'** # 13 (#!2 2- %-4#0,+#,2 ..0-4*
,1.#!2'-, 22# 2&# #62#,2 -$ -2& %-4#0,+#,2 ," !-,20!2-0 ',1.#!2'-,
2- # 0#/3'0#"
8
$.+*.$/$*) // /#/ # 0)$/ - /0-) /* /# *)/-/*- 2#$# $. *)6
.$ - /* )*)- +$-' .#'' $(+*. *! 4 /# *)/-/*- .
$- / 4 /# "*1 -)( )/ '.* .// /# )) - *! $.+*.$/$*) *! /#
0)0. +*-/$*) *! /# 2--)/4 !*- .0# )*)- +$-' 0)$/ . 2 '' . !*-
*/# - .$($'- $)./) . .0# . 2# ) /# "*1 -)( )/ #. -/$!$ /#/
0)$/ #. ) '*./
Data Requirements
*1 -)( )/6 1 '*+ / // /#/ /# "*1 -)( )/ 2$'' - ,0$- /*
+-*1$ $) /$( '4 ()) - 1$'' "*1 -)( )/6" ) -/ *+ -/$*) )
($)/ )) / + -/$)$)" /* /# 2--)/ 0)$/.
6
)!"- /%&. /4+" *# 2--)/4 /%" *)/- /*- $0-)/"". /%/ /%" ",0&+(")/ 2&''
%&"1" .//"! # /%" ",0&+(")/ #&'. /* !* .* /%" *)/- /*- (0./ +-*1&!"
'*- )! (/"-&'. /* (*! /%" ",0&+(")/ /* (""/ /%" -",0&-"(")/. )
"..") " /%&. &. )*/%"- 24 /* */&) -",0&-"! '"1"' *# -"'&&'&/4
) 2--)/4 ) -"!0 " &)#)/ (*-/'&/4 " 0." &/ $&1". /%" *)/- 5
/*- ) &) ")/&1" /* /"./ /%" ",0&+(")/ "#*-" !"'&1"-&)$ &/ /* /%" $*1"-)(")/ ) /%"
*/%"- %)! %&./*-& ' &)#*-(/&*) *) /%" ",0&+(")/ (0./ " (!" 1&''" /* !"/"-5
(&)" ) ",0&/'" )! -"'&./& +-& " %" *)/- / '.* (0./ *)/&) !"#&)&/&*). #*-
1-&*0. '..". *# #&'0-". 2%& % (0./ " (0/0''4 ./&.# /*-4 /* */% +-/&". '.*
*)!&/&*)' 2--)/&". ) '"! /* !&.+0/". ) 0) *)!&/&*)' 2--)/4 0)!"-
2%& % '' $-""!50+*) #&'0-" *)!&/&*). -" -" /&#&"! &. (*-" !".&-'" 0/ '.* (*-"
"3+").&1"
04"- .%'' +-*1&!" ,0&+(")/ #&'0-" !/ #-*( /%" !/" /%" ,0&+(")/
")/"-. /%" 04"-. ."-1& " %" !/ .%'' " .0##& &")/ /* !"/"-(&)"
)! )4 !!&/&*)' ",0&+(")/ -",0&-"!
,0&+(")/ +-*1&.&*)&)$ .%'' " !"/"-(&)"! 4 04"- )! .%'' " ."!
0+*) /%" $0-)/"" ."/ #*-/% &) // %(")/ . (*!&#&"! 4
*/%"- +-*$-( # /*-. !"/"-(&)"! 4 04"- $0-)/"". ."/ #*-/% &)
// %(")/ #*- /%" +0-+*." *# /%&. +-*$-( .%'' " !&1&!"! &)/*
/%-"" +"-&*!. )&/&' 6 #&-./
(*)/%. )/"-&( 6 /% /*
)!
(*)/%. )! &)' 6
-! )! .0.",0")/ (*)/%.
0++*-/ &. /* " ."! 0+*) /%" !/ +-*1&!"! 4 04"- &) *-!) " 2&/%
+-$-+% *1" )! .0 % !/ .%'' " 0."! /* *(+0/" )4 !!&/&*)'
",0&+(")/ -",0&-"! 0 % ",0&+(")/ %'' " (!" 1&''" *) )*5 %-$"
*).&$)(")/ .&.
5
&# 0-#!'$'! -/,3'0',+ $,/ *#02/'+% 1&# '0 0 &#/#'+$1#/ 0#1 $,/1&
//#)#3+1 ')2/#0
//#)#3+1 $')2/#0 0&)) +,1 # !,2+1#" '+ 1&#
"#1#/*'+1',+ //#)#3+1 $')2/#0 /# "#$'+#" 0 $,)),40
+ 1&# #3#+1 1&# !)!2)1#" $,/ +6 .2'-*#+1 '+ ,-#/1',+
'+ !)!2)1',+ -#/'," '0 )#00 1&+ 1&# %2/+1##" +27
$!12/#/ 0&)) /#7#+%'+##/ +" *,"'$6 02!& .2'-*#+1 0 /#.2'/#"
1, *##1 1&# %2/+1##" 1 +, !&/%# 1, 26#/ +" !,+0'%+
""'1',+) .2'-*#+1 1 +, !&/%# 0#" ,+ 1&# $,)),4'+% $,/*2)
7
4%"/"
5&*2* +2*"/ ,# !!&1&,+) .2&-*"+1 1, "
,+0&$+"! 1, 26"/ 2+!"/ 2/+1"" /,7
$/* %&0 +2*"/ 0%)) " /,2+!"! 1, 1%" +"/7
"01 4%,)" +2*"/ 21 +,1 )"00 1%+ +! 0%))
+,1 "5 ""! ,# .2&-*"+1 &+01))"! &+ 267
"/0 -)1#,/*0 0 ,# 1%" !1" ,# ) 2)1&,+
,1) +2*"/ ,# .2&-*"+1 &+01))"! &+ 26"/0
-)1#,/*0 0 ,# 1%" !1" ,# ) 2)1&,+
2/+1""! #,/ 1%" .2&-*"+1
) 2)1"! 3"/$" ,# 1%" .2&-*"+1
&)2/" )00&#& 1&,+ 0%)) " *212))6 $/"")" 1, +2# 12/"/ +!
26"/ # +, $/""*"+1 + " /" %"! 1%" #&)"! .2&-*"+1 0%)) "
02'" 1 1, #&)2/" +)60&0 -/&,/ )00&#& 1&,+
# !!&1&,+) ,+0&$+*"+1 .2&-*"+1 &0 /".2&/"! 1, " #2/+&0%"! 6
+2# 12/"/ 1, 26"/ %"/"2+!"/ +2# 12/"/ 0%)) 0%&- 02 %
.2&-*"+1 1, 26"/ +,1 )1"/ 1%+ 4""( #1"/ ,*-)"1&,+ ,# 1%"
) 2)1&,+ 6 26"/ 26"/ 0%)) +,1 +2# 12/"/ &# 1%"
&+!& 1"! +2*"/ ,# ,+0&$+*"+1 .2&-*"+1 "5 ""!0 26"/0 /".2&/"7
*"+10 &+ 4%& % 0" +2# 12/"/ 0%)) " ,)&$1"! 1, 02--)6 ,+)6
1%1 .2+1&16 /".2&/"! 6 26"/ +2# 12/"/ $/""0 1, #2/+&0% " %
!!&1&,+) .2&-*"+1 +,14&1%01+!&+$ 1%" -,00&)" "5&01"+ " ,# +6
!&0$/""*"+1 0 1, #&)2/" )00&#& 1&,+
"12/+ ,# ,+0&$+"! .2&-*"+1 +6 .2&-*"+1 ,+0&$+"! 2+!"/ 1%" -/,7
3&0&,+0 ,# -/$/-% ,3" 0%)) " /"12/+"! 1, +2# 12/"/ 6 26"/
+,1 )1"/ 1%+ !60 #1"/ + ) 2)1&,+ 26"/ 0%)) %3" 1%"
#)"5&&)&16 ,# /"-) &+$ +6 ,+0&$+"! .2&-*"+1 4&1% 0&*&)/ .2&-*"+1
+!"/ 1%" 1"/*0 ,# 1%&0 4//+16 1%" *+2# 12/"/ $2/+1""0 1, /"-&/ %&0
!")&3"/"! ".2&-*"+1 4&1%&+ 01&-2)1"! 3"/$" 12/+/,2+! 1&*" ,/*))6 &1 &0
002*"! 1%1 1%" 0*" 2+&1 4&)) " /"12/+"! 1, 1%" $,3"/+*"+1 #1"/ /"-&/ 21
)),4+ "0 + " *!" 1, /"-) " 1%" 2+&1 4&1% +,1%"/ )&(" 2+&1 1, "5-"!&1" 12/+7
/,2+! 1&*"
%&0 16-" ,# 4//+16 &0 "0-" &))6 02&1"! 1, !"-,17)"3") ,/ *+2# 12/"/ /"-&/
0&121&,+0 +)6 )&*&1"! /" ,# ,+ "/+ &0 ,3"/"! %,4"3"/ 1%"/ $2/+1""0
4,2)! %3" 1, " 20"! 1, ,3"/ /")&&)&16 0 4")) 0 1%" ,010 ,# *&+1"++ " +!
/"-&/ %&0 4//+16 4,2)! %3" 1, " 1&),/"! &# &1 40 1, " 20"! #,/ 0%&-,/!
".2&-*"+1 4%& % 0%,2)! +,1 " 1,, !&##& 2)1
7
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,$) & !+!&%# (,!'$%+ +& &%*!% +& ,)%1
)&,% !$ ,)%+ !* %,$) * ## )&,% +& +
%)*+ . &# %,$) ,+ * ## %&+ #** + %
,%+!+0 & (,!'$%+ )+,)% +& %,+,)) &) )'!) !%
,%!+* ') ." #,#+ &% 1$&%+ $&-!% -)
,)%+ )'!) +,)%)&,% +!$ !% ."*
#,#+ -) )'!) +,)%)&,% +!$ !% ."*
* & + !* +0' & .))%+0 ##&.* + &-)%$%+ +& ,* !+* &.% $!%+1
%% ')*&%%# .))%+0 &,# ')+!# &) ,* .!+ * !'&) (,!'1
$%+ &.-) $!%+%% !*+&)0 & + (,!'$%+ !* )(,!) +& +)$!% %
(,!+# % )#!*+! &%+)+ ')! % ,)!% ''#!+!&% + &)&, $!%+%%1
&*+ )&)* $,*+ "'+
1
Examples of Clauses
#*)*'' *'#)( )) ) "#)## !$' # ")'! $() $'
*.' )$ "#)# )
&*%"#) $+' *#' )(
'"#) (!! #$)
- ) '(%)+ *'#) "#)## !$' "#0$*' $()( #
"#)## ")'! $()( () $') $#
))"#) $%. $ ,
( )) ')$ # " %') '$ #)## $() *'#0
)( () $') #
))"#) !! $""# ,) !+'. $ ) '()
*#) )$ *.' # (!! )'"#) .'( )')'
) %'$ #)'+!( *) #$) !(( )# $# .' )' !+'. $ )
'() *#) )$ *.' *.' (!! '%$') )( '$' "#)## !$' "#0
$*' $()( # "#)## ")'!( $()( $' #*)*''(
&*%0
"#) # ) +#) (* %'$ "#)## !$' "#0$*' $()( $'
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Term Procurement Usage
— Cost-Reimbursement In general, a category of contracts whose use is based on pay-
Contracts ment by the government to a contractor of allowable costs as
prescribed by the contract. Normally only “best efforts” of the
contractor are involved. Includes (i) cost, (ii) cost sharing,
(iii) cost-plus-fixed-fee, and (iv) cost-plus-incentive-fee con-
tracts.
— Fixed-Price Contracts In general, a category of contracts whose use is based on the
establishment of a firm price to complete the required work.
Includes (i) firm fixed price, (ii) fixed-price with escalation,
(iii) fixed price redeterminable, and (iv) fixed-price with incentive
provisions contracts.
— Indefinite Delivery Used when the precise quantity of items or specific time of
delivery desired is not known. Usually will specify a maximum
and/or minimum quantity. Such procurement is effected via (i) a
definite quantity contract, (ii) a requirements contract, or (iii) an
indefinite quantity contract. May be either negotiated or formally
advertised.
— Letter An interim type of contractual agreement, sometimes called a
“Letter of Intent,” authorizing the commencement of manufac-
ture of supplies or performance of services. Used in negotiated
procurements only when a definitized fixed-price or cost-reim-
bursement contract cannot be written until a later date.
— Special-Purpose In general, a category of contracts designed to facilitate a pro-
Contracts curement for which one of the fixed-price or cost-reimburse-
ment-type contracts is considered inappropriate. Includes
(i) basic agreements, (ii) indefinite delivery type contracts,
(iii) letter contracts, and (iv) time and materials/labor hour con-
tracts.
— Time and Materials/Labor Negotiated contracts based on specified fixed hourly rates to
Hour Contracts complete a given task. Used only in situations where it is not
possible at the outset to estimate the extent or duration of the
work involved or to anticipate cost with any substantial accu-
racy.
— Cost Overrun The amount by which a contractor exceeds (i) the estimated
cost and/or (ii) the final limitation (ceiling) of his contract.
Data All recorded information to be delivered under a contract.
“Technical data” excludes management and financial data.
DAR Defense Acquisition Regulations. The implementation of FAR
for DoD.
Defense Contract Administra- An agency, under direction of Director of DSA, created as result
tion Service (DCAS) of Project 60 to provide unified contract administration services
to DoD components and NASA, for all contracts except those
specifically extempted.
Determination and Findings Written justification by a contracting officer or higher authority
(D&F) for (i) entering into contracts by negotiation, (ii) making
advance payments in negotiated procurements, and (iii) deter-
mining the type of contract to use.
Extras Additions to items being procured, or any quantity above that
called for by the contract (besides allowable variation in quan-
tity), or any combination of these two.
Term Procurement Usage
Federal Acquisition Regula- (Replaces ASPR). The basic federal procurement regulations.
tions (FAR)
Formal Advertising The preferred method for government procurement of supplies
and services. After public opening of sealed competitive bids,
award is made to the lowest responsive and responsible bidder,
price and other factors considered, in accordance with FAR 16.
— Bid A prospective contractor’s (bidder’s) reply to the solicitation
form used for formally advertised procurements (IFB). Needs
only the government’s acceptance for award to be made.
— Bidders Conference A conference—held after solicitation, but before bid open-
ing—of all those suppliers who were invited to bid on the pro-
curement to discuss details of the Invitation for Bids.
— Invitation for Bids (IFB) The solicitation form used in formally advertised procurements
and in step two of two-step advertising (see below).
— Request for Technical The solicitation form used to request proposals in the first step
Proposal (RTP) of two-step advertising.
— Responsive and A bidder is responsive if his bid conforms to the requirements
Responsible Bidder of the IFB, and is responsible if he has the capacity and facili-
ties to produce the supplies or render the services being pro-
cured.
— Two-Step Advertising A method of procurement authorized by FAR 14.5. Step one
consists of requesting technical proposals from prospective
contractors. Step two consists of inviting bids under regular
formal advertising procedures from those firms that submit
acceptable proposals under step one.
General Accounting Office An agency of the legislative branch, responsible solely to the
(GAO) Congress, which functions to audit all negotiated government
contracts and investigate all matters relating to the receipt, dis-
bursement, and application of public funds. Determines
whether public funds are expended in accordance with
appropriations.
General Provisions The mandatory (by law or regulation) clauses for all DoD con-
tracts for the type of procurement involved—sometimes called
“boiler plate.” The clauses devised particularly for the procure-
ment are called the Special Provisions.
Government-Furnished Prop- Government-owned property furnished to a contractor for the
erty (GFP) performance of a contract. Defined as (i) industrial facilities,
(ii) material, (iii) special tooling, (iv) special test equipment, and
(v) military property. Also designated GFM, Government-Fur-
nished Material, and GFE, Government-Furnished Equipment.
Master (Task Order) Contract A type of agreement describing the total desired area of con-
tractor performance and breaking this down into a number of
broadly defined tasks. The contractor is obligated to perform
Task Orders subsequently issued by the government under the
terms and conditions in the Master Contract.
Modification Any formal revision of the terms of a contract, either within or
outside the scope of the agreement. Includes Change Orders.
See also Supplemental Agreement.
Term Procurement Usage
Negotiation The method of procurement used when one or more of the
basic conditions incident to formal advertising is absent and/or
when there is justification under one or more of the many
exceptions provided by Title 10, U.S.C. 2304(a). See FAR 15,
and Negotiation Authority, below.
— Offer/Proposal/Quotation A prospective contractor’s response to the solicitation form
(RFP/RFQ) used for a negotiated procurement.
— Presolicitation Conference A conference between government and industry concerning
technical problems or other areas of importance relating to the
procurement. Precedes the solicitation of prospective contrac-
tors for the procurement.
— Request for Proposal The solicitation form used for negotiated procurements when
(RFP) the government reserves the right to award without further oral
or written negotation. Only the acceptance of the government is
required for award.
— Request for Quotation The solicitation form used in negotiation to obtain price, cost,
(RFQ) delivery, and other information from prospective suppliers.
Used when award will be made following extensive negotiation
with the offeror. Award requires bilateral agreement of both the
contractor and the government.
Negotiation Authority Authority to negotiate a contract under one of the 17 statutory
exceptions granted by Congress, rather than to formally adver-
tise the procurement. FAR 15 describes circumstances in which
this authority may be used and the requirements for its
approval.
Offer A prospective contractor’s response to a solicitation document
in a negotiated procurement. The contractor can be termed the
“offeror.” See also RFP and RFQ.
Option A contractual clause permitting an increase in the quantity of
supplies beyond that originally stipulated or an extension in the
time for which services on a time basis may be required.
Preaward Survey (Facility Study of a prospective contractor’s financial, organizational,
Capability Review—FCR) and operational status made prior to contract award to deter-
mine his responsibility and eligibility for government procure-
ment.
Preproposal Conference In negotiated procurements, a meeting held with potential con-
tractors a few days after requests for proposals have been
sent, to promote uniform interpretation of work statements and
specifications by all prospective contractors. See also Bidders
Conference.
Presolicitation Conference A meeting held with potential contractors prior to a formal soli-
citation, to discuss technical and other problems connected
with a proposed procurement. The conference is also used to
elicit the interest of prospective contractors in pursuing the
task.
Price and Fee
— Ceiling Price The negotiated monetary limit—in a fixed-price-type con-
tract—to the amount that the government is obligated to pay.
Cost incurred beyond this point must be absorbed by the con-
tractor.
Term Procurement Usage
— Fee An amount, in addition to allowable costs, paid to contractors
having CPFF or CPIF contracts. In CPFF contracts, the fee is
fixed as a percentage (stated in a dollar amount) of the initially
estimated cost of the procurement. In CPIF contracts, the fee is
expressed in maximum and minimum amounts, along with a
fee-adjustment formula that provides the incentive for a reduc-
tion in cost to the government. Statutory limitations are pre-
scribed for the maximum setting of fees.
— Target Price The negotiated estimate of price—in a fixed-price redetermin-
able or incentive contract—that the government expects to pay
for supplies procured under the contract.
Procurement Contracting Offi- The government contracting officer directing and administering
cer (PCO) the procurement through the award of the contract and the
signing of the actual contractual documents. Administration of
the contract after award may be delegated to an ACO, as
described above.
Procurement Request (PR) Document which describes the required supplies or services so
that a procurement can be initiated. Some procuring activities
actually refer to the document by this title, others use different
titles, such as Procurement Directive, and so forth.
Purchase Order A contractual procurement document used primarily to procure
supplies and nonpersonal services when aggregate amount
involved in any one transaction is relatively small (for example,
not exceeding $25,000).
Qualified Products List (QPL) A list of products which are pretested in advance of actual pro-
curement to determine which suppliers can comply properly
with specification requirements. This is most usually done
because of the length of time required for test and evaluation.
Supplemental Agreement Bilateral written amendment to a contract by which the govern-
ment and the contractor settle price and/or performance adjust-
ments to the basic contract. See also Change Order and Modi-
fication.
Termination The canceling of all or a part of a prime or subcontract prior to
its completion through performance.
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2
Table XVIII-1. Alterations and changes.
Cognizant Initiating Funding
Type of Change SYSCOM Document Source Reference
SHIPALT Military Sponsoring SYSCOM PMI FMP OPNAVINST
Improvement 4720.2D,
NAVSEAINST
4720.3
Technical Improve- ECP FMP MIL–STD–480,
ment NAVSEAINST
4720.3
QRC SHIPALT PMI or
ECP as
appropriate
and Ltr of
Justification
ORDALT NAVSEA ECP project (see SHIPALTS)
(until nor-
mal budget-
ing occurs)
FMP
SPALT NAVSEA08 ECP OMN/FMP SSPIP4720.1C
AIRALT NAVAIR ECP OMN/ (NAVAIRINST
PAMN 4720.1B) for modi-
fications
SPECOMALT NAVELEX ECP OMN NAVELEXINST
4720.1,
NAVELEXINST
11000.1B
Shore site NAVELEX ECP OMN NAVELEXINST
11000.1B
Electronic field change NAVELEX ECP (see MIL–F–17655C
MIL–F–176
55)
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SHIPALT
ORDALT
SPALT (EACH NOVEMĆ
MIP/TIP BER AND MAY)
FMP & MATEĆ
AMT FLTMOD CONF RIAL SUPPLY PERA/
NAVSEA
SHIPYARD
CNO (SAIP)
PMI
ORIGINATOR INSTALL
PTI/ECP
1 YEAR
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7
SUBMITTING PROPOSALS FOR ALTERATIONS
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APPROVAL OF ALTERATIONS
Military Improvements
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Table XIX-2. Equipment environmental tests and requirements.
General Requirements
Designator Environment
1 Temperature (operating and nonoperating)
2 Temperature-altitude
3 Humidity
4 Thermal shock
5 Vibration
6 High-impact shock
7 Transport shock
8 Repetitive shock
9 EMC (interference and susceptibility)
10 EMP
11 Electrical transients (voltage and frequency/long term and short term)
12 Lightning
13 Magnetic field
14 Acoustic noise (airborne and structureborne)
15 Inclination
16 Radiation
17 Nuclear air blast
18 Gun blast
19 Wind
20 Icing with wind
21 Rain and snow, snow loading
22 Sunshine
23 Degree of enclosure
24 Dust
25 Salt fog, spray, solution
26 Damaging (corrosive) atmospheres
27 Explosive atmosphere
28 Fungus
29 Maintainability/bench handling
30 Reliability (burn-in, confidence, indexing, accelerated life, failure-mode analysis)
31 Combined-environment testing (temperature-humidity-vibration-electrical transients on/off cycling)
32 On/off cycling
33 Acoustic susceptibility (in high-noise environments)
34 Water impact/hydrostatic pressure
35 Underwater explosion (for hull-mounted equipments only)
36 Drop test
37 Equipment special environments
Special Requirement Categories
Category Environments Notes
Vital equipments 10,16,17 16 and 17 for exposed equipments operating
Semivital equip- 6 nonoperating (normal operating before and after shock)
ments safety criteria
Nonvital equip- 6
ments
Exposed equip- 12,18,19,20,21,22,2
ments 3,24
Sheltered equip- 23
ments
Standard require- 1,3,5,6,9,11,14,29,3
ments 0,31,32,37
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Table XIX-3. Fleet services which may be requested through COMOPTEVFOR to
support test programs.
Fleet Research Investigation An examination of natural or special phenomena in
operational environment, required by a develop-
ment agency (DA) in the prosecution of research
and for which the assistance of operating forces is
required. The research investigation is not neces-
sarily program oriented, but is primarily in the pur-
suit of basic research to provide a continuing data
base which may have potential application in areas
of naval interest. The DA is responsible for the
planning of Fleet Research Investigations, and fur-
ther advises the operational commander providing
the support. COMOPTEVFOR shall make arrange-
ments for needed fleet support, as requested by
the DA.
Development Assist Projects to provide fleet support for the test needed
in gathering data to determine the direction in which
development should proceed, in response to a
requirement during the conceptual phase of a pro-
gram. They may also relate to material improve-
ments of equipments already in the Fleet. (Exam-
ples: proposed SHIPALTS, ORDALTS, Service
changes.)
Operational Assist An Operational Assist project is assigned by CNO
in response to a favorable program initiation deci-
sion by SECDEF or comparable CNO decision. In
addition, a DA may request an Operational Assist
project for material improvement programs and for
certain acquisition programs by submission of a
project request. This project is primarily the respon-
sibility of the DA, and its major purpose is to estab-
lish confidence in the program worth and readiness
for the commitment of resources for full-scale
development.
Technical Evaluation Project (TECHEVAL) A TECHEVAL is assigned by CNO in response to a
favorable program full-scale development decision
by SECDEF or comparable CNO/CNM decision
approving the commitment of resources for full-
scale development. In addition, a TECHEVAL may
be requested by a DA to determine suitability for
other acquisition programs and material improve-
ment including conversions, major modifications,
and modernizations. In the case of aircraft or mis-
sile programs, the TECHEVAL will include the Navy
Preliminary Evaluation (NPE) or the Navy Technical
Evaluation (NTE).
Table XIX-3. Fleet services which may be requested through COMOPTEVFOR to
support test programs.
A TECHEVAL is performed for the purpose of
investigating systems or equipments and collecting
information which will aid in answering technical
questions and issues. The testing and analysis con-
ducted by or for the DA during the time span of the
TECHEVAL project are to permit the DA to deter-
mine whether the system or equipment is functioni-
design and technical performance specifications,
and is technically suitable for Operational Evalua-
tion (OPEVAL).
The DA has primary responsibility for planning the
test program, including the coordinated operational
inputs of COMOPTEVFOR. TECHEVAL and OPE-
VAL are complementary test programs and com-
plete initial operational test and evaluation.
Together they generate data and address the spec-
trum of questions and issues to be considered prior
to a major production decision. Accordingly,
through close liaison, COMOPTEVFOR and the DA
shall ensure that the test plans are mutually agree-
able and integrated ot the extent that they ade-
quately address the critical questions and issues
posed in the governing DCP or comparable docu-
ment, and provide for the maximum practicable use
of common test data.
Testing during TECHEVAL may be conducted using
production prototype or pilot production models.
Prior to OPEVAL, the DA shall institute a design
freeze on the equipment or system and certify it to
CNO/COMOPTEVFOR as ready for OPEVAL.
Operational Evaluation At the time the TECHEVAL is assigned by CNO, an
OPEVAL will also be assigned, primarily for plan-
ning and scheduling purposes. Project operations
under OPEVAL will not commence until the DA has
certified the equipment. The project is the responsi-
bility of COMOPTEVFOR with the development
agency assisting as required; COMOPTEVFOR
collects data of reasonable scope and depth to aid
in the decision-making process at program mile-
stones.
The primary objectives of OPEVAL are to ascertain
that:
The system or equipment functions in an operation-
ally satisfactory manner and performs reliably and
effectively in accordance with program objectives in
realistic operational conditions.
The system can be effectively operated and main-
tained by the level of personnel skill anticipated to
be available under service conditions.
There is reasonable indication that logistic support-
ability in a deployed status is feasible.
Table XIX-3. Fleet services which may be requested through COMOPTEVFOR to
support test programs.
All test questions germane to a production decision
are adequately examined.
Fleet Operational Appraisal The assignment of a Fleet Operational Appraisal
project by CNO may be initiated by a recommenda-
tion submitted by COMOPTEVFOR on completion
of an OPEVAL or by request of a Fleet Commander
in Chief or type commander. The purpose of this
type project normally is to provide for follow-on
operational test and evaluation, to develop optimum
procedures and tactics for existent systems or
equipment both new and existent in the Fleet, to
verify the performance of production units, and/or
to confirm the correction of discrepancies pre-
viiously disclosed. It also may be used to examine
and/or develop concepts and procedures to better
define and determine requirements for future sys-
tems development.
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5
Table XIX-4. Test methodology standards.*
MIL–STD–105 Sampling Procedures and Table for Inspection by Attributes
MIL–STD–108 Definitions of and Basic Requirements for Enclosures for Electric and
Electronic Equipment
MIL–STD–167 Mechanical Vibrations of Shipboard Equipment
MIL–STD–170 Moisture Resistant Test Cycle for Ground Signal Equipment
MIL–STD–220 Method of Insertion-Loss Measurements
MIL–STD–271 Nondestructive Testing Requirements for Metals
MIL–STD–414 Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Variable for Percent
Defective
MIL–STD–446 Environmental Requirements for Electronic Parts
MIL–STD–449 Radio Frequency Spectrum Characteristics, Measurement of
MIL–STD–462 Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics, Measurement of
MIL–STD–469 Radar Engineering Design Requirements for Electromagnetic Compatibil-
ity
MIL–STD–471 Maintainability Demonstration
MIL–STD–690 Failure Rate Sampling Plans and Procedures
MIL–STD–740 Airborne and Structureborne Noise Measurements and Acceptance Crite-
ria of Shipboard Equipment
MIL–STD–750 Test Methods for Semiconductor Devices
MIL–STD–781 Reliability Tests
MIL–STD–810 Environmental Test Methods
MIL–STD–883 Test Methods and Procedures for Microelectronics
MIL–STD–1310 Shipboard Bonding, Grounding, and Other Techniques for Electromag-
netic Compatibliity
MIL–STD–1311 Test Methods for Electron Tubes
MIL–STD–1344 Test Methods for Electrical Connectors
MIL–STD–1472 Human Engineering Design Criteria for Military Systems, Equipment, and
Facilities
MIL–S–901 Shock Tests, High Impact; Shipboard Machinery, Equipment, and Sys-
tems, Requirements for
MIL–B–5087 Bonding, Electrical, and Lightning Protection for Aerospace Systems
MIL–T–5422 Testing, Environmental, Airborne Electronic and Associated Equipment
MIL–D–13570 Dust, Testing by Exposure to
*Additional methods are specified by the various general equipment specifications
(MIL–E–16400, MIL–STD–2036, MIL–T–28800, MIL–E–5400, etc.) and by military, federal, and
industrial standards. Refer to the DoD Index of Specifications and Standards for methods of less
general application and for the most recent editions of the above standards.
9
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DTĆ1/OTĆ1
ENGINEERING TESTS
TEST PARAMETERS
REQUIREMENTS PHASE CONCEPTUAL PHASE
(FLEET INVESTIGATIONS) (EVALUATION OF PROPOSED APPROACHES)
SELECTED
RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS APPROACHES
DEVELOPMENTAL TESTS
(ESTABLISHES MASTER TEST (VERIFICATION OF TECHNICAL
PLAN AND TEMP) REQUIREMENTS AND ASSOCIATED
APPROACHES) DTĆ2/
TEST VALIDATED OTĆ2
REQUIREMENTS APPROACHES
TRANSITION TO PRODUCTION
(SCREENING OF SELECTED EXISTING
PRODUCTS/QUALIFICATION OF NEWLY
DEVELOPED ITEMS DTĆ3
OTĆ3
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9
Table XXI-2. Risk strategies.
Method Application Conditions
I. Hedging Strategies: Hedging strategies offset risks by providing alternatives which have low
risk and acceptable results although the ideal goal is only partially achieved.
A. Parallel-path method High, technology-oriented risks Two or more paths are pur-
sued concurrently; the paths
must differ in risk characteris-
tic and at least one path must
be at low risk. (Parallel paths
to secure price competition do
not apply.)
B. Backup method Medium and low, technology- One or more backup paths are
oriented risks identified; the paths must differ
in the area of risk. For medium
risks, resources to implement
the backup are identified and
retained
II. Transfor or Exchange Strategies: Transfer strategies exchange an unknown risk for a
known acceptable risk or a known critical risk for a known less-critical risk.
A. Warranties Unknown project-oriented risk A known price (warranty cost)
is paid to fix a future condition
(usually support costs); the
warranty cost is then bud-
geted. The unknown risk is
supplanted by a funding risk.
B. Insurance method Critical or potentially critical A known price is paid to limit
project-oriented risks possible future consequences
as in fire insurance, liability
insurance, etc. This method
can only be applied where an
“insurer” can be found. Often
this condition can be satisfied
contractually with a supplier.
The price paid must be within
reason to the condition insured
against.
C. Contractual method Same as (A) and (B) When a contract is involved,
various contractual agree-
ments can be made to transfer
risks to the contractor. The
contract must be fixed-price
and negative price incentives
may be indicated.
III. Reduction Strategies: Reduction strategies amount to better management and to careful
control of resources which lead to a higher probability of success. They may be applied to
virtually any risk situation including in combination with other strategies. To reduce technical
risks, top personnel would be assigned to the task. Cost and schedule risks would require
more intensive preplanning and must be taken. In the application of reduction strategies,
care must be taken not to create risks on other tasks by stripping them of resources and not
to interfere with the task through “micromanagement.” If problems do occur, the goal is to
minimize their effect.
Method Application Conditions
IV. Avoidance Strategies: Avoidance strategies are alternate paths which avoid exposure to the
particular risk. Primarily, avoidance strategies are applied to technology-oriented risks.
Examples include the choice of one technical approach over another because of known past
difficulties with the latter. A pseudo technology-oriented political risk might be avoided by
structuring the project for sponsorship by nonhostile offices or to bypass a hostile office in
the approval cycle. The crux of any avoidance strategy is knowing that a risk exists and
devising a means of nonexposure.
V. Evasion Strategies: Evasion strategies utilize prior planning to avoid risk consequences
even though a failure occurs. Because of legal and technical restraints, evasion strategies
are almost wholly limited to political risks. Usually this requires developing a “power base” of
influential “friends of the project”; occasionally the “snow job” is a viable tool. The ultimate
success of an evasion strategy in a technical project application relies on honest facts and
the apparent ultimate achievement of the goal.
VI. Risk Assumption: Assumption strategies recognize the unlikelihood of the expected.
Applied to project-oriented risks, especially funding and scheduling, assumption strategies
plan “padding” into project estimates; the key to successful risk assumption is limiting the
extent of the padding to what is sufficient while ensuring an adequate amount. Applied to
technology-oriented risks, assumption strategies tend toward ultraconservative design
parameters. Care must be taken not to misapply such strategies, especially to technical
problems, since they tend to produce gross overspecification with drastically increased
costs. Risk assumption must not become a “cover your anatomy” ploy.
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Level Description
8 Module—two or more component pieces joined together which are not subject
to disassembly without destruction of the designed use. (Note: a module may or
may not be repairable; if it is repairable, it is repairable at the depot level.)
9 Piece Part—an item which is not subject to disassembly without destruction of
the designed use. (Examples: Composition resistor, electron tube, audio trans-
former.) (MIL–STD–280A) (Note: a piece part is never repairable.)
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CH03 Ċ project number. Using the project number or some similar project identifier for the topĆ
level element number serves to distinquish the WBS from others and maintains a means of readĆ
ily identifying the WBS level by observing the periods separating the levels. For brevity, a general
character such as @" or *" can be used, but be careful that the character selected doesn't
have a special use in any spreadsheet or automated project management tool you are using.
.1.6.2.3... Ċ the work breakdown of project and product levels. .1" is the second level, .6" is
the third level, and so forth for as many levels that are created and displayed. It is recommended
that 1" through 9" be used for project tasks since there are nine project tasks specified in MILĆ
STDĆ881 which can be used for every project or program. (MILĆSTDĆ881 project tasks are summaĆ
rized in table 2). For product tasks, use 10," 20," 30," ... or letters which would be descriptive
of the subsystem (such as C" for communications subsystem and L" for launch subsystem), but
ensure that letters, if used here, differ from the work package descriptors.
.EĊthe work package descriptor. The letter is used to be readily distinquishable as a work packĆ
age. It is recommended that the letters be selected to be unique to a task manager or to the funcĆ
tional performing organization performing the task. Also, it is useful for the letter to be related to
the nature of the work package, i.e., E" for electronic design, M" for mechanical design, and so
forth. Letter combinations can be used to provide more information. For instance, E9" might be
used to show electronic design performed and managed by Code 90 as opposed to E5" for
electronic design performed by Code 50. Ej" might denote an electronic design task managed
by John", and Sk" might denote a software design task managed by Karen". The work package
descriptor is consistent throughout the WBS so that sorts can easily be run on each descriptor to
extract information for tracking progress, managing resources, and making refined estimates.
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COST $
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(A) (B) (C) (D)
SPEC SPEC 00 SPEC
XXX XXX A XXX B SPEC YYY
2 WAY 2 WAY
A Ai B B
INTER- INTER-
CHANGEABLE CHANGEABLE
(ADAPTER)
IN SYSTEMS IN SYSTEMS
A,B,C A,B,C,D
(C) TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES LEAD TO ITEM Ai, CAN ALSO BE UTILIZED IN SYSTEM D, WHICH
REQUIRES THE IMPROVED CHARACTERISTICS. ITEM A IS DOCUMENTED BY
SPEC 00 XXX A.
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Topic
MIL–Q–9858A Quality Program Requirements
MIL–I–45208A Inspection System Requirements
MIL–STD–45662A Calibration System Requirements
MIL–STD–2168 Software QA Program Requirements
MIL–STD–252B Workmanship Standards
MIL–STD–1535A Supplier QA Program Requirements
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Figure A-1. CVA–CVAN TELCAM vibration limits.
Figure A-3. DEG-DE TELCAM vibration limits.
Figure A-5. LPH TELCAM vibration limits.
Figure A-7. MSO TELCAM vibration limits.
Figure A-9. TELCAM constant displacement vibration tests.
Figure A-11. MIL-STD-167 vibration tests.
Table A-1. Input amplitudes.
Use A or B, whichever is better suited to the vibration tst machine in use.
A (Constant Displacement) (see figure A-9)
Frequency Range (Hz) Single Amplitude (inch) g = A/G
4–10 .03 .003 .05–.3
10–17 .01 .001 .10–.3
17–30 .003 .0003 .09–.18
30–60 .001 .0001 .09–.38
B (Constant Acceleration) (see figure A-10)
Frequency Range (Hz) Single Amplitude (inch) g = A/G
4–8 .03.003 .05–.2
8–60 .001.0001 .2.02
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