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Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Clean Lean
and Green?
A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
June 2016
T
hese countries were Bangladesh,
Brunei, Cambodia, China, In-
dia, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Mongolia, Five Chief Negotiators Meetings took
Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qa- place, leading to Articles of Agreement be-
tar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uz- ing signed in June 2015 by 50 countries,
bekistan and Vietnam. Since then, 36 other with 7 more signing later (see Annex at the
members have joined, including Australia, end of this booklet for a complete list of
South Korea, Britain, Germany, France current AIIB membership). The majority
and a range of non-Asian countries. This of countries have now ratified their mem-
was in spite of a critical, negative response bership, with others still to do so. The Bank
to the announcement of the founding of the was formally opened for business on 16th
bank from the US and Japan - traditionally January 2016, with Mr. Jin Liqun elected
key economic actors in the region, and ri- as President for a five year term. The AIIB
vals of China in geopolitical terms. headquarters are in Beijing.
3 Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
S
T
tructure,governance
and financial facts
he AIIB has 57 member countries;
37 regional and 20 non-regional.
The capital stock of the bank
is $100 billion, divided into 1 million
shares of $100,000. 20% of the shares
are paid in (deposited with the bank) and
largest member is India, with 8.52%
share and 7.5% votes, and Russia with
6.66% stake, and 5.92% vote share. The
AIIB is, notably and significantly, the
first major multilateral bank with devel-
oping countries holding the majority of
governors nominated as directors, who
represent one or more nation, and who
are nominated to the Board of directors
by the 57 governors. Nine directors are
from within the Asia-Pacific region and
three represent members outside the
80% are callable. Comparatively, the the shares and votes. region. China and India are the only
World Bank has a subscribed capital of countries which have directors which
The Bank’s President, Jin Liqun, is Chi-
$252 billion, while the Asian Develop- represent only them, with all other
nese. There are 5 Vice-Presidents from
ment Bank’s is $157 billion. directors representing more than one
India, Britain, South Korea, Indonesia
country. The board of directors is re-
The shares are allocated to members and Germany.
sponsible for daily operations, and task
according to the size of the members’ The governance structure involves one allocation to the Board of governors. It
economy (using GDP and PPP), and governor (usually the Minister of Fi- is a non-resident Board, in contrast to
whether they are Asian or non-Asian. nance) for each member state of the the World Bank.
China is by far the largest subscriber to bank, and an AGM of governors tak-
the bank, with 30.34% of the shares, and ing place annually. There are also 12
26.06% of the voting shares. The next
5 Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Source: South China Morning Post
T
o some extent, like many other responsible for areas such as establishing watched in this context, given the obvious
areas, this remains to be seen as the the policies of the bank and decisions on comparison with and Southern critique of
bank begins to function and operate operational and financial policies. US power and veto in the Bretton Woods
fully in the coming years. Major policies Given that China has 26.06% of the vote, institutions.
and decisions, such as electing the Presi- it thus has a power of veto over those However it is also worth noting that the
dent, deciding the reserves, amending the major policy areas and decisions requiring AIIB is a more Southern oriented and
agreement, changing the capital stock of a supermajority decision. Chinese rep- representative bank in terms of its mem-
the bank etc, require a supermajority vote resentatives have regularly stressed that bership and voting allocation. At present
(i.e., according to the AoA, an affirmative as more members join the AIIB China’s 75% of the shares and votes are reserved
vote of two thirds of the total number of shares and voting power will be diluted, for Asia-Pacific countries, seeing them
governors, representing not less than three and have also said publicly that the have a much stronger voice and power
quarters of the total member voting pow- country does not intend to use its veto. Its in this institution than they have in other
er). The Board of Directors is meanwhile behaviour within the bank will be closely multilateral banks.
7 Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Source: Jubilee USA
9 Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Recent changes in the Chinese economy,
coupled with the ongoing global financial
crisis and downturn, made the Chinese
more interested in issues of Asia-Pacific
connectivity. China wishes to increase its
influence in the region through funding
infrastructure development, also benefiting
itself from increased connectivity meaning
a smoother flow of its goods to Asian and
later European markets.
Source: Mogiseka
There is general agreement that there is a ment, also benefiting itself from increased the South China Sea over territorial claims
huge need for infrastructure investment connectivity meaning a smoother flow also have the potential of causing political
and development across Asia (although of its goods to Asian and later European problems within the AIIB given its broad
the mode of investment and model of de- markets. The One Belt, One Road and membership.
velopment could be subject to debate and New Silk Road initiative are also part of
Other regional actors, including India,
disagreement), and that the existing insti- this new foreign and economic policy of a are wary of China’s increasing economic,
tutions alone do not have the resources to rising China and are seen as being linked
military and political might, but see the
fund the full needs of the region. with the setting up of the AIIB. Some
AIIB as holding the possibility of binding
argue that the country is trying to multi-
Moreover recent changes in the Chinese China to a form of regional cooperation
lateralise its increasing hegemony, while
economy, coupled with the ongoing glo- and multilateralism. While China has the
others see this initiative as being part of
bal financial crisis and downturn, made largest share and voting rights in the AIIB,
China’s ‘peaceful rise’, or as part of the
the Chinese more interested in issues of it has said publicly that it won’t use its
broader shift of global power from West
Asia-Pacific connectivity. China wishes veto power, and is ostensibly stressing
to East. At the military and geostrategic
to increase its influence in the region its eagerness to work collectively with
level, ongoing and increasing tensions in
through funding infrastructure develop- regional and other partners.
?
has the AIIB
reached?
”
interest to see how the bank’s practice and proce-
dures begin to be implemented, and what impact it
will have in Asia.
lending, they have moved to a position of signed to address and reduce the anxieties one where the AIIB is funding it independ-
working with the bank to try to influence it. of some actors who see the AIIB as a Chi- ently, is a project to upgrade and expand
Jin Liqun has also visited many countries nese dominated instrument of economic power distribution systems in Bangladesh.
in the past months, including India, Fin- and foreign policy. Jin Liqun has been re- It seems likely that a range of other loans
land, Denmark, Germany, Poland and US, peatedly using the language of cooperation will be announced in the coming months.
on a diplomatic mission to pursue, (or be and coordination in his public speeches in Many people around the world are watch-
perceived to pursue depending on the po- recent months, stressing that the AIIB will ing with interest to see how the bank’s
litical analysis), high-level multilateralism be complementary to, and work with, ex- practice and procedures begin to be im-
and assuage fears of Chinese dominance. isting IFIs. plemented, and what impact it will have in
In terms of projects, it appears that the The AIIB officially announced the first 4 Asia. It is hard to predict at this early stage,
AIIB will begin its funding by co-financing projects it will fund at the recently con- and important for civil society to watch this
a range of projects with existing lenders. cluded AGM in Beijing. Three are co-fi- process closely, as things have been mov-
This makes sense from a pragmatic point nanced projects alongside existing IFIs; a ing extremely fast thus far, often without
of view, as the Bank doesn’t have the staff road project in Pakistan co-funded with the much information being available in the
capacity to engage in the multiple com- ADB and DFID, a road project in Tajikistan public domain on key developments until
plexities of assessing and overseeing loan co-funded with the EBRD and a slum up- they are finished. For example, the bank’s
disbursement yet, and thus co-financing grading project in Indonesia co-funded environmental and social framework was
with well-established banks brings about a with the World Bank. The standards and developed and finalised without adequate
credibility and positive credit rating for the procedures of the lead, already existing consultation (see section below for more in-
bank without drawing on its institutional MDB will be applied to the projects, and formation), and other key policy documents
resources too heavily. Moreover, political- the AIIB will only provide co-financing. and procedures are still being developed,
ly this multilateral approach is clearly de- The final project, and the only standalone even after the bank has opened for business.
T
he rhetoric and ostensible aim of The national media has reported that the Minister Arun Jaitley said that India was
the AIIB aligns very well with a lot Indian government expects that half of identifying a list of projects to put to the
of the key concepts and stated poli- the money the AIIB will loan in its first AIIB for funding in the areas of urban de-
cy aims of the BJP-led NDA government batch of loans this year, $600 million, will velopment (including smart cities), urban
in India. Narendra Modi’s government got be invested in infrastructure projects in transport, energy, inland waterways and
elected on a platform of national develop- India. According to press reports, India water supply.
ment, and has stressed the need to develop may seek loans for solar energy projects, While on the one hand India has concerns
infrastructure across India, including a or for the Prime Minister’s pet projects, about China’s increasingly assertive for-
focus on ‘smart cities’, transport, trade such as PMKSY and railway projects. At eign policy and growing financial, eco-
infrastructure and renewable energy, all of the recently held AGM in Beijing no loans nomic and political links with its neigh-
which are key AIIB focuses too. to India were announced, but Finance
13 Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
DJ PANDIAN –
India’s Vice President
at AIIB
DJ Pandian is India’s nominee to the
AIIB’s senior management team, one
of 5 Vice Presidents. He holds the
position of Chief Investment Officer
of the bank, and is responsible for
“leading the planning and supervi-
sion of the Bank’s infrastructure
investment by promoting sustainable
investment throughout Asia that is
consistent with the Bank’s vision,
goals, and strategies, and by ensur-
ing the relevance, effectiveness and
efficiency of AIIB operations.”
17 Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
T
he IMF and the
World Bank ini-
tially didn’t know
how to respond to
the announcement of the
AIIB, especially as the US
quite strongly condemned
it, and tried to persuade its
Western allies not to join.
Moreover Japan was not
involved and saw the AIIB
as being a threat to its pre-
eminence in the Asian De- Source: Outsider Club
However after some time the World Pacific region, drawing on ADB’s 50 not competitive, multilateral player. The
Bank put out a statement welcoming the years of experience and expertise and with existing MDBs seem eager to work with
AIIB to the fold of infrastructure fund- extensive network of 31 field offices in the AIIB in an attempt to influence its
ing development banks, and indicated it developing member countries”. practice and encourage it to adopt their
would be happy to work with the AIIB environmental, social and other standards.
and share its expertise and history with it. Recently, the AIIB has signed a host of
The ADB also issued similar statements, MoUs and agreements on co-financing
which stress its long history in the region; and cooperation with the World Bank,
“ADB will cooperate closely with AIIB ADB, EBRD and EIB, signalling to the
in supporting the development of the Asia world its intention to be a cooperative,
Center for Financial Accountability 18
Western
Nations:
Source: Sputnik News
T
he US government has been highly critical of
the arrival of the AIIB, although it has toned
this down somewhat over time as it became
diplomatically isolated on the issue. The US initially
declined to recognise the need for and utility of the
AIIB, and continues to express concerns about the
institution’s operating procedures, and environmen-
tal, social and human rights standards. Countries
like Australia and South Korea didn’t join the AIIB
initially due to US pressure. The US was, however,
left increasingly isolated, as first Britain broke ranks
and joined, and then various other European coun-
tries which are its traditional allies, leaving the US
looking somewhat foolish. Japan is very wary of the
AIIB, and has not joined, as it is China’s traditional
rival in the region for financial and economic power,
and it sees the AIIB as a challenge to Japan’s long-
standing predominance in the ADB.
19 Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
C
ivil society organisations,
social movements, human
rights experts, academics
and others have had a diverse set
of responses to the AIIB. Many
acknowledge the need for infra-
structure development across Asia
to address development challenges
and reduce poverty and inequality.
However there are deep concerns
about the potential impact of AIIB
funded projects on the environment
in the region, as well as the social
impact on impoverished people.
The social and environmental im-
pact of projects funded by the Word Source: State Council, People’s Republic of China
Bank and Asian Development Bank
Civil Society:
over the past decades has often
been devastatingly negative for lo-
cal and project affected communi-
ties. The AIIB has been established
and become operational extremely China, has a questionable record in the and has seen procedures developed speed-
quickly, which is a matter of some area of environmental protection and so- ily and without transparency, or still be
concern, as time and consultation cial and human rights impacts. Thus civil under development even while operations
is needed to ensure adequate social society across Asia and internationally, is have begun. Moreover the key instigator
and environmental safeguards and concerned that the AIIB could potentially of the institution, China, has a question-
procedures. The process of the set- have a negative effect on the region’s able record in the area of environmental
ting up of the bank thus far has not environment and people. Ideally the AIIB protection and social and human rights
been transparent, has not allowed might learn from other multilateral banks’ impacts. Thus civil society across Asia
time for civil society or local com- past mistakes and avoid repeating them, and internationally, is concerned that the
munity involvement or consultation but this, like many other things, remains AIIB could potentially have a negative
in Asian countries, and has seen to be see. e social and environmental effect on the region’s environment and
procedures developed speedily safeguards and procedures. The process of people. Ideally the AIIB might learn from
and without transparency, or still the setting up of the bank thus far has not other multilateral banks’ past mistakes and
be under development even while been transparent, has not allowed time for avoid repeating them, but this, like many
operations have begun. Moreover civil society or local community involve- other things, remains to be see.
the key instigator of the institution, ment or consultation in Asian countries,
Center for Financial Accountability 20
W
AIIB process
hat is the
around Environmental
and Social Safeguards,
Oversight and
Grievance Mechanism
etc?
21 Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
The NGO Forum on ADB wrote to the AIIB in April
2015 introducing themselves and outlining in de-
tail a range of concern areas regarding environ-
mental and social impact of development finance.
They wrote: “we are writing to you it very difficult for communities who by civil society to their inputs, nor were
on behalf of a network of 250 civil might likely be impacted by AIIB funded they given any further opportunities to
society organizations, based in Manila, projects to participate – they were ex- impact or strengthen the ESF standards.
with representatives from 20 countries cluded linguistically, geographically and The ESF appears to have been quietly fi-
in Asia to express our concern on the due to their lack of internet access. Civil nalised and approved by the bank’s Board
need for robust safeguard policies of society networks and social movements in January 2016, although there was no
the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank struggled to read, analyse, disseminate, formal announcement of the same, but the
(AIIB)” and outlined a comprehensive and consult at community level and feed- document is now available for download
range of recommendations and principles back on the draft ESF document in such from the AIIB website. While the frame-
for the new bank. The AIIB finally replied a short time span with no advance notice. work appears to have been strengthened in
four months later, in August 2015, indicat- While many international and grassroots some areas, yet many of the weaknesses
ing that the delay in reply was because organisations from a range of different and scope for loopholes persist, including
“the Secretariat has been in the process of perspectives (environment, development, around the categorisation of projects, a
developing an Environmental and Social human rights, labour rights, indigenous reliance on national systems of regulation
Framework for the AIIB”. The new bank rights, corporate accountability etc) did and the lack of a clear independent griev-
thus embarked on a ‘consultation process’ submit detailed and critical recommen- ance mechanism. Recently the Director
on its Environmental and Social Frame- dations to the consultation, they also General of the Compliance, Effectiveness
work (ESF) policy in August-October expressed dissatisfaction with the consul- and Integrity Unit, a rather intriguing
2015. tation process and appealed for it to be title, has been appointed, but as with other
improved and the time period lengthened aspects of the functioning of the bank, no
However this was a very problematic
to enable meaningful participation, some- detailed information has been shared on
process. The full consultation process was
thing which, ironically enough, the draft what the functions or responsibilities of
6 weeks long, the documents provided
ESF document commits itself to in project the Unit will be. The ESF will apparently
were only available in English and not
implementation. be accompanied by a set of operational
translated into national and vernacular
guidelines which have not yet been writ-
languages, and the consultations them- While the second version of the ESF
ten/finalised, and the grievance/oversight
selves took place by email and through seemed to make some changes responding
mechanism is also still to be developed!
online consultations. This approach made to the critiques, no response was received
o
cluding Amnesty International,
o
Oxfam, Earth Rights International, Bank
l
Information Center, the Asian Indigenous
to
People’s Pact, Coalition for Human
Rights in Development, NGO Forum on
ADB, and a number of UN experts made
quite comprehensive and alarming critical
analyses of the draft ESF procedure. Civil
society raised a whole range of concerns
on projects potential negative impact on
the rights and livelihoods of indigenous
communities, workers, local communities,
So
ur
ce:
Al
jaz
eer
a.c
om
23 Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
C ivil society raised a whole range of concerns on projects
potential negative impact on the rights and livelihoods of in-
digenous communities, workers, local communities, as well
n
as potential displacement, involuntary resettlement and envi-
ronmental destructio
T
as well as potential displacement, invol- “all but a façade”, and the Coalition for hus, while much of the public
untary resettlement and environmental Human Rights in Development saying it language of the AIIB, and its ESF
destruction. Concerns also included the was a “deeply flawed process that appears document, seems to aspire to best
overreliance of the process on self-regu- to privilege the input of well-positioned practice, the experience of the consulta-
lation and national and corporate systems English-speaking business interests at tion on those very same standards seems
of compliance, with the AIIB potentially the expense of people in the region”. to set a bad and disturbing precedent for
offloading its governance and compli- (For detail and links to these civil society the future in terms of the gap between
ance responsibility onto the borrowers. A critiques see weblinks listed at the end of policy and practice. However given that
number of the seeming standards appear this document). most loans being disbursed in the first
F
to be deliberately vague in their articula- urthermore, other important areas of year seem to be co-financed loans, where
tion and have loopholes which could be policy are still being developed and the other MDBs’ standards will apply
exploited to reduce their strength. Also, finalised, as is the structure and HR rather than the AIIB’s, it may take some
the grievance/independent oversight team of the bank. For example, the AIIB time before it becomes fully clear what
mechanism has not yet been developed is supposed to develop an energy policy, the business practice and impact of the
and seems to be being developed without and a permanent policy on access to infor- new institution will be. Civil society
any consultation at all. mation, as well as aforementioned opera- will be watching the AIIB carefully as it
M
tional guidelines and oversight/grievance develops, strengthens and grows as an
oreover the consultation process institution.
itself was condemned by most mechanism.
organisations, with, for example,
Earth Rights International describing it as
October 2013 June 2014 October 24, November 28, May 20-22
2014 2014 2015
The Asian Infrastruc- China proposed Twenty-one The 1st Chief Ne- The 5th CNM took
ture Investment Bank, a doubling the regis- countries signed gotiators’ Meeting place in Singapore.
new multilateral devel- tered capital of the a Memorandum was held in Kun- Representatives
opment bank, was first bank from $50 bil- of Understanding ming. The CNM from 57 Prospective
proposed by Xi Jinping lion to $100 billion (MOU) regard- was conducted to Founding Members
in a speech to the Indo- and invited India ing the AIIB in discuss the framing (PFMs) of the AIIB
nesian parliament. to participate as a Beijing; China, of AIIB’s Article of and Mr Jin Liqun,
founding member to Bangladesh, Bru- Agreement (AoA) Secretary General
the bank. nei, Cambodia, and the appoint- of the Multilateral
India, Kazakhstan, ment of its Chief Interim Secretariat
Kuwait, Laos, Ma- Counsel. on Establishing the
laysia, Myanmar, AIIB, attended the
Mongolia, Nepal, meeting. The meeting
Oman, Pakistan, concluded discus-
Philippines, Qatar, sions and finalized
Singapore, Sri the Articles of Agree-
Lanka, Thailand, ment (AOA) for the
Uzbekistan and AIIB, and discussed
Vietnam. the Environmental
and Social Frame-
work and drafted
Procurement Policy
25 Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank framework.
June 29, 2015 August 24 September 28,29 November 2015 November 3-4
2015 2015 2015
Special Ministerial Meet- Mr. Jin Liqun The 7th CNM on the Mr. Jin met with the The 8th CNM was
ing, chaired by Chinese was selected Establishment of the World Bank Vice held in Jakarta,
Minister of Finance Lou by consensus AIIB was held in Presidents responsi- Indonesia. Repre-
Jiwei, was held, follow- as President of Frankfurt, Germany. ble for programmes sentatives discussed
ing the Signing Ceremony the AIIB at the Representatives in East Asia and the draft AIIB 2016
of the AOA by repre- 6th Meeting of reached broad agree- the Pacific, South Business Plan and
sentatives from 50 of the Chief Negotia- ment on moving for- Asia, and Europe Budget; the draft
Bank’s PFMs. The Articles tors in Tbilisi, ward with the AIIB’s and Central Asia, Public Information
were open for signing by Georgia key operational, to identify projects Interim Policy; the
the remaining PFMs until financial, corporate for co-financing in draft Environmental
the end of 2015. Special procurement, Envi- 2016. He also met and Social Frame-
Ministerial Meeting, ronmental and Social with IMF Managing work; and prepara-
chaired by Chinese Minis- Framework and HR Director Christine tions for establishing
ter of Finance Lou Jiwei, policies. Lagarde the Bank.
was held, following the
Signing Ceremony of the
AOA by representatives
from 50 of the Bank’s
PFMs. The Articles were
open for signing by the
remaining PFMs until the
end of 2015.
Center for Financial Accountability 26
25 December January 11-12 January 16 April 13 April 14
2015 2016 2016. 2016 2016
The bank started opera- Mr. Jin Liqun visited The Board of Governors Jin Liqun and The AIIB announced
tion once the agreement New Delhi, where of the AIIB convened its World Bank Group the appointment of
entered into force, after he met with In- inaugural meeting, de- President Jim Yong Mr. Hamid Sharif
ratifications were re- dian Prime Minister claring the Bank open for Kim signed the as the first Director
ceived from 10 member Narendra Modi, Fi- business and electing Mr. first co-financing General of the Com-
states holding a total nance Minister Arun Jin Liqun as President for framework agree- pliance, Effectiveness
number of 50% of the Jaitley, Secretary of a five year term to which ment between the and Integrity (CEI)
initial subscriptions of Economic Affairs he can be re-elected once. two institutions. Unit. The position
the Authorized Capital Shaktikanta Das and 30 Governors, represent- reports to the Bank’s
Stock. other government ing over 74 percent of the Board of Directors.
leaders. AIIB’s allocated capital, The CEI Unit’s man-
participated. They were date includes moni-
joined by observers from toring and evaluating
the 27 signatories to the Bank’s portfolio,
the Bank’s Articles that ensuring policy com-
were still completing the pliance, and over-
membership process. The seeing internal and
inaugural meeting of the external grievance
Bank’s Board of Direc- procedures.
tors was called in Beijing
27
on January 17-18, 2016.
Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
May 2, 2016 May 11, 2016 May 30, 2016 September 2015 June 25-26, 2016.
Jin Liqun and ADB The AIIB and The AIIB and Jin Liqun has also The 1st Annual
President, Takehiko EBRD, based in the EIB signed a visited Korea, Meeting of the
Nakao signed a MOU London, agreed to framework agree- Germany, Pakistan, Board of Governors
on the sidelines of deepen cooperation ment to cooperate France, Britain, of the Asian Infra-
ADB’s 49th Annual between the two in Beijing. Bangladesh, Fin- structure Invest-
Meeting of the Board organizations. land, and Denmark ment Bank was
of Governors in Frank- and met with politi- held in Beijing.
furt, Germany. cal leaders there, as
well as with heads
of the IMF, World
Bank, ADB and
OECD, amongst
others.
29 Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Kyrgyz Republic 29 Jun 2015 11 Apr 2016
Lao People’s Democratic Republic 29 Jun 2015 15 Jan 2016
Luxembourg 29 Jun 2015 8 Dec 2015
Malaysia 21 Aug 2015
Maldives 29 Jun 2015 4 Jan 2016
Malta 29 Jun 2015 7 Jan 2016
Mongolia 29 Jun 2015 27 Nov 2015
Myanmar 29 Jun 2015 1 Jul 2015
Nepal 29 Jun 2015 13 Jan 2016
Netherlands 29 Jun 2015 16 Dec 2015
New Zealand 29 Jun 2015 7 Dec 2015
Norway 29 Jun 2015 22 Dec 2015
Oman 29 Jun 2015 22 Jun 2016
Pakistan 29 Jun 2015 22 Dec 2015
Philippines 31 Dec 2015
Poland 9 Oct 2015 15 Jun 2016
Portugal 29 Jun 2015
Qatar 29 Jun 2015 24 Jun 2016
Russia 29 Jun 2015 28 Dec 2015
Saudi Arabia 29 Jun 2015 19 Feb 2016
Singapore 29 Jun 2015 10 Sep 2015
South Africa 3 Dec 2015
Spain 29 Jun 2015
Sri Lanka 29 Jun 2015 23 Jun 2016
Sweden 29 Jun 2015 23 Jun 2016
Switzerland 29 Jun 2015 25 Apr 2016
Tajikistan 29 Jun 2015 16 Jan 2016
Thailand 29 Sep 2015 20 Jun 2016
Turkey 29 Jun 2015 15 Jan 2016
United Arab Emirates 29 Jun 2015 15 Jan 2016
United Kingdom 29 Jun 2015 3 Dec 2015
Uzbekistan 29 Jun 2015
Vietnam 29 Jun 2015 11 Apr 2016
31 Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Center for Financial Accountability
Clean Lean and Green? | A short briefing on the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank