SET UP

COMPUTER
NETWORKS
Trainer: Mr. Joseph V. Gallego
LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Plan and Prepare for configuration

• Configure Computer Systems and

Networks

• Inspect and test configured computer

system and Networks
Objectives:

• Explain some key concepts in basic networking

• Identify Basic Tools and Networking Devices,
Media, and Connectors
• Perform Network Cabling
• Configure Computer Systems and Network
• Recognize the importance of networking
Learning Contents

• Key Concepts in Basic Networking

• Basic Tools & Materials, Networking, Devices,
Media & Connectors
• UTP Implementation/Cabling
• Common Network Topologies
• Types of Network Setup
• Configuring Computer Systems and Network
Key Concepts in
Networking
Computer Network

•an interconnected group of computers.

•linking two or more computing devices

together for the purpose of sharing
data/resources
Three main reasons for connecting
computers in a network:

•Share information

•Share resources

•Centralized control
Data Communications

• Is any system of
computers, computer
terminals or computer
peripheral equipment used
to transmit/receive
information between two
or more locations
Ethernet

• Most LANs in existence today use a

technology called Ethernet. In an Ethernet
network, every piece of information put on
the network is seen by every other
computer on the network, and each
computer must determine if that
information is meant for itself.
HEADER

ADDRESS DATA
Packet diagram

To make this work, before the information goes out on the

network it is first broken up into small pieces called packets,
and each packet has added to it the address of the computer
that should receive it. The part of the packet containing the
address is called the HEADER.
• Then, each computer looks at the address
on each packet that comes by on the
network cable, and copies the ones that
have the right address. The computer that
sent the packet is called the source, and
the one that is supposed to receive it is
called the destination.
Data Network Classifications (LAN)

• Local Area Network

- A data network
covering a relatively
small geographical
area.
Data Network Classifications (MAN)

Metropolitan Area Network

- A data network
designed for a town or city.
In terms of geographic breadth,
MANs are larger than local
area networks (LANs), but
smaller than wide-area
networks (WANs).
Data Network Classifications (WAN)

• Wide Area Network

- A data network that

serve users across a broad
geographic area and often
uses transmission devices
provided by common carriers.
Data Network Classifications (GAN)

• Global Area Network

- A data networks
designed to interconnect
computer systems around
the entire globe.
Basic Tools & Materials,
Networking, Devices,
Media & Connectors
Basic Tools and Materials
Networking Devices/Equipment

Repeater/s

- a device that simply

regenerate or amplify the
network signals at the bit
level.
- Layer 1 of the OSI model
dependent
Networking Devices/Equipment

Hub/s
- a common connection
point of the network and
simply act as a repeater.

- multiport repeater
device Layer 1 dependent
Networking Devices/Equipment

Network Interface Card/s

- An expansion board you

insert into a computer so
the computer can be
connected to a network.

- Layer 2 device because it

carries a unique physical
address called Media
Access Control address.
Networking Devices/Equipment

Bridge/s
- A device use to create 2
or more LAN segments,
each of which is a
separate collision
domain.

- Filters network traffic by

simply seeing the MAC
address. A layer 2 device
A collision domain is an area on the network where two
devices may attempt to transmit at the same time
Networking Devices/Equipment

Switches
- Are data link layer
devices that let multiple
LAN segments be
interconnected into single
networks. A layer 2 device
same as bridge.
Networking Devices/Equipment

Router/s
- is an internetworking
device that passes data
packets between networks
based on Layer 3
addresses.
- makes decisions
regarding the best path
for delivery of data on the
network.
Networking Devices/Equipment

Access Points
- a wireless access point
(WAP) is a networking
hardware device that
allows a Wi-Fi compliant
device to connect to a
wired network
Networking Devices/Equipment

Patch Panel
- A patch panel in a local
area network (LAN) is a
mounted hardware
assembly that contains
ports used to connect and
manage incoming and
outgoing LAN cables. Patch
panels are also referred to
as patch bays, patch
fields or jack fields and are
also commonly used in
radio and television.
Networking Devices/Equipment

Server Frame Rack/Cabinet

• Open-frame server racks consist of

mounting rails without sides or
doors. They’re typically used for
applications that don’t require
physical security and don’t need
added airflow control.
• Server Cabinets support computer
server and data storage equipment
by providing additional space at the
rear for cable management and
front-to-rear airflow solutions.
Networking Devices/Equipment

Modem
A modem (modulator-
demodulator) is a device
that modulates an analog carrier
signal to encode digital
information and demodulates the
signal to decode the transmitted
information. The goal is to
produce a signal that can be
transmitted easily and decoded to
reproduce the original digital
data.
Networking Media

Copper Media
• Twisted Pair

a. Unshielded Twisted
Pair

b. Shielded Twisted
Pair (for noisy environment
with high RFI/EMI)
Reasons behind twisting

 Cancellation

- 3V
+3V

 Differential signal generation data data

+3V

Receiving end

Noise at random intervals of time

Networking Media

Coaxial Cable
- Thinnet (RG-58) for
Ethernet network

- Thicknet (RG-8 or RG-11)

10Base2 / 10Base5 RG -58 Cable RG-8 Cable RG-11 Cable
Ethernet network

* RG - Radio Grade
Networking Media

Optical Media

- Fiber Optic Cable

ex. Single Mode FOC
Networking Connectors

Copper Media Connectors

Twisted Pair Cable

Connectors and Jacks

• RJ45 male jack

• RJ45 module female

jack
Networking Connectors

Twisted Pair Connectors

(communication cables,
25-pair cables)
Ex. UY Connectors
Networking Connectors

F type connector
Coaxial Cable Connectors

T connector PL-259
Networking Connectors

Optical Media Connectors

- Fiber Optic Cable Connectors

• ST- Connector

• SC – Connector
Most Commonly Used Medium In Local Area
Networking

•Twisted Pair

- UTP Cat 5 and above

Most Commonly Used Medium In Local Area
Networking

Unshielded Twisted Pair

The following summarizes the features of UTP Cable:

 SPEED AND THROUGHPUT = 10 to 1000 Mbps

 AVERAGE COST PER NODE = Least expensive

 MEDIA AND CONNECTOR SIZE = Small

 MAXIMUM CABLE LENGTH = 100 m

Most Commonly Used Medium In Local Area
Networking
UTP Cabling Types

 Cat 1 – Used for telephone communication

 Cat 2 – Capable of transmitting data at speeds up to 4 Mbps
 Cat 3 – Used in 10BASET Ethernet at speeds up to 10 Mbps
 Cat 4 – Used in Token Ring Networks at speeds up to 16 Mbps
 Cat 5 – Used in Fast Ethernet at speeds up to 100 Mbps
 Cat 5e – Gigabit Ethernet speeds up to 1000 Mbps
 Cat 6 – Used in 10Gigabit Ethernet
 Cat 7 – Used in 10Gigabit Ethernet and above
UTP Implementation/Cabling

 Cable Specifications or Standards are set of rules

or procedures that are widely used and serve as
the accepted method of performing a task.

 TIA/EIA-568-A and TIA/EIA-568-B cable standards

are being used.
UTP Implementation/Cabling

1. TIA/EIA-568-A

This is a commercial
building standard for
telecommunications
pathways and spaces.

RJ45 connector

 TIA/EIA – Telecommunications Industry Association/Electronics Industry Association

UTP Implementation/Cabling

2. TIA/EIA-568-B

This is a commercial
building standard for
telecommunications
pathways and spaces.

RJ45 connector

 TIA/EIA – Telecommunications Industry Association/Electronics Industry Association

Types of UTP Network Cable

a. Straight-through cable – a
cable that maintains the pin
connection.

or
Applications of a straight-through
cable

• Switch to router
• Switch to PC or server
• Hub to PC or router
Types of UTP Network Cable

b. Crossover cable
– a cable that crosses the critical
pair to properly align, transmit
and receive signals on the device
with line connection.
Applications of a crossover cable

• Switch to switch
• Hub to hub
• PC to PC
• Router to router
Pin Locations on RJ45 Connectors

TIA/EIA-568-A TIA/EIA-568-B
Pin-outs Pin-outs
1 = White Green 1 = White Orange
2 = Green 2 = Orange
3 = White Orange 3 = White Green
4 = Blue 4 = Blue
5 = White Blue 5 = White Blue
6 = Orange 6 = Green
7 = White Brown 7 = White Brown
8 = Brown 8 = Brown
Pin Outs on RJ45 Connectors
TIA/EIA-568-A TIA/EIA-568-B
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Common Network Topologies

• STAR – a multipoint
data network
where stations are
connected by a
cable directly to a
central common
concentration
point.
Common Network Topologies

• BUS – multipoint data D F

network that makes
it relatively simple
to control data flow
between and among
the computers
because this
configuration allows
all station to receive X V
every transmission
over the network
Common Network Topologies

• RING – multipoint
data network
where all the
stations are Transmission is UNIDIRECTIONAL
connected in series Computer Z Computer x
to form a close loop
circle. Each device waits for its
turn to send
Computer E
Mesh Topology

• The mesh topology is

the simplest logical
topology in terms of
data flow, but it is the
most complex in terms
of physical design.
• In this physical
topology, each device is
connected to every
other device
Advantages and Disadvantages of Network
Topologies
Topology Advantages Disadvantages
Bus Cheap. Easy to install. Difficult to reconfigure.
Break in bus disables
entire network.
Star Cheap. Easy to install. More expensive than bus.
Easy to reconfigure.
Fault tolerant.
Ring Efficient. Easy to install. Reconfiguration difficult.
Very expensive.
Mesh Simplest. Most fault tolerant. Reconfiguration extremely difficult.
Extremely expensive.
Very complex.
Workstation and Server Relationships

Peer-to-peer network At another time:

(workgroup PC) At one time: Requests a file
Requests a print
- a networked computer
that acts as equal
partners, or peers, to
each other.
- Each computer with in Computer B
the network can take on Computer A
the client function or
the server function.
Workstation and Server Relationships

Client-Server workstations server

Network
File
- In a client-server Print
arrangement, network
services are located on a internet
dedicated computer
called a server, which
responds to the request
of clients.
O S I LAYER MODEL
Computer H Computer X
With a broadband connection Has a WLAN connection

Sent : hi!

Received: hi!

- A structural guideline for information transfer

- A great compatibility and interoperability among various
types of network technologies.
O S I LAYER MODEL

• The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Model or OSI

Reference Model for short) is a reference model provided vendors
with a set of standards that ensured greater compatibility and
interoperability among various types of network technologies that
were produced by many companies around the world.
• Is a primary model used as a guideline for network communications
• It defines the network functions that occur at each layer
• It is a framework that facilitates an understanding of how information
travels throughout a network.
7 OSI Layer Models
Computer A Computer X
PHYSICAL LAYER
Layer 1
- The Physical layer
defines all the electrical and
physical specifications for
devices. This includes the
Layer 7 Layer 7 layout of pins, voltages, and
Layer 6 Layer 6 cable specifications.
Layer 5 Layer 5 DATA LINK LAYER
Layer 2
Layer 4 Layer 4 - The Data Link layer
Layer 3 Layer 3 provides the functional and
procedural means to transfer
Layer 2 Layer 2 data between network entities
Layer 1 Layer 1 and to detect and possibly
correct errors that may occur in
For data to travel from the source to the
destination, each layer of the OSI model at
the Physical layer.
the source must communicate with its peer
layer at the destination
Computer A Computer X
Network Layer
Layer 3
- The Network layer
provides the functional and
procedural means of
transferring variable length
Layer 7 Layer 7 data sequences from a
Layer 6 Layer 6 source to a destination via
one or more networks while
Layer 5 Layer 5 maintaining the quality of
Layer 4 Layer 4 service requested by the
Transport layer.
Layer 3 Layer 3
Layer 2 Layer 2
Layer 1 Layer 1
For data to travel from the source to the
destination, each layer of the OSI model at
the source must communicate with its peer
layer at the destination
Computer A Computer X
Transport Layer
Layer 4
- The Transport layer
provides transparent transfer
of data between end users,
thus relieving the upper layers
Layer 7 Layer 7 from any concern while
Layer 6 Layer 6 providing reliable and cost-
effective data transfer.
Layer 5 Layer 5
Layer 4 Layer 4 Session Layer
Layer 5
Layer 3 Layer 3 - The Session layer
Layer 2 Layer 2 controls the dialogues
(sessions) between
Layer 1 Layer 1 computers. It establishes,
For data to travel from the source to the
manages and terminates the
destination, each layer of the OSI model at connections between the
the source must communicate with its peer local and remote application.
layer at the destination
Computer A Computer X
Presentation Layer
Layer 6
- Ensures the information
that the application layer of
one system sends out can be
read by the application layer
Layer 7 Layer 7 of another system.
Layer 6 Layer 6
Layer 5 Layer 5 Application Layer
Layer 4 Layer 4 Layer 7
- The Application
Layer 3 Layer 3 layer is closest to the end
Layer 2 Layer 2 user. It provides a means for
the user to access information
Layer 1 Layer 1 on the network through an
For data to travel from the source to the
application.
destination, each layer of the OSI model at
the source must communicate with its peer
layer at the destination
GLOSSARY
ACCESS POINT - In a wireless local area network (WLAN), an access point is a station that transmits and receives data (sometimes referred to as a
transceiver).
BANDWIDTH – The total allowable information that can pass through the medium.
BITS - A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer.
COAXIAL CABLE - A type of wire that consists of a center wire surrounded by insulation and then a grounded shield of braided wire. The shield minimizes
electrical and radio frequency interference.
DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL – A signal that is only its mirror image of each other.
ETHERNET – A common LAN specification or standard for designing or implementation.
FDM - Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is a scheme in which numerous signals are combined for transmission on a single communications line or
channel. Each signal is assigned a different frequency (subchannel) within the main channel.
FIBER OPTIC CABLE - A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads,
each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves.
FRAMES - In telecommunications, a frame is data that is transmitted between network points as a unit complete with addressing and necessary protocol
control information.
INTEROPERABILITY – The ability of software/hardware in different machines from different vendors to share data.
MAC ADDRESS - In a local area network (LAN) or other network, the MAC (Media Access Control) address is your computer's unique hardware number. (On an
Ethernet LAN, it's the same as your Ethernet address.)
MAGNETIC FIELD – A field that is generated when electric charge carriers such as electrons move through space or within an electrical conductor.
GLOSSARY
MEDIA/MEDIUM – Any matter that is used to have a data transfer from one point to another.
MULTI-MODE FIBER CABLE – A fiber cable allows multiple paths of light to propagate through the fiber optic core.
MULTIPLEX - Multiplexing is sending multiple signals or streams of information on a carrier at the same time in the form of a single, complex signal and then
recovering the separate signals at the receiving end.
NOISE – Unwanted signal present in the information signal
PACKETS - A packet is the unit of data that is routed between an origin and a destination on the Internet or any other packet-switched network.
RJ-45 – A registered jack is a physical interface often used for terminating twisted pair type cables.
SC CONNECTOR - A fiber-optic cable connector that uses a push-pull latching mechanism similar to common audio and video cables. For multimode fiber.
SINGLE-MODE FIBER CABLE – Uses only one mode of light to propagate through the fiber optic core.
ST CONNECTOR - A fiber-optic cable connector that uses a bayonet plug and socket. It was the first de facto standard connector for most commercial wiring. For
Single-mode fiber
TDM - Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of putting multiple data streams in a single signal by separating the signal into many segments, each having a
very short duration. Each individual data stream is reassembled at the receiving end based on the timing.
THROUGHPUT – The actual received information of the medium in a given time.
TIA/EIA – Telecommunications Industry Association/Electronics Industry Association
TWISTED PAIR CABLE - A type of cable that consists of two independently insulated wires twisted around one another. The use of two wires twisted together
helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction.