Science Reviewer 2.

Neural
5. It is triggered by a signal
3rd Quarter
 Nerves stimulates the
I. Endocrine Systems hormones.
 Produces hormones  From the nervous system.
 It includes the
Nervous System - Adrenal medulla
 Produces NEUROTRANSMITTERS - Hypothalamus.
6. Hormonal
Hormones  It receives hormones from
 Act slower than neurotransmitters another endocrine gland to
1. It creates long – lasting effect release their own hormones.
 chemical messengers
 secreted (released) from glands into the blood II. Different locations of glands in our body.
and affect cells in another part of the body. A. Glands found in the head and the neck.

Functions: 1. Hypothalamus
 Small part of the brain
1. Regulate growth and Hormones
 Has a role of controlling the
2. Regulate Metabolism
secretions.
3. Influence Behavior
 It also controls the activities of
4. Influence reproductive processes
the nervous system.
5. Maintain Homeostasis
A. Thyrotropin – releasing (TRH)
6. Allow response to Stimuli
 Release of THYROID stimulating hormone
7. Balance Water and Minerals

B. Dophamine (DA)
 The release of Prolactin
2 Types of Glands
a. Produces milk for women
 Exocrine
1. Duct C. Somatostatin(SS)
2. Transport substances to specific b. Inhibits the Release of the growth
locations in the body. hormone and the thyroid.
 Endocrine
1. Do not have any Ducts (Canal) D. Growth hormone (GHRH)
2. It releases hormones c. Stimulates the release of the growth
 Directly to the bloodstream hormone.
 The fluid tissues going to the
brain. E. Gonatotropin (GnRH)
d. The release of follicle releasing
hormone
3 modes of Action: i. Luteinizing Hormone.

1. Humoral F. Corticotropin (CRH)

3. Release hormones e. The release of adrenocorticotropic
 Sensing its immediate hormone.
surrounding
- Blood 2. Pituitary Gland
4. It includes  Attached to base of the Hypothalamus
 Parathyroid  Considered as a Neuroendocrine gland.
 Pancreatic Glands
 1. Receives neuronal input  Posterior Pituitary lobe
 Divided into two parts 1. Oxytocin
1. Anterior Pituitary Lobe  Stimulates uterine contraction
2. Posterior Pituitary Lobe  Lactation
2. Vasopressin (ADH)
 Increases water permeability in
 Anterior Pituitary Lobe the NEPHRONS
- Secretes the following hormones  Promoting water reabsorption
 It also increase blood volume.
a. Growth Hormone
- Stimulates growth and cell
reproduction. 3. Pineal Gland

b. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

- Stimulates corticosteroid  Small endocrine gland in the brain
- Androgen Synthesis  Produces melatonin.
- Release from the adrenal cortex 1. It is involved in the circadian rhythm
 Daily sleep – wake cycles
c. Beta – Endorphin  It induces drowsiness by
lowering the body temperature.
- Inhibits perception of Pain
4.Thyroid Gland

d. Follicle - stimulating hormone (FSH)

i. Stimulates the production of  One of the largest endocrine glands found in
Sex Cells. the neck
1. Both male and female.  Secretes the following hormones
ii. Stimulates maturation of 1. Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
1. Ovaries follicles in  Stimulates oxygen
females  Energy consumption
2. Activation of SERTOLI - Increasing a person’s
CELLS basal metabolic rate
a. Males  Also promotes protein
e. Luteinizing Hormone synthesis.
i. Stimulates ovulation in Females 2. Thyroxine (T4)
ii. Testosterone synthesis in males  Serves as
 Reservoir of
- T3
f. Prolactin  T4 is converted to T3 through
i. Stimulates the synthesis removal of IODINE.
ii. Stimulates the release of milk in 3. Calcitonin
female’s breast.  Stimulates Osteoblasts
g. Melanocyte – stimulating hormone - BONE CONSTRUCTION
(MSH).
5.Parathyroid Glands
i. Stimulates the synthesis and
release of the skin pigment
melanin.
 Small endocrine glands
 Found at the back of the thyroid gland
 4 PARATHYROID GLANDs
 1. It secretes the parathyroid hormone 8. Hepcidin
(PTH),  Inhibits
 Stimulates the release of - Intestinal Iron
CALCIUM IONS FROM THE absorption.
BONE. IV. PANCREAS
 It also STIMULATES  Both for Exocrine and Endocrine Glands,
OSTEOCLASTS  For Endocrine glands
- To breakdown the 8. Insulin
bone. ‘ a. Stimulate intake of
i. Glucose
1. From blood to form
 Digestive System glycogen in liver and
I. Stomach muscle cells.
1. Gastrin 9. Glucagon
 Stimulates secretion of a. Stimulate
- Hydrochloric Acid i. Gluconeogenesis in liver
2. Ghrelin 1. To release glucose
 Stimulates Appetite 2. Increase blood glucose
3. Neuropeptide Y level.
 Increases food intake 10. Somatostatin
a. Stimulates both
II. Duodenum i. Insulin
4. Secretin ii. Glucagon
 Inhibits V. Kidneys
- Production of 11. Erythropoietin
- Hydrochloric Acid a. Stimulates
 Stimulates secretion of i. Erythrocyte Production
- Bicarbonate 12. Calcitriol
A. Liver a. Increases the absorption of
B. Pancreas i. Calcium
C. Brunner’s ii. Phophate
Gland of 1. From the
Duodenum. GASTROINTESTINAL
5. Cholecystokinin TRACT
 Stimulates the release of 2. KIDNEYS.
- Digestive enzymes b. Inhibits
- Bile i. Release of
 Hunger suppressant 1. Parathyroid hormone.
III. Liver VI. Adrenal Glands
6. Angiotensinogen a. Located right above the kidney
 Stimulates release of b. Hormones produced are from
- Aldosterone i. Adrenal Medulla
A. From the ii. Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Cortex. 13. Adrenal Cortex
7. Thrombopoietin a. Glucocorticoids
 Stimulates i. Stimulates
- Megakaryocytes 1. Gluconeogenesis
A. Produce (GLYCOGEN
platelets. BREAKDOWN).
 ii. Inhibits  Inhibits production of FSH
1. Protein Synthesis - To regulate the
b. Mineralocorticoids production of sperm.
i. Stimulates 2. Ovarian
1. Sodium  Progesterone
2. Water - Helps in the
a. Reabsorption in development of the
the kidneys. FETUS
14. Adrenal Medula  Estrogen
a. Ephinephrine (ADRENALINE) - Secondary
i. Increases Characteristics of
1. Heart rate Female
2. Force of heart  Inhibin
contractions - Inhibits production of
ii. Help body to response from FSH
STRESSFUL ACTIVITIES. - To maintain the
female’s feedback
b. Norephinephrine (NORADRENALINE) mechanism.
i. Causes
1. Squeezing of the blood
vessels
a. To help
maintain
i. Blood
Pressur
e
b. Response to
Stress.

 Reproductive System
1. Testis
 Androgen
- Increase of
A. Muscle Mass
B. Strength
C. Bone Density
D. Maturation of
Sex organs
E. Deepening of
Voice
F. Growth of
Beard
- It is for Male Secondary
Characteristics.
 Estradiol
- Prevents death of germ
cells
 Inhibin