Documenti di Didattica
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imaging technology only, that doesn’t cause obvious
primarily magnetic resonance physical damage.
imaging (MRI) and computed
tomography (CT). Cerebral Contusion – they are bruises
to the brain, usually caused by
Forensic Autopsy - is used to a direct, strong blow to the head. They
determine the cause and manner are more serious than
of death. concussions.
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cardio- pulmonary (heart-lungs) 5. Loss of sensory power
and/or cessation of brain activity. 6. Changes in the skin
Death is the termination of all 7. Changes in and about the eye -
biological functions that sustain a There is loss of corneal reflex
living organism.
Declaration of Tokyo - is a set of
Kinds of Death international guidelines for
1. Somatic or Clinical Death - physicians concerning torture and
permanent cessation of all vital other cruel, inhuman or degrading
bodily functions. treatment or punishment in relation to
2. Molecular or Cellular Death - detention and imprisonment,
refers to the death of cells. which was adopted in October 1975
3 to 6 hours after cessation of life. during the 29th General assembly
3. Apparent death or State of of the World Medical Association.
Suspended Animation - a state in
which the processes of the body Defloration - is the laceration or
(such as blood circulation) rupture of the hymen as a result
stop or become very slow for a of sexual intercourse.
period of time while a person
or animal is unconscious. Dermis - the thick layer of living tissue
below the epidermis which
Leading Causes of Death In The forms the true skin, containing blood
World capillaries, nerve endings,
1. Ischaemic heart disease sweat glands, hair follicles, and other
2. Stroke (cerebrovascular structures.
diseases)
3. Lower respiratory infections Digestive System - digestive system is a
4. Chronic Obstructive Lung group of organs working
Disease together to convert food into energy
and basic nutrients to feed the
Signs Of Death entire body.
1. Cessation of heart action and
circulation Dr. Pedro P. Solis - Philippines father of
2. Cessation of respiration Legal Medicine.
3. Cooling of the body (Algor
Mortis) - The temperature of Ecchymosis - a discoloration of the skin
15–20 degrees Fahrenheit is resulting from bleeding
considered as ascertain sign of underneath, typically caused by
death. bruising.
4. Loss of motor power
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Endocrine System - refers to the questions of interest to the legal
collection of glands of an organism system.
that secrete hormones directly into the
circulatory system to be Four 4 Signs of Inflammation
carried towards a distant target 1. Rubor - redness
organ. 2. Calor - heat
3. Tumor - swelling
Epidermis - the outermost layer of the 4. Dulor - pain
skin of a human or other
vertebrate animal. Fracture - comes from the Latin word
“fractura” which means a break in
Euthanasia - Meaning good death ( the continuity of the bone. It is also a
well or good ), Refers to the combination of a break in
practice of ending life in a painless the bone and soft tissue injury.
manner. Deliberate intervention
undertaken with the express intention Frostbite - injury to body tissues caused
of ending life, to relieve by exposure to extreme cold,
intractable suffering. typically affecting the nose, fingers, or
toes and often resulting
Excretory System - is a passive in gangrene.
biological system that removes excess,
unnecessary materials from an Frostnip - the initial stages of frostbite.
organism, so as to help maintain
homeostasis within the organism and Gynecology - the branch of
prevent damage to the body. physiology and medicine which deals
with
Homeostasis -means remaining the functions and diseases specific to
stable or remaining the same. women and girls, especially
those affecting the reproductive
Firearm identification - used to system.
determine whether the gun that is
subject of the investigation has the Hematoma - is a collection of blood
same gun used or fired. outside of a blood vessel.
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failed attempts at
Coup Injury - injury at the site of resuscitation.
application of force.
Lazarus Sign - or Lazarus reflex is a
Contre-Coup Injury - injury opposite reflex movement in brain dead
the site of application patients, which causes them to briefly
of force. raise their arms and drop
them crossed on their chests.
Coup-Conre-Coup Injury - injury at
the site and opposite the Legal Medicine - Branch of medicine
site of application of force. which deals with the application
of medical knowledge to the purpose
Locus Minoris Resistentiae - injury of law and in the administration
not at the site and not of justice. Application of medicine to
opposite the site of application of legal cases.
force but at the site
offering least resistance. Livor Mortis - is a settling of the blood in
the lower (dependent)
Extensive Injury - injury on greater portion of the body, causing a purplish
area more than the site red discoloration of the skin.
of application of force. From the latin word "livor" - bluish color
and "mortis" - of death.
Integumentary system - is the organ Also known as post-mortem lividity.
system that protects the body
from various kinds of damage, such as Mayhem - intentional maiming of
loss of water or abrasion from another person.
outside. The system comprises the skin
and its appendages, including Mechanical Trauma - is an injury to
hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and any portion of the body from a
nails. blow, crush, cut, or penetrating
wound.
Laceration - a deep cut or tear in skin
or flesh. A wound that is Medical Evidence - is the means
produced by the tearing of soft body sanctioned by the rules of court of
tissue. This type of wound is ascertaining in a judicial proceeding
often irregular and jagged. the truth respecting a matter
of fact.
Lazarus Syndrome - is also called
Lazarus Phenomenon, is the Types of Evidence
spontaneous return of circulation after 1. Real Evidence/Autoptic - made
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known to the senses The Legal Importance of
2. Testimonial Evidence - oral determining the person’s state of mind
testimony under oath are the following:
3. Experimental Evidence 1. In Criminal law, insanity exempts
4. Documentary Evidence a person from criminal
liability.
Medical Jurisprudence - knowledge of 2. In Civil law, Insanity is a restriction
law in relation to the practice of the capacity of a
of medicine. natural person to act as provided
in Article 38 of the
Medico-Legal officer - (medical Civil Code.
examiner) a physician who determines 3. Insanity modifies or limits the
the cause of injury/death/disease by capacity of a natural person
examining the patient/cadaver to act as provided in Article 39 of
and testify in court to aid in the the Civil Code.
administration of justice. 4. Insanity at the time of marriage
of any or both parties is a
Mental Deficiency – or mental ground for the annulment of
retardation, is sub average intellectual marriage.
ability present from birth or early
infancy. Intelligence is both Mental Health Disorders – include
determined by heredity and disturbances in thinking, emotion,
environment. In most cases of mental and behavior. There is a complex
deficiency, the cause is unknown. interaction between the physical,
psychological, social, cultural and
Classification of Mental Deficiency hereditary influences.
1. Idiot – The idiot’s intelligence
never exceeds that of a Factors that Contribute to the
normal child over 2years old. The Development of Mental Disorders
IQ is between 0 – 20. 1. Heredity – the most frequent
This is usually congenital. factor that contributes to
2. Imbecile – the imbecile’s insanity and a good history will
intelligence is compared to a normal reveal the ascendants
child from 2 –7 years old and the afflicted with the same.
IQ is 20 – 40. 2. Incestuous Marriage – The
3. Feeble Minded – his mentality is mental illness is accentuated when
similar to that of a normal they are blood relative.
child between 7 – 12 years old 3. Impaired Vitality – Stress, tension,
and an IQ of 40 – 70. worry,grief may
predispose to insanity.
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4. Poor Moral Training and b. Bulimia nervosa
Breeding – Corrupt moral upbringing c. Binge eating disorder
in the family due to immorality of 12.Personality Disorders
the parents. a. Paranoid
5. Psychic Factors – Factors like b. Schizoid
love, hate,rage, anger, c. Histrionic
passion disappointments. d. Narcissistic
6. Physical Factors e. Antisocial
a. Non toxic factors – f. Borderline
exhaustion resulting from severe g. Avoidant
physical and mental strain h. Dependent
and traumatic injuries i. Obsessive – Compulsive
to the head. j. Passive Aggressive
b. Toxic factors – drug k. Dissociative
addiction,infections of 13.Schizophrenia – a serious mental
the brain. disorder characterized by
loss of contact with
Kinds of Mental Health Disorders reality(psychosis), hallucinations,
1. Psychosomatic disorders – delusions (false beliefs),
physical disorders caused by abnormal thinking, disrupted
psychological factors. work and social functioning.
2. Somatiform disorders –
encompasses several psychiatric Types of Schizophrenia
disorders in which people report a. Paranoid - is a mental
physical symptoms but deny disorder characterized by
having psychiatric problems. paranoia and a pervasive,
3. Generalized Anxiety Disorders long-standing
4. Panic Attacks and Panic suspiciousness and
Disorder generalized mistrust of others.
5. Phobic Disorders b. Hebephrenic - it is
a. Agoraphobia characterized by disorganized
b. Specific phobias behavior and speech, as
c. Social phobia well as disturbances in
6. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder emotional expression.
7. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder c. Catatonic - does not
8. Depression and Mania respond to external stimuli.
9. Bipolar Disorder characterized by a marked
10.Suicidal Behavior lack of movement,
11.Eating Disorders activity, or expression.
a. Anorexia nervosa
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14.Delusional Disorder of purpose, desire, or will
15.Psychological Incapacity – a to perform an action; volition.
waste basket diagnosis because
it is so broad a term, that it covers Kinds of Conation
all possible Mental A. Impulsion or Impulse
Disorders. (Compulsion) – a sudden and
irresistible force compelling a
Some Manifestations of Mental person to the conscious
Disorders performance of some action
1. Disorders of Cognition (Knowing) without motive or forethought.
a. Illusion
b. Hallucination Types of Compulsion
2. Disorders of Memory a. Pyromania - from the
a. Dementia Greek word "pyr" - fire, is an
3. Disorders in the Content of impulse control disorder in
Thought which individuals
A. Delusion repeatedly fail to resist
a. Delusion of grandeur impulses to deliberately
b. Delusion of persecution start fires in order to relieve
c. Delusion of reference tension or for
d. Delusion of Self – instant gratification.
Accusation b. Kleptomania - is the
e. Delusion of infidelity inability to refrain from the
f. Nihilistic delusion urge to steal items and is
g. Delusion of poverty done for reasons other
h. Delusion of control than personal use or
i. Delusion of depression financial gain.
B. Obsession c. Dipsomania - an
4. Disorders in the trend of uncontrollable craving for alcoholic
thought liquors.
Types a. Mania d. Homicidal impulse - occurs
b. Melancholia when one person kills
5. Disorders of Emotions or Feelings another suddenly and
– a disorder in the state without premeditation or
of mind, fervor, or sensibility, not planning.
in accord with reality. e. Sex impulse - a sudden
6. Disorders of volition or conation strong and unreflective urge
(doing) or desire to have sex..
f. Suicidal impulse - recurring
Conation - the mental faculty thoughts of or
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preoccupation with suicide. are subjected to ordinary washing.
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autolysis.
Post-Mortem - (meaning after death)
internal examination of the Reproductive System - or genital
dead to determine the cause of system is a system of sex organs
death. within an organism which work
together for the purpose of sexual
Ante-Mortem - before death. reproduction. Many non-living
substances such as fluids, hormones,
Post-Mortem Caloricity - is the rise of and pheromones are also important
temperature of the body after accessories to the reproductive
death due to rapid and early system.
putrefactive changes, usually in the
first two hours. Respiratory System - (or ventilatory
system) is a biological system
Post Mortem Lividity - it occurs in most consisting of specific organs and
extensive areas of the most structures used for the process
dependent portions of the body. of respiration in an organism. The
respiratory system is involved
Puncture Wound - is usually caused by in the intake and exchange of oxygen
a sharp pointy object such as and carbon dioxide between an
a nail, animal teeth, or a tack. This organism and the environment.
type of wound usually does not
bleed excessively and can appear to Scald - is a type of burn injury caused
close up. by hot liquids or gases.
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altered by carnal connection.
Shrapnel - fragments of a bomb, shell,
Kinds of Virginity or other object thrown out
1. Moral virginity – the state of by an explosion.
not knowing the nature
of sexual life and not having Skeletal System - gives the body its
experience sexual basic framework, providing
relation. structure, protection, and movement.
2. Physical Virginity – A
condition whereby a woman is Subpoena - order issued by the court
conscious of the nature of to a person to appear in court.
sexual life but has not
experienced sexual Subpoena ad Testificandum´- is a
intercourse. court summons to appear and give
3. Demi–virginity – This term oral testimony for use at a hearing or
refers to a condition of trial.
a woman who permits any
form of sexual liberties as Surgery - is an ancient medical
long as they abstain from specialty that uses operative manual
rupturing the hymen by and instrumental techniques on a
sexual act. The woman allows patient to investigate and/or treat
sexual intercourse, but a pathological condition such as
only inter femora or even inter disease or injury, to help improve
labia, but not to the bodily function or appearance or to
extent of rupturing the repair unwanted ruptured areas.
hymen.
4. Virgo intacta – A truly virgin Topinard and Rolet - two french
woman. There is no anatomist who devised a formula for
structural change in her the determination of the height for
organ, notwithstanding the male and female.
fact of a previous sexual
intercourse. Toxicology - the branch of science
concerned with the nature, effects,
Carnal Knowledge - is the act of a and detection of poisons.
man in having sexual bodily
connection with a woman. There is Trauma - injury, a physical wound to
carnal knowledge if there the body caused by an external
is the slightest penetration in the source.
sexual organ of the female
by the sexual organ of the male. Virginity - A condition of a female who
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has not experience sexual as what we recognize as
intercourse and whose genital organs a black and blue mark. Cause by
have not been altered by carnal a blunt injury to the
connection and whose hymen is still tissues which damage blood
intact. vessels beneath the surface,
allowing blood to extravasate or
Virgo Intacta - literally the term refers leak into the surrounding
to a truly virgin woman; tissues.
that there are structural changes in 3. Incised Wound - caused by a
her organ to infer previous clean, sharp-edged object such
sexual intercourse and that she is a as a knife, razor, or glass splinter.
virtuous woman. 4. Stab Wound - is a specific form
of penetrating trauma to
Virtuous Female - If her body is pure the skin that results from a knife or
and if she has never had any a similar pointed
sexual intercourse with another object that is "deeper than it is
though her mind and heart is impure. wide".
5. Punctured Wound - is a deep
Vital Reaction - the response of living wound caused by something sharp
body tissues to injury. and pointed, like a nail. The
opening on the skin is small,
Wound - in legal medicine,it means and the puncture wound may
strictly a solution of continuity. not bleed much. Puncture wounds
An injury to living tissue caused by a can easily become infected.
cut, blow, or other impact, 6. Perforating Wound - a wound
typically one in which the skin is cut or with an entrance and exit opening.
broken. 7. Lacerated Wound - that occurs
when skin, tissue, and/or
Open Wound - there is a break in muscle is torn or cut open.
the continuity of the skin. Lacerations may be deep or
1. Abrasion - a wound consisting of shallow, long or short, and wide
superficial damage to or narrow. Most lacerations
the skin. Scratch, friction mark. are the result of the skin hitting an
2. Bruise - is a common skin injury object, or an object
that results from the hitting the skin with force.
breakage of tiny blood vessels 8. Bite - is a wound received from
leaking under the skin. Blood the teeth of an animal,
from damaged blood vessels including humans.
beneath the skin collects near 9. Gunshot Wound (GSW) - (Ballistic
the surface of the skin to appear Trauma) is a form of physical
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trauma sustained from the
discharge of arms or munitions.
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