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Vol. 14 / No. 1
Features
19 24 27
NEW! If you are a CWI, certification as an Radiographic Interpreter (CRI) can now exempt
you from your next 9-Year CWI Recertification Exam.
News Bulletins
Ultrasonic Phased Array Testing Played Part in indicated they did not have to take furlough days.
Rescuing Chilean Miners The survey questioned whether staff reductions or other
cutbacks implemented in 2010 negatively impacted the
quality of the products/services delivered. Thirty-three
A company in Edmonton, Alb., Canada, played a role in
percent of respondents believed the quality of their products
the rescue of the 33 miners who were trapped in the San Jose
and/or services was negatively impacted, and 32% believed
copper and gold mine in Chile. All 33 of the miners were
quality did not suffer.
rescued in October 2010 after spending 69 days trapped in
Respondents were also asked what one tip they would
the mine.
give to manufacturers to ensure revenue growth in 2011. The
Metalogic Inspection Services used its Metaphase
top four tips, which are similar to those listed in the 2010
ultrasonic phased array testing equipment to inspect the
outlook, are as follows:
welds on the metal pipe that was inserted into the shaft that
• Continue to take part in continuous improvement practices,
was used to reach the miners. The capsule that was used to
and increase use of quality processes;
carry the workers up to the surface was inserted into the pipe.
• Increase customer satisfaction;
“We actually preinspect the weld,” said Quintin Bower,
• Implement more lean processes;
Metalogic’s corporate business development manager,
• Reduce costs/eliminate waste.
according to a report from the Canadian Broadcasting Center.
“Though it appears the manufacturing sector is still
“So as they are manufacturing the pipe and putting it into the
facing some challenges on the road to full economic
ground, we will do a full circumferential scan of the weld.
recovery, the incremental gains shown in this survey are very
They push it down deeper, and they put another joint in and
promising,” said ASQ Chair Peter Andres. “However,
so forth until they got the complete weld inside the shaft that
organizations still need to focus on and increase customer
they drilled.”
satisfaction, and implement continuous improvement
Bower said the company gathered staff and resources
practices to remain competitive.”
from Edmonton, Brazil, and Thailand to help with the
operation.
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ASNT,
Bringing Thousands of Minds
To NDT Matters, Including Yours.
accuracy and productivity in aerospace can be used in the same area without
and rotating equipment applications. interference. The system accepts NTSC
The 3-D measurement eliminates the or PAL video input via a BNC
need to change the probe tip to capture connector, and outputs analog video via
the measurement, which streamlines a phone jack. It runs on four AA
the inspection process. The 3-D phase batteries, or connects to mains power
measurement offers Profile Views, a using an optional AC adapter.
cross-section view of a portion of the
surface. With Profile View, the Envirosight LLC
inspector can rotate and zoom to get a www.envirosight.com
more accurate view of the defect. (866) 936-8476
The following advice will help you consistently size fillet welds properly
Other than the measuring tape, the we can define the size of the fillet weld two ends. The left end is used to size
fillet weld gauge is the most used as the largest inscribed isosceles right the fillet weld leg; the right end is used
measuring device in the welding triangle. to size the weld throat.
inspector’s kit. That is understandable Inspectors usually use a leaf-type If we were to check an ideal fillet
considering the majority of the welds fillet weld gauge to measure the size of weld, one that is a perfect isosceles
deposited are fillet welds. Yet many fillet welds. The gauges come as a set right triangle that matched the size of
people measure the size of the fillet of individual gauges that are used to the gauge, both the weld legs would be
weld incorrectly. size fillet welds. I did not say exactly 1⁄2 in. The throat of the fillet
The principle of the fillet gauge is “measure” fillet welds because the weld would measure exactly 0.354 in.
pretty simple. The fillet weld has a leaf-type gauge only indicates whether (0.707 × 0.5). Rather than imprinting
cross section that is essentially a the weld is less than, larger than, or the 0.354 on the right end of the gauge, the
triangle. If the two members being same size as the gauge. manufacturers imprint it with 1⁄2
joined are at right angles to each other, The inspector checks the size of because the fillet throat is the proper
the cross section of the fillet weld the actual weld by using one or more size for a fillet weld with 1⁄2-in. legs.
resembles an isosceles right triangle — gauges to compare the size of the weld That saves the inspector the time
Fig. 1. One basic assumption is that the to the size of the individual gauges. needed to calculate the required throat
fillet weld is fused to the joint root, but The gauges typically come in 1⁄16-in. dimension for each leg dimension.
not necessarily beyond. With those two increments for weld sizes ½ in. and Figures 3 and 4 show that the fillet
assumptions in place, i.e., the cross smaller, and in 1⁄8-in. increments for weld legs are exactly ½-in. each.
section of the fillet weld is an isosceles sizes of 5⁄8 in. and larger. Figure 5 depicts how to measure the
right triangle and it has fusion to the The basic leaf-type gauge has two vertical fillet leg. As indicated by the
root, we can establish a relationship ends, one for sizing the weld leg and figure, the gauge has to be turned to
between the length of the fillet weld the other for checking the throat verify the horizontal fillet leg is the
legs and the theoretical throat. We need dimension. Well, that’s not exactly proper size. After all, the two legs may
to know the dimension of the throat accurate. The gauge does not directly not be the same size by design or as
because it is the “weak link”; that is, it measure or size the throat. Instead, it dictated by the welder’s skill, so both
represents the shortest failure path sizes the throat for the equivalent leg the horizontal and vertical legs must be
through the cross section of the weld. size for an isosceles right triangle. checked.
With the two conditions noted in place, As shown in Fig. 2, the gauge has Checking the perfect fillet weld is
Fig. 1 — A typical fillet weld, such as the one shown here, has Fig. 2 — Example of a gauge used to size 1⁄2-in. fillet welds.
a cross section that resembles an isosceles right triangle.
Fig. 3 — A 1⁄2-in. gauge is used to verify the leg size of a 1⁄2-in. Fig. 4 — The 1⁄2-in. gauge used to verify the throat is properly
fillet weld. sized for a 1⁄2-in. fillet weld.
Fig. 5 — Verifying the horizontal leg meets the size requirement. Fig. 6 — Undersized convex fillet weld. The vertical leg is too
small.
Fig. 7 — Fillet weld gauge sizing a concave fillet weld that has Fig. 8 — Convex fillet weld size is the same as the fillet weld
insufficient throat to meet the size requirements of a fillet weld gauge.
with 1⁄2-in. legs.
easy, but things get a little more face. The inspector can do that by is done so the inspector knows which
complicated when dealing with fillet lightly rubbing an index finger along end of the gauge to use. As you can see
welds that are convex, concave, or a the face of the weld. The tactile feel of from Fig. 3, the left end of the gauge is
combination of both. The fillet weld the fingertip should be able to used to size the leg dimension of a
gauge can be used for both convex and determine whether the weld face weld. As shown in Fig. 4, the right end
concave fillet welds. The first step is to bulges out and is convex or the face of of the gauge is used to size the throat
determine the profile of the fillet weld the weld sinks in and is concave. This of fillet welds.
Fig. 9 — Concave fillet weld size is the same as the fillet weld
gauge.
Fig. 10 — The convex (top) and concave fillet welds are larger
than the size indicated by the fillet weld gauge.
Fig. 11 — Modified fillet weld gauge used for measuring the leg
of the fillet weld in a skewed joint.
To reiterate, fillet weld gauges do symbol specifies the weld size as 9⁄16 in. both legs of the convex fillet weld are
not measure fillet welds. The gauges The welding standard allows the weld found to be the proper size or in the
are used to determine whether the weld to under run the specified weld size by latter case, the throat is the proper size.
1
is smaller than, larger than, or the exact ⁄16 in. The smallest weld permitted Figure 10 shows a convex weld
size of the gauge being used. The set of would be the specified size minus the and a concave weld that are larger than
leaves of the fillet weld gauges are a allowable under run or 9⁄16 – 1⁄16 = ½ in. the ½-in. fillet weld gauge used to
collection of “go/no-go” gauges. The The inspector would select the ½-in. check the weld sizes.
inspector sizes the fillet weld by fillet weld gauge and check the weld Let me now interject my personal
comparing the size of the weld to the legs (if the weld is convex) or the weld philosophy on how to verify the size of
size of several gauges until the throat (if the fillet weld is concave). a fillet weld when using the leaf-type
inspector finds a gauge where the weld The welds would then be declared fillet gauge. In the example provided,
is slightly larger than the gauge. undersized if the welds were less than we determined the smallest acceptable
Most welding standards include a ½ in. or they would be accepted if they weld size is ½ in. based on the
statement to the effect the required were ½ in. or larger. stipulations of the welding standard.
weld size is as specified by the welding The following figures depict the We also noted that the gauges are
symbol. Dig a little deeper into the conditions the inspector might find available in 1⁄16-in. increments up to ½
welding standard, and there may be during an inspection. Figure 6 depicts in. I do not interpolate the weld size
provisions permitting a weld to be an undersized convex fillet weld, and when I use these fillet weld gauges. To
slightly smaller by some fraction or Fig. 7 shows a concave fillet weld that put it another way, the weld is either
percentage of the specified weld size. is undersized under the defined smaller than the weld gauge, the same
The inspector’s task is to determine constraints. size as the weld gauge, or the weld is
what the smallest permitted weld size Figures 8 and 9 depict fillet gauges larger than the size of the gauge being
is and then verify all the fillet welds are sizing welds that meet the minimum used. I do not round the “measured”
at least as big as the smallest weld size size requirement. Both the convex and weld size up to ½ in. if the weld
permitted. Let us say the welding concave fillet welds are acceptable if appears to be more than 15⁄32 in., i.e., 1⁄32
in. less than the ½-in. fillet size. The article work fine when the members are YOUR
www.worldspec.org
amount of under run permitted has at right angles to each other, but what CLASSROOM
already been taken into consideration. happens with welded joints that are AWAITS...
When reporting the size of a fillet skewed at an angle other than 90 deg?
weld, I do not report the average size The gauge does not fit into the corner.
for the continuous fillet weld. If the There are gauges available from at
size varies from 3⁄8 to ¼ in., I do not least one vendor that are a slightly
report it as 5⁄16 in. It is reported as ¼ in. modified fillet gauge. This modified
and the length is discounted if it is less gauge is depicted in Fig. 11.
than ¼ in. due to the presence of an You can also make that type of
unfilled crater, etc. As an inspector, I gauge yourself. I usually make gauges
report my findings and simply state the like that shown in Fig. 11 out of heavy
weld does not comply with the size banding straps that I salvage from the
specified by the welding symbol. When scrap bin. The modified gauge is fine
working under the auspices of AWS for measuring the leg dimension of a
D1.1, Structural Welding Code — convex fillet weld, but it is not
Steel, it is the Engineer’s prerogative to appropriate for a concave fillet weld. Don't pay for travel or
accept undersized welds if it is I’ll leave it up to you to design your
determined they are suitable for the own gauge for that situation.
accommodations for
intended service. Other welding intense one week
standards may have different ALBERT J. MOORE JR. courses...ever again
provisions, such as no under run (same (AMoore999@comcast.net) is vice presi-
dent, Marion Testing & Inspection, Can- Fully online NDT training to meet
as undersized) is permitted, in which global standards!
ton, Conn. He is an AWS Senior Certified
case the weld has to be at least as big Welding Inspector, an ASNT ACCP NDT Register today and save $100
as what is specified on the drawing. Level III, and a member of the AWS Certi- dollars instantly.
There is one rather large fly in the fication Committee and the Committee on
Enter aws59c2 in the discount code box
ointment. The fillet weld gauges in this Methods of Inspection of Welds.
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Statement of Ownership, Management, and Circulation for U.S. Postal Service (Required by U.S.C. 3685)
Q: When conducting welding from will demand and mandate that both The technology we are all
both sides on square groove butt welders and inspectors be currently experiencing today will have a
sheet-to-sheet welder performance certified and must provide any significant impact on tomorrow’s
qualification testing in accordance certifications upon employment. CWIs. National standards
with AWS D1.3, Structural Welding Inspectors should add to their incorporating welding and inspection
Code — Sheet Steel, what type of certification and experience résumés, will continue to grow, expand, and
testing would be required? whenever possible, as this will lead to become more detailed. There will be
greater financial gains and employment more demand for CWIs to be an
A: The standard indicates to perform independence. integral part of this growth to satisfy
bend testing on two test samples for each With the energy industries the future needs of all industries.
assembly (Table 4.4 and subnote “a”). exploring both solar and wind power,
Although not specifically rquired by the you can anticipate that new standards Reader Comments on Q&A
code, since the joint is being welded and possibly new welding inspection Related to Covered Electrodes
from both sides, it would be good credentials may be developed that will
practice to perform two bend tests that incorporate manufacturing and erection
Ken Erickson was right on in his
would incorporate one bend from each phases in regard to this expanding
answer regarding covered electrodes
side of the weld in the bend radius area. industry. In addition, nuclear power
(The Answer Is, page 42, IT Fall 2010).
may once again be looked at to meet
As CWIs, we may see covered
Q: What is your perception of the the increased energy demands and both
electrodes being pulled from a rod
welders and CWIs will play a large part
welding industry and the oven, but we have no clue as to their
in meeting these construction demands
employment forecast as a CWI for history. I’m a big fan of the #10 can.
on longer-term projects. It would also
the next ten years? My favorite line in the answer: “The
be highly advisable for CWIs to add
welder should be provided every
some other NDE certifications to their
opportunity to complete a satisfactory
A: (From Ken Erickson) I will provide résumés such as liquid penetrant,
weldment and the filler metal is a large
the IT “The Answer Is” readers with magnetic particle, and/or ultrasonic
part of this process.”
my short version thoughts and feelings inspection to further entice potential
looking forward into the next decade. employers. These types of projects will
Paul W. Cameron
First and foremost, I strongly encompass all forms of nondestructive
CWI and Senior Welding Engineer
believe that the welding industry and examinations.
McNeilus, an Oshkosh Corp. company
CWIs will be in higher demand years Industrial safety as related to
Dodge Center, Minn.
from now than they are today, which in welding, inspection, and overall
turn will result in more employment construction will also become more
opportunities and higher pay packages. demanding and individuals will need to Inspection Trends encourages
As current CWIs age and retire they also have and maintain current OSHA question and answer submissions. Please
will not be replenished as plentifully in and other applicable training and mail to the editor (mjohnsen@aws.org).
the job market to meet the growing certifications of completion prior to
demand. Like so many other industries, being considered for employment. KENNETH ERICKSON is manager of qual-
ity at National Inspection & Consultants,
employers will search out and look for Inspectors will be required to be Inc., Ft. Myers, Fla. He is an AWS Senior
CWIs with knowledge and experience computer literate and able to generate Certified Welding Inspector, an ASNT Na-
in specific fields and/or applications. and provide accurate and detailed tional NDT Level III Inspector in four meth-
Inspectors, in turn, will become more reports encompassing digital ods, and provides expert witness review
specialized and thus will be somewhat photography and video to satisfy new and analysis for legal considerations.
limited when venturing out to a new requirements for project customers and
CLIFFORD (KIP) MANKENBERG is a
industry or welding field. CWIs should clients located worldwide. More construction supervisor for Shell Interna-
focus on obtaining a broad range of emphasis will be placed on individuals tional Exploration & Production, Hous-
training and experience that can to develop and implement proven ton, Tex. He is an AWS Senior Certified
encompass numerous employment programs and procedures involving the Welding Inspector and an ASNT National
objectives and opportunities. need for inspectors beyond just from a NDT Level III Inspector in five methods.
Employers and project specifications welding standpoint.
Mechanical Scanner
A B
Fig. 5 — Detection of the 6.9-mm-long notch using the flat and curved probes (single skip) on 70-mm pipe. A — Flat probe. The
measured notch length is 9.6 mm. B — curved probe. The measured notch length is 7.1 mm.
A B
Fig. 6 — Detection of the OD end of the 1-mm through hole with the flat and curved probes (double skip) on 38-mm pipe. A —
Flat probe. The measured size is 10 mm. B — focused probe. The measured size is 3.6 mm.
particularly important for smaller- compared with flat arrays. implement. Curved arrays can be
diameter pipes, as beam spread was Figure 4 shows the modeled implemented with no extra hardware or
more significant. results, with beam profiles displayed in software, unlike matrix arrays.
Initially, an R&D project was both beam axis and cross section. Subsequent modeling with a 10-MHz
defined to evaluate the possible Comparing the images in the third linear array confirmed these results for
solutions to beam spread with phased (last) row with either the first or second 25-, 30-, 50-, and 75-mm diameters.
array units: matrix (2-D) arrays, row, it was immediately clear that the In summary, the modeling showed
mechanically curved arrays, or any flat, unfocused beam had significantly that one probe with 40-mm radius of
combinations. Both matrix and curved worse beam spread than either the curvature is suitable for pipe with an
arrays offer practical solutions for matrix array or the curved array. Wall OD greater than 25 mm, and one probe
focusing in both axial and thickness had been demonstrated as with 30-mm radius of curvature for
circumferential directions. Modeling relatively unimportant since multiple pipe OD less than 25 mm. Two curved
was performed using PASS to skips were required for thinner walls, arrays effectively covered all pipe
determine the relative merits (Ref. 5). so beam paths tended to be quite diameters.
Modeling showed that only two constant. (Note that PASS cannot
curvatures were required to cover simulate the field with a beam skip, so Experimental Confirmation of
essentially all small pipe diameters, the OD field is calculated by ignoring Modeling Results
independent of wall thickness. The the pipe ID reflection and by just
larger radius curved array was considering total metal path.) Selected for testing were two pipes
manufactured and tested on known There was no obvious advantage in sizes 2.75 in. (70 mm) and 1.5 in.
reflectors, and compared with a in using the matrix probe over a linear (38 mm). Two wedges were contoured
standard flat (unfocused) array on array probe with an optimized radius of to match the pipe diameters, as per
pipes of 70 and 38 mm diameter. The curvature. Matrix arrays would be standard practice. Appropriate notches
summary results follow, and are more expensive and complex to and holes were used as reflectors. The
A B
C D
Fig. 7A–D — A weld 115 mm in diameter and 12.7 mm thick scanned using a variety of setup parameters.
A B
Fig. 8 — Scans of 25-mm-diameter, 3-mm wall thickness pipe showing notches. A — Carbon steel pipe; B — stainless steel pipe.
notches and holes were scanned with probe. The 6-dB drop criterion was two tubes showed consistent results:
an OmniScan MX using typical phased used for sizing. smaller-diameter tubes gave more
array inspection procedures based on Figures 5 and 6 show sample scan severe defocusing (beam spread) than
S-scans. The same setup was used for results from the 70- and 38-mm pipes, larger diameters, and focused arrays
the two probes except the gain was comparing flat and focused arrays. gave much better lateral sizing results
necessarily reduced for the curved All the calibration reflectors in the than flat arrays.
Rather than have multiple curved choice of views available: A-, B-, S-, ultrasonic technology applications.
arrays, a manufacturing compromise and C-scans. These more than fulfill August 2004. Published by Olympus
was made. The modeling was code requirements. NDT.
performed on 5- and 10-MHz arrays; in In contrast, Fig. 8 shows very 2. Chizen, K., and Moles, M.
practice, we chose a 16-element, 7.5 small, thin pipes: 25-mm (1-in.) 2007. Phased array for piping
MHz array. The two curvatures diameter and 3-mm wall. The pipe in inspections using ASME B31.3.
selected as optimum were 30 mm for Fig. 8A is carbon steel; a stainless steel Proceedings of the 4th Middle East
diameters less than 25 mm, and 40 mm pipe is shown in Fig. 8B. Note that the Conference on NDT, Bahrain.
for diameters above that. A carbon steel notches show better than 3. ASME B31.3 CC 179, Use of
compromise radius of 35 mm was the stainless steel, but this is primarily ultrasonic examination in lieu of
chosen. Along with a 60-deg natural due to the problems with ultrasonic radiography for B31.3 applications for
angle wedge for high angles, this inspection of austenitic steels. materials ½” and less in wall thickness.
became the standard for the new June 28, 2006.
scanner (Ref. 6). Conclusions 4. ASME B31.3 CC 181, Use of
alternative ultrasonic examination
Scan Results 1. A novel, semiautomated small- acceptance criteria in ASME B31.3.
diameter pipe scanner has been Jan. 23, 2007.
Figure 7 shows a typical scan of a produced with two major features: Low 5. Zhang, J., Labbé, S., and Moles,
weld from both sides using the new profile for clearance, and focused M. 2006. Improved lateral focusing for
system. The pipe was 115 mm in arrays to minimize lateral beam spread thin-walled gas pipeline girth welds
diameter and approximately 12.7 mm (and hence overcalls). using phased arrays. Proceedings of
thick. The ultrasonic parameters were 2. The scanner has a number of IPC 2006 International Pipeline
slightly varied to illustrate possibilities. useful features. It is adaptable from 21- Conference, Sept. 25–29, 2006,
As with all the company’s phased to 115-mm diameters; offers one-side Calgary, Alb., Canada. Paper no.
array inspections, considerable detail access scanning; and works on both IPC2006-10238.
can be viewed in the tables in Fig. 7, carbon and stainless steel. 6. For wedge and probe details,
e.g., defect depth, amplitude, and 3. The experimental results see www.olympusndt.com/en/probes/;
position. In addition, cursors can be confirm that using the scanner and for COBRA, see www.olympus-
used to box in a defect for focused arrays produce significantly ims.com/en/scanners/cobra/.
measurements (Ref. 1). The angle of better defect length estimates.
maximum amplitude can be determined MICHAEL MOLES
using the cursor, and displayed as an References (Michael.Moles@olympusndt.com) is
senior technology manager, Olympus
A-scan for those who prefer such
NDT, Waltham, Mass.
views. Overall, there is the usual 1. Introduction to phased array
Official Interpretations:
D17.1, Specification for Fusion Welding for Aerospace Applications
An acoustic-based technology offers an option for 100% inspection of heat exchangers and
other tube applications
Most manufacturing facilities capacity, which requires regular, The conventional nondestructive
today contain thousands of tubes and comprehensive inspection and examination (NDE) methods that have
pipes as the backbone of their maintenance. Traditionally, a process historically been used for heat
fabrication processes. The tubes and known as sampling has been used for exchanger inspection can be invasive,
pipes extract, generate, and deliver the heat exchanger tube inspection. This slow, and cumbersome. Additionally,
required energy content that enables involves testing a percentage of tubes these methods are limited by tube
the facilities to be productive, efficient, (typically 8–10%) as a gauge of the configuration, size, and material,
and profitable. Of these, heat entire system. Sampling, however, making it difficult for full inspections
exchangers are one of the most brings a significant amount of risk to be carried out. As a result, it isn’t
common workhorses in many when making major decisions surprising that the practice of sampling
industries. It is, therefore, imperative regarding the integrity of these critical has become the typical equipment
that these perform at their utmost systems. owner’s inspection alternative. As new
technologies enter the market that however, any discontinuity is fouling, etc. Plant operators are aware
enable 100% inspection of tubes easier encountered, reflected waves are of these inevitable issues and aim to
and faster than previously possible, created, which propagate back up the inspect their heat exchangers
organizations can begin to put an end tube. The more abrupt the changes in periodically, both to ensure their
to sampling to ensure the safety and the cross section, the stronger these efficiency and to prevent catastrophic
efficiency of their critical systems. reflections are. Software records and failures, which can be very costly.
analyzes the reflections to determine Acoustic pulse reflectometry is helping
Acoustic Pulse Reflectometry what kind of discontinuity caused plant operators to easily and quickly
them. Discontinuities diagnosed perform these important inspections,
An acoustic-based technology is include holes, pits, general wall loss, minimizing downtime for their
enabling companies to accurately and and bulges. By identifying these types facilities.
rapidly perform comprehensive of faults before problems arise, Acoustic pulse reflectometry is also
inspections, drastically reducing the organizations can prevent costly a valuable tool in the assessment of
chance of catastrophic failures. failures down the road. internal cleanliness of heat exchanger
Acoustic pulse reflectometry (APR), tubes. Tubes are routinely cleaned during
the technology found in the Real-World Applications plant turnaround periods to remove any
AcousticEye Dolphin™ tube deposits hampering their functionality;
inspection system (Fig. 1), offers Acoustic pulse reflectometry is however, the traditional technologies
speed, accuracy, and objective testing being successfully used in the used for this are slow. In an APR
results. inspection of heat exchangers. inspection, tubes that were not properly
Acoustic pulse reflectometry Essentially, heat exchangers are cleaned will demonstrate multiple
inspects pipes and tubes from the devices used to transfer heat from one reflections from the constriction caused
inside and is independent of tube fluid to another. Most commonly, heat by such deposits, providing a rapid and
material or configuration. It is exchangers are constructed of hundreds cost-effective means for assessment of
noninvasive and the report generated is to thousands of tubes in parallel, tube cleanliness as the inspection is
objective and independent of a highly encased in a metal shell. In general, carried out.
trained professional; therefore, the heat exchangers are found in a large Additionally, APR has been
entire inspection procedure can be up variety of industries such as power applied to inspection of reactors in
to ten times faster than other methods. plants; refineries; paper mills; heating, chemical plants. Reactors are similar to
The core technology of APR ventilation, and air-conditioning; food heat exchangers, though they operate at
encompasses an acoustic pulse and beverage; chemicals; and many elevated temperature and pressure
traveling down the air enclosed in the more. Operating around the clock over levels, causing failures in the form of
tube — Fig. 2. As long as the pulse long periods, heat exchangers are both bulges and collapse of tubes. Both
does not encounter any changes in the subject to eventual degradation or types of faults present a great challenge
tube cross section, the pulse continues failure through many mechanisms: to traditional testing methods, but with
to propagate, with some attenuation erosion, corrosion, abrasion (caused by the noninvasive nature of APR,
due mainly to friction between the support plates rubbing against the complete testing of these systems is
molecules of air and the tube wall. If, tubes), thermal shock, sedimentation, possible.
A Look at Traditional NDE cleaning the tubes down to the metal, different tubes, APR is helping
Inspection Methods which is time consuming and costly, companies to opt for more energy-
and must take place before inspection efficient tubes in their systems.
begins. Finally, the accuracy of IRIS
While other NDE methods have
reduces with the thickness of the tube Summary
been around for ages, they do not
walls, and it cannot be used below a
deliver the ideal inspection. The ideal
thickness of 0.9 mm. Today’s emphasis on preserving
should be fast, accurate, and easy to
use. This has led to the accepted the environment brings the importance
process of sampling. Benefits of APR of well-maintained tubes, integrity
The most well-known inspection testing, and inspection to a new
method for heat exchangers is eddy Following are some of the main meaning. Industry should closely
current testing (ET). In this method, a benefits of APR, along with a examine its energy consumption,
probe is physically pushed through comparison to other NDE methods. efficiency, and increased need to
each tube and pulled back. The probe quickly and efficiently maintain,
contains one or more coils, whose • It is not material dependent. Tube inspect, and refurbish facilities.
electrical impedance is affected by the material does not affect APR. It Acoustic pulse reflectometry
surrounding tube. Eddy current testing works equally well on metal technology is enabling both small and
is relatively accurate, with the ability to (ferromagnetic or not), graphite, large enterprises to increase efficiency,
inspect 30–60 tubes per hour, but it is composite, and plastic. This is in safety, and inspection speed. By
heavily dependent on tube wall contrast to eddy current, which eliminating sampling, unnecessary and
material, which is a twofold limitation: cannot work on ferromagnetic tubes. costly downtime of mission-critical
It cannot be used to inspect equipment can be avoided. With APR,
ferromagnetic materials at all, and • It does not require calibration it is not necessary to judge the
requires a “calibration standard” for standards. With APR, reflections are integrity of 100% of the tubes based on
any tube it can be used on. detected by subtracting each a choice selection of tested tubes.
Additionally, ET depends heavily measurement from a baseline that Instead, 100% of the tubes can be
on the subjective interpretation of the represents a faultless tube, so there is tested quickly and at less cost.
technician. A study conducted by MTI no need to calibrate on known faults.
and EPRI, for example, showed that a Eddy current testing requires a
skilled technician detected 87% of the calibration standard, which is a
sample tube with carefully DR. NOAM AMIR
faults in a heat exchanger mockup,
manufactured defects, for every type (noam@acousticeye.com) is chief
whereas another technician detected technical officer, AcousticEye,
only 50% of the faults on the same of material, diameter, and wall Leusden, Netherlands.
tubes. thickness.
Another well-known NDE method
is based on ultrasound. Ultrasound is a • It provides straightforward
form of reflectometry: Sending a wave analysis. It offers a straightforward
through a medium, and recording any method for detecting and sizing
reflections from discontinuities in the faults of tubes, comparing the peak
medium. Adapting this method to tube reflections to sets of predetermined
inspection is quite involved: Once thresholds. Software is available to
more, a probe is invasively inserted easily perform this comparison, and
down the tube. The probe creates an can scan through the measurements
ultrasonic beam parallel to the tube from hundreds of tubes in seconds,
axis, which hits a spinning 45-deg automating data analysis. Eddy
mirror. As the probe moves down the current readings must be analyzed by
tube, it scans the tube wall in a spiral. a highly trained technician, a Want to be an
This method is known as an internal lengthier and more subjective
Inspection Trends
rotating inspection system (IRIS). The process.
Advertiser?
IRIS method, although accurate, does
have drawbacks. The need for good • It enables full inspection of all
resolution dictates a narrow beam, types of tubes. Acoustic waves For information, contact
which in turn entails a very slow pull propagate easily through U-bends, Rob Saltzstein at
rate if the spiral scan of the tube is to coils, and spirals, which are often (800) 443-9353, ext. 243,
provide full coverage. Filling the tubes overlooked in testing or usage due to
or via e-mail at
with water, without air bubbles, is their historical difficulty to inspect
with invasive methods. By enabling
salty@aws.org.
messy and time consuming. An internal
rotating inspection system also requires reliable and easy testing of these
Feature
Here’s help in writing useful WPSs that will ensure welders meet the customer’s
requirements
ANNEX A-1
Carbon Steel Specifications/Preheat
Preheat Requirements
Fig. 2 — Annex A-1 is an example of one page from an annex, and shows how an annex can be used to list the base metals and
preheat requirements.
Base Metals same WPS. The WPS usually lists the find Group II listed anywhere on the
group to indicate all the base metals beam.
The WPS must list the base metals within the group can be welded. What to do? How can the welder
to be joined. Whether to list the base There is one major problem with correlate the information listed on the
metal specification; the P, M, or S this practice. The problem is that the WPS to the information marked on the
number; or the base metal chemistry is grouping (P #, M #, S #, etc.) is not raw material? One approach is to list
a decision the manufacturer has to typically stenciled on the raw material. the grouping, i.e., P# or M #, etc., on
make in conjunction with the There is no easy way for the welder (or the WPS and reference an annex that
applicable welding standard. the inspector) to know whether the WPS contains all the applicable base metals
Welding standards group the base is applicable to the piece of raw stock in in the same group listed by the WPS.
metals together that have similar the inventory based on the material There are other alternatives such as
weldability. AWS D1.1 divides the specification marked on the metal. listing all the applicable material
carbon steel and high-strength low- What information is typically specifications and grades or alloys in
alloy steels into Groups, ASME stenciled on the raw material and what the WPS, but that would turn the WPS
Section IX groups them by P numbers, information is not? Usually the size and into a 20-page document. Another
NAVSEA uses S numbers, and AWS material specification and grade or alloy solution is to provide the welders with
B2.1 uses M numbers. Base metals are marked on the raw stock. For their own copy of the welding
included in a specific grouping example, the welder might pick up a standard, but to say that solution would
typically have similar chemistry and length of stainless pipe that is marked be costly is an understatement.
weldability. Unless impact toughness is “ASTM A312 Type 316” along the Including an annex with the WPS is a
a requirement of the applicable length, but P8 is not listed anywhere. A viable solution — Fig. 2. The annex
welding standard, all the base metals structural wide flange beam might be only lists those material specifications
within a group can be welded with the marked ASTM A992, but you will not used by the manufacturer.
Welding Parameters
Side Pass Layer Class Diameter Volts Amps WFS Seconds Travel Heat Input Deposit Thk. PH/IPT
1 3
A 1 Root E7OS-2 ⁄8 12 160 672 4.0 28800 ⁄16 81
1 1
A 2 2 E7OS-3 ⁄8 11 175 687 2.4 48090 ⁄4 108
3
A 3 3 E71T-1MJH4 0.045 26.5 200 299 302 5.8 55080 ⁄8 84
3
A 4 3 E71T-1MJH4 0.045 27 235 350 188 8.8 43377 ⁄8 145
3
A 5 3 E71T-1MJH4 0.045 27 235 350 198 9.0 42158 ⁄8 153
1
A 6 4 E71T-1MJH4 0.045 27 235 350 193 9.0 42140 ⁄2 220
1
A 7 4 E71T-1MJH4 0.045 27 230 350 208 8.8 42170 ⁄2 185
1
A 8 4 E71T-1MJH4 0.045 27 230 350 188 9.7 38607 ⁄2 204
1
A 9 4 E71T-1MJH4 0.045 27 238 350 246 7.6 50993 ⁄2 220
3
A 10 5 E71T-1MJH4 0.045 27 230 350 181 10.6 35125 ⁄4 243
3
A 11 5 E71T-1MJH4 0.045 27 230 350 212 9.1 41141 ⁄4 275
3
A 12 5 E71T-1MJH4 0.045 27 234 350 227 8.5 44818 ⁄4 258
3
A 13 5 E71T-1MJH4 0.045 27 239 350 236 8.1 47591 ⁄4 289
7
A 14 Cover E71T-1MJH4 0.045 26 199 305 314 6.3 49251 ⁄8 208
7
A 15 Cover E71T-1MJH4 0.045 26 200 305 274 7.2 43176 ⁄8 251
7
A 16 Cover E71T-1MJH4 0.045 26.6 200 305 310 6.4 49976 ⁄8 272
7
A 17 Cover E71T-1MJH4 0.045 26 205 305 260 7.6 41994 ⁄8 84
7
A 18 Cover E71T-1MJH4 0.045 26 199 305 284 7.0 44528 ⁄8 110
The annex also serves another the selection of filler metals the welder alloy composition of the completed
useful purpose. I find it the perfect can use. An example might be useful to weld can be changed even though the F
location to list preheat and interpass illustrate how the system works. Let’s number has not changed. A system of A
requirements. look at the F number group F6 (there is numbers that applies only to ferrous
no F6 in D1.1, so you can stop metals was devised to address that
Filler Metal looking). F6 contains all ferrous filler problem. The A number reflects the
metals not included in groups F1 chemistry of the completed weld. The
If a filler metal is required, it must through F5. F6 includes filler metals WPS is only qualified for a weld with a
be listed in the WPS. Filler metals are for GMAW, FCAW, GTAW, OFW, and specific A number when working with
grouped in a similar manner as base SAW. It includes filler metals for either ASME Section IX or AWS B2.1.
metals. Filler metals are grouped by F carbon steels, and high-strength low- A numbers are included in AWS D1.1
numbers by AWS and ASME; alloy, high-alloy, and heat-treatable and D1.5 because those welding codes
NAVSEA welding standards group the low-alloy steels. It’s a trash heap of only apply to carbon- and low-alloy
filler metals by A numbers. ferrous filler metals. You will find F6 steels where the mechanical properties
F numbers can be used for a filler metals listed in both ASME of the weld are not as likely to be
couple of purposes. The F number is Section IX and AWS B2.1. It wasn’t affected by dilution if matching filler
considered to be an essential variable always this way. Before the metals are used.
for welder performance qualification introduction of Standard Welding The WPS also lists the appropriate
and when qualifying the WPS. Procedure Specifications and the filler metal diameters the welder is to
The F number is listed on the influence of ASME, F numbers were use.
WPS, and the WPS is valid for all the more specific. It used to be that in B2.1 Should a consumable insert be
electrodes contained within the F the F numbers were also used to group required, it is usually included along
number group. That does not mean the filler metals, the alloy constituents, and with the filler metal. Other things that
welder can substitute one filler metal the welding process. You might might be included are the flux for SAW
for any other filler metal within the encounter an F10 filler metal when and any supplementary fluxes, filler
same group; it simply means the WPS reviewing a WPS written in the 1970s metals, or powders used.
does not have to be requalified if the or early 1980s. It was after 1984 that
manufacturer decides to change from AWS B2.1 adopted the ASME F Shielding Gas
one filler metal to another within the number groupings.
same F number group. A weld is a composition or alloy of Gas tungsten arc, gas metal arc,
In addition to the filler metal F the base metals being joined and the and flux cored arc welding typically
number, the specification and the filler metal used. If you change the require a shielding gas to protect the
classification are listed. Listing the composition of either member being molten weld pool from atmospheric
specification and classification narrows welded, there is a high probability the gases. The gas may be an inert gas such
Table 2 — Descriptive Statistics. Analysis of the Welding Data Recorded in the PQR
Data Analysis
Procedure Qualification
GF-F6P1-A
19-Oct-2010
as argon or helium, a reactive gas such Success or failure when welding in a MicroSoft Excel™ spreadsheet
as carbon dioxide, or a combination of reactive and refractory base metals can makes it easy to determine the
gases that may have minor additions of depend on the completeness of the minimum, maximum, and ranges for
oxygen or hydrogen. The gas or gas purging operation. Specific instructions each parameter used to weld the test
mix to be used is influenced by the for detailed information about purging coupon. The descriptive statistical tool
welding process, the base metals being can be provided to the welder through provided by MicroSoft Excel™ can be
joined, and, possibly, the welding use of another annex. The WPS can used to analyze the data. The
position. simply list that purging is required and presentation is shown in Table 2.
AWS first published A5.32, reference the appropriate annex for Some welding standards such as
Specification for Welding Shielding more detailed information. AWS D1.1, D1.5, B2.1, etc. allow the
Gases, in 1997. Shielding gases meeting ranges listed on the WPS to be “opened
the requirements of A5.32 are pure Welding Parameters up” by certain amounts, usually
enough for all welding applications expressed as percentages of the values
except for the gases used for laser beam The WPS has to provide the recorded on the PQR. In such a case, I
welding. information the welder needs to set the would typically use the median value
In addition to listing the shielding welding parameters. The information shown in Table 2 as my data point.
gas, the WPS needs to list the the welder needs includes the type of It is acceptable to use the
appropriate flow rates. The flow rate is welding machine suitable for the parameter ranges listed by the
a function of the shielding gas and the welding process to be used, current manufacturer if the welding standard
diameter of the gas nozzle used. type, polarity, arc voltage, amperage used does not impose limits on those
Different shielding gases have different (wire feed speed), electrode extension ranges, i.e., voltage, wire feed speed
densities, which necessitates using the (if applicable), tungsten type and end (WFS), amperages, etc. The ranges
proper flow meter and flow rate to preparation (if applicable), travel listed by the WPS should be
provide adequate shielding of the speed, etc. The parameters listed in the reasonable. The average welder should
molten weld pool. The shielding gas is WPS are those that are appropriate for be able to deposit an acceptable weld
usually an essential variable. The WPS the welding process being used. using the high and low values of the
will have to be requalified if the The WPS is based on the ranges listed in the WPS.
manufacturer decides to change to a information gathered while welding the There are three important welding
different shielding gas or mixture of successful PQR. If the PQR was parameters to note when welding with
shielding gases. properly documented, it will list the either FCAW or GMAW. They are
Trailing gases and purge gases are welding parameters the welder used important because they are “constants”
also listed when they are required. The while welding the test coupon. The that the welder sets. The parameters are
need to use a purge gas and the type of parameters listed in the PQR serve as arc voltage, wire feed speed, and
purge gas required is not left to the the starting point for the WPS. The electrode extension (EE). In general,
discretion of the welder. welding parameters used to weld the once the wire feed speed is dialed into
While on the subject of purge test coupon are “good” because the the wire feeder, it does not change
gases, it is my recommendation that a test weldments passed all the required whether the welder is actually welding
method of determining when the purge tests. The welding parameters used or holding the gun in the air. Amperage
is satisfactory should be included in the when the test weldments were welded will vary as the welder increases or
WPS. Different base metals can tolerate are likely to vary somewhat from bead decreases the electrode extension.
different levels of contamination. to bead. An example of the welding Welders can use the electrode
Reactive base metals are intolerant of parameters recorded in the PQR are extension to their advantage to increase
moisture, oxygen, or nitrogen when listed in Table 1. the amperage by shortening the EE
compared to austenitic stainless steel. Recording the welding parameters slightly or decrease the amperage by
Annex B-2
Welding symbols shall be interpreted in accordance with AWS A2.4-2007, Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Testing. The following
shall be considered default values when interpreting welding symbols.
1. Intermittent Fillet Welds: The following requirements apply to intermittent fillet welds;
a. Intermittent fillet welds shall begin and terminate at the ends of the joint. The end welds shall be no less than
two-times the specified segment length.
b. Length: The length specified by the welding symbol shall be the minimum acceptable length of each weld
segment. The minimum segment length shall be 1½ in.
c. Size: The weld size specified by the welding symbol shall be the minimum acceptable weld size of each weld
segment.
d. Spacing: The maximum unwelded length between adjacent weld segments shall be no greater than the specified
pitch minus the length of the weld segment.
The sketches that follow are Standard Details. Other joint details may be utilized provided a welding symbol or sketch provides all the applicable
information.
Typical Branch Connection consisting of a coupling or half-coupling welded to the run pipe. The diameter of the coupling shall not exceed the
smaller of NPS 2 or ¼ the diameter of the run pipe. As a minimum the coupling shall have a rating of Class 2000.
Fig. 3 — Annex B-2 is an example of one page from an annex showing the joint details.
increasing the EE by a small amount. direct current electrode negative is qualify a pulse welding procedure for
Some FCAW electrodes require a short used, the tungsten is typically tapered GMAW using a welding machine and
EE of ½ to ¾ in. and other electrodes to a blunted point. If alternating current program developed by one
require 1½ to 3 in. to operate properly. or direct current electrode positive is manufacturer with a machine
It is also important to recognize the used, the end of the tungsten has a manufactured by a different company.
need to control EE when welding with balled end. ASME requires the “power” to be
GMAW. Short circuiting transfer Welding with pulsing recorded as a “work around” of the
requires a shorter EE than either the characteristics presents a host of new complexities introduced by the pulsing
globular or the spray transfer modes. concerns. Each manufacturer has mode of welding. It is a move in the
The type of tungsten electrode developed specific waveforms utilizing right direction, but simply matching the
required when welding with the GTAW various values for the frequency, “power” of one pulsing machine to
process should be included in the WPS. upslope, downslope, duration, peak, another is not going to produce the
The end preparation should be noted as and background currents, and in some same results. The only way to compare
well. The base metal to be welded and cases even the characteristics of the the output of one machine model to
the type of current (direct or alternating power supply varies from constant another is to use an oscilloscope. The
current) used can influence the choice current to constant potential while the bottom line is that if you intend to
of electrode. The current type used “arc is on.” To state it as simply as write a WPS for pulsing, use the same
largely dictates the end preparation. If possible, it is nearly impossible to model of welding machine for
Base Metal
Joint Details
Fillet welds, partial joint penetration groove welds, and complete joint penetration groove welds as depicted in Annex B-2
Filler Metal
Fig. 4 — A sample WPS that was qualified by testing. (The WPS continues on pages 35 and 36.)
production as was used to qualify the weld. In general, when welding carbon alloys, quenched and tempered steels,
welding procedure. The name of the steels, the use of a weave bead austenitic stainless steels, etc., changes
manufacturer, model number, and the technique results in higher heat input, in heat input can have a dramatic
pulsing program are also important slower cooling rates, coarse grains, influence on the mechanical properties.
information that should be recorded on higher ductility, slightly lower tensile The interrelationship between arc
the PQR by the test witness and needs and yield strengths, and lower voltage, WFS, and amperage can make
to be listed on the WPS used for toughness in comparison to a weld it difficult to present the information to
production. made using stringer beads. Provided the welder in a meaningful way. A
Travel speed is listed in units of we restrict the conversation to low and graphic presentation is easier for the
inches per minute or millimeters per mild carbon steels, both weave and welder to use than simply listing the
second. It is the distance divided by the stringer beads will meet the minimum voltage, WFS, and amperage as ranges
time it takes to weld from point A to ultimate tensile strength and yield without correlation. The WPS that
point B along the length of the joint. strength requirements of the applicable follows illustrates one way to present
Whether the welder utilizes a stringer welding standard if a matching filler the welding parameters for a semi-
bead or a weave bead can influence the metal is used. However, if the base automatic welding process such as
mechanical properties of the completed metals being welded are aluminum FCAW.
Electrical Characteristics
Preheat/Interpass Temp./PWHT
Preheat and Postweld Heat WPS can reference an annex where the the detrimental effects of hydrogen.
Treatment preheat requirements can be addressed The PWHT that works for one family
in more detail. of base metals may not work with a
Preheat is utilized when welding Not all base metals respond to heat different family of base metals. The
carbon steels and high-strength low- treatment in the same manner. level of detail required is specific to the
alloy steels to control the cooling rates Aluminum and austenitic stainless type of heat treatment required. The
and the microstructure of the steels do not typically need to be WPS can provide the details required
completed weld. Sufficient preheat preheated for purposes other than to or it can refer the reader to a separate
reduces the cooling rate of the weld, remove any surface moisture. What procedure that describes the PWHT
heat-affected zone (HAZ), and adjacent works for one base metal does not requirements. The WPS must indicate
base metal to minimize or prevent the necessarily work for all base metals. whether PWHT is required or not.
formation of hard brittle martensite. Postweld heat treatment (PWHT) Entries such as “NA” or “NR” are not
Preheat requirements are dependent on is usually employed to reduce the appropriate. The PQR must support the
the carbon equivalency, base metal residual stresses to a tolerable level. It WPS. If the production weld is subject
thickness, and level of joint restraint. can also be used to reduce the level of to PWHT, the supporting PQR must be
The preheat requirements can be diffusible hydrogen in the weld and subjected to the same PWHT. If the
presented as a table in the WPS or the HAZ when welding steels sensitive to production weld is used in the “as-
welded” condition, the PQR must be controlled to limit the heat input by requirements, and tolerances applicable
tested in the as-welded condition. controlling the travel speed. to the work — Fig. 3. The WPS can
Other information listed under the refer the reader to the appropriate
Technique heading of “technique” include travel annex used to show the details of each
speed, whether single-pass or multipass joint. When an annex is used, each
There are several welding welds are used, the need for and joint detail should be assigned a unique
variables that are listed under the method of backgouging, cleaning, and identifier. There are a couple of
heading “technique.” Whether weave welding positions. Technique is a systems in place already. Two that
beads or stringer beads are used can be catch-all category for any information come to mind are the joint designations
presented here. Any limitations on the not listed elsewhere in the WPS. found in AWS D1.X and MIL-STD-
width of the weave bead can be listed 22D. There is no need to reinvent a
under this heading. Joint Details system when it is easier to adopt
This is a good time to note that something that already exists.
welding standards published by ASME1, A WPS can address the
AWS, and even the military do not place requirements applicable to a single Acceptance Criteria
limits on the width of a weld bead joint detail or many joint details. A
deposited with the SMAW process. Any WPS can easily accommodate the Welding standards typically do not
such restriction on the width of a weave details for one or two joints, but a include a requirement for the WPS to
bead is imposed by the manufacturer and general WPS that covers many list the applicable visual acceptance
not the code. When notch toughness is different joints can easily grow in size criteria for the weld. However, the
required, the width of the bead is to the point where it weighs more than WPS and the drawings are the two
the components being welded. Once primary documents the welder works
1. ASME does have a restriction on the again, the annex comes to the rescue. A with. What better vehicle is available to
bead width when a repair is made and separate annex can list all the define what visual acceptance criteria
PWHT is not used. appropriate joint details, fit-up is appropriate for a particular job?
The WPS can be the vehicle used annex listing the applicable acceptance processes. The WPS is qualified by
to link the welding requirements and criteria and special requirements is a testing, i.e., it is supported by a single
the visual acceptance criteria. It can means of providing welders with the PQR where the test plate was welded
reference a specific annex where the information they need to do the job using the two processes listed in by the
visual acceptance criteria are listed. properly. WPS. The welding parameters
I hear your wheels turning already: recorded on the PQR are listed in
It is not required by the code, the Format Table 1. The format I use is similar to
welder should already know the one you may have seen before, but I
acceptance criteria, every weld should The WPS and the PQR are not have tweaked it to suit my needs. I
be a perfect weld, etc., so why should it required to be presented in any believe the guidelines I have presented
be included in the WPS? Well, welcome particular format. ASME, AWS, API, here will help prepare you to write
to the real world. The visual acceptance etc., provide sample forms that can be your own WPSs.
criteria can change from one job to used as templates for typical PQRs or
another. Welders should be made aware WPSs, but their use is not mandatory.
of any special requirements and of the You may decide to develop a format
visual acceptance criteria that apply to that allows you to increase the size of
ALBERT J. MOORE JR.
each job. the font so the welder can read it in
(AMoore999@comcast.net) is vice
Welders are responsible for the dim light or the sample forms may not
president, Marion Testing &
work they produce. They should be provide ample space for additional
Inspection, Canton, Conn. He is an
responsible for examining the information you believe will be useful
AWS Senior Certified Welding
completed weld before it is passed on to the welder.
Inspector and an ASNT ACCP NDT
to quality control for the final
Level III. He is also a member of the
inspection. If the welders are to be an An Example of a WPS AWS Certification Committee and the
integral part of the quality control
Committee on Methods of Inspection
process, they must know what visual The example shown in Fig. 4 is a of Welds.
acceptance criteria are applicable. The WPS that uses two different welding
CAN WE TALK?
The Inspection Trends staff encourages an exchange of ideas with you, our readers. If you’d like to ask a question, share an idea or voice
an opinion, you can call, write, e-mail or fax. Staff e-mail addresses are listed below, along with a guide to help you interact with the right
person.
Production Manager
Zaida Chavez
zaida@aws.org, Extension 265
Design and Production
Welding Journal Dept.
Advertising National Sales Director 550 N.W. LeJeune Rd.
Rob Saltzstein Miami, FL 33126
salty@aws.org, Extension 243 (800) 443-9353; FAX (305) 443-7404
Advertising Sales
Positive Material Identification Seminars. Topics covered and Seminars. For complete course listings and schedules,
will include basics of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, call (614) 888-8320, or visit www.nationalboard.org.
APRI RP 578, and recommended PMI procedures. For more
information or to register, contact Thermo Fisher Scientific, CWI/CWE Course and Exam. A ten-day program presented
Inc., at www.niton.com/News-and-Events. in Troy, Ohio. Contact Hobart Institute of Welding Technology
(800) 332-9448; www.welding.org; hiwt@welding.org.
EPRI NDE Training Seminars. EPRI offers NDE technical
skills training in visual examination, ultrasonic examination, T.E.S.T. NDT, Inc., Courses. CWI preparation, NDE
ASME Section XI, UT operator training, etc. Contact Sherryl courses, including ultrasonic thickness testing and advanced
Stogner, (704) 547-6174, e-mail: sstogner@epri.com. phased array. On-site training available. T.E.S.T. NDT, Inc.,
193 Viking Ave., Brea, CA 92821; (714) 255-1500; FAX
Nondestructive Examination Courses. A course schedule is (714) 255-1580; ndtguru@aol.com; www.testndt.com.
available from Hellier, 277 W. Main St., Ste. 2, Niantic, CT
NDE Training. NDE training at the company’s St. Louis-area
06357, (860) 739-8950, FAX (860) 739-6732.
facility or on-site. Level III services available. For a schedule
of upcoming courses, contact Quality Testing Services, Inc.,
NDE Training Courses. GE Inspection Technologies offers 2305 Millpark Dr., Maryland Heights, MO 63043; (888) 770-
training on topics such as eddy current, digital radiography, 0103; training@qualitytesting.net; www.qualitytesting.net.
and remote visual inspection. For the complete schedule,
contact (866) 243-2638; www.geit-info@ge.com; CWI/CWE Prep Course and Exam and NDT Inspector
www.ge.com/inspectiontechnologies. Training Courses. An AWS Accredited Testing Facility.
Courses held year-round in Allentown, Pa., and at customers’
Preparatory and Visual Weld Inspection Courses. One- facilities. Contact: Welder Training & Testing Institute (WTTI).
and two-week courses presented in Pascagoula, Miss., Call (800) 223-9884, info@wtti.edu, or visit www.wtti.edu.
Houston, Tex., and Houma and Sulphur, La. Contact Real
Educational Services, Inc., (800) 489-2890; Welding Inspection, Welding Supervisor, Welding Health
info@realeducational.com. and Safety, INTEG, and Welding for Sales Reps Courses.
Contact the Canadian Welding Bureau for schedule at (800)
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors Training Courses 844-6790, or visit www.cwbgroup.org.
Official Interpretations:
D1.3, Structural Welding Code — Sheet Steel
Certification Schedule
Seminars, Code Clinics, and Examinations
Application deadlines are six weeks before the scheduled seminar or exam. Late applications will be assessed a $250 Fast Track fee.
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Studies have shown that having an AWS Certified Welding Supervisor on staff can save thousands of
dollars a year per welder. This certification—which establishes that a CWS has the knowledge to
improve a welding operation’s quality, cost, productivity, and safety—is not just for supervisors. The
training has been designed to enhance the value of anyone involved in welding design, quoting,
purchasing, detailing, inspecting, instructing, or management.
Beneficiaries of the program include CEOs, lead welders, design engineers, CWIs, and others. In fact, we
can train an entire team right at your location, saving you time and money on a program that is proven to
improve profitability.
The “S” stands for Supervisor, but for non-supervisors at your company, it can mean “savings,”
“superior quality,” “safety,” and more. To find out more about sending employees for six-day CWS
training and certification, or having a program presented at your company, visit
www.aws.org/certification/CWS or call (800) 443-9353 ext 273.
Errata B2.1/B2.1M:2009
Errata D17.1:2001
Specification for Fusion Welding for Aerospace Applications
The following errata have been identified and will be incorporated into the next reprinting of this document.
Page iii. Personnel. Add M. Webber Raytheon Co. after J. Waugh Lockheed Martin Aeronautics
Page 9. Table 4.3, Revise Footnote (1) to read: A grove weld does not qualify for fillet welds in base metal £ 0.063 in. in thickness.
Page 71. Under B3. Procedure revised to read as follows: Managing Director of Technical Services
Page 7. Clauses 4.3.7.6 and 4.3.7.7 should be subordinate to Clause 4.3.7.5 and revised as follows:
4.3.7.5 Special Applications. When none of the test welds described above are applicable to a given production weld, a special welder
or welding operator qualification limited to the specific application may be achieved with a test weld consisting of the given production
weld or a test weld representative of the given production weld.
(1) Qualification Limitations. The qualification is limited to the welding conditions of the test weld with regard to welding process,
base metal composition, base metal thickness, welding position, base metal form, type of weld, and the other welding conditions of 4.3.6.
(2) Acceptance Criteria. The required inspection, examination, and acceptance criteria shall be consistent with 4.3.8 or with
production part criteria.
Official Interpretations:
D1.1, Structural Welding Code — Steel
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