Project Shimizu Corporation

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Design of Retaining Wall

Input Data q
Loadings
Surcharge, q = 25 kN/m²

Soil Parameters
Backfill Friction Angle, Ø = 28 degree
Slope of Backfill, β = 0 degree
Soil Density, ρs = 16 kN/m³ H
Passive Soil Height, Hp = 0 m
Allowable Pressure,Pall = 75 kPa Hw
α
Wall Parameters Hp
Wall Friction Angle, δ = 15 degree
Angle of back of the Wall, α = 93.43 degree
Angle of Front of the Wall, α = 90 degree L
Wall Height, H = 5.7 m
Wall Thickness, t = 0.4 m (Top)
Wall Thickness, tb = 0.7 m (Bottom)
Base Length, L = 4.65 m
Base Thickness, tb = 0.7 m
Concrete Density, ρc = 24 kN/m³

Water Parameters
Water Height, Hw = 3.6 m
Water Density, ρw = 10 kN/m³

Static Soil Pressure Coefficient (Coulomb Theory)

Active Pressure Coef, Ka = 0.350
Active Pressure Coef, Kah = 0.332 Kasin(α+δ)
Passive Pressure Coef, Kp = 4.484
Passive Pressure Coef, Kph = 4.331 Kpsin(α+δ)

Seismic Soil Pressure Coefficient (Mononobe-Okabe)

Horizontal Accel. kh = 0.2 g
Vertical Accel. kv = 0 g
Angle function of g, ψ = 11.31 degree Tan-1 (kh/1±kv)
Angle of back of the Wall, α = 3.43 degree Active Side
Angle of back of the Wall, α = 0 degree Passive Side
Active Pressure Coef, Kas = 0.513
Active Pressure Coef, Kash = 0.487 Kassin(α+δ)
Passive Pressure Coef, Kps = 3.680
Passive Pressure Coef, Kpsh = 3.492 Kpssin(α+δ)
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Forces Acting on Wall During Static Condition (SLS)

Description Lateral, Fh Lever Arm Moment Vertical, Fv Lever Arm Moment
Destabilizing Force (+) Left, kN From Toe, m kN-m (+) Down, kN From Toe, m kN-m
Active Force Above Water Table 11.71 4.3 50.35 3.90 0.484 1.89
Active Force Below Water Table 40.15 1.8 72.26 13.38 0.634 8.48
12.90 1.2 15.48 4.30 0.670 2.88
Hydrostatic Water Force 64.8 1.2 77.76 0 0.670 0.00
Surcharge 47.30 2.85 134.79 15.76 0.571 9.00

Stablizing Force
Passive Force 0.00 0 0.00
Weight of Wall Stem 66 0.282 18.60
Weight of Wall Base 78.12 2.325 181.63
Weight of Soil Above Water Table 140.68 2.556 359.63
Weight of Soil Below Water Table 70.24 2.631 184.82
Weight of Water on Top of The Base 114.55 2.675 306.42
Surcharge 106.25 2.525 268.28
Total 176.86 350.65 613.19 1341.64

Equilibrium Calculation
Moment Equilibrium
Point of Rotation: Bottom Front Corner of Base
Stabilizing Moment, Mr = 1341.64 kNm
Destabilizing Moment, Mo = 350.65 kNm
SF against Overturning = 3.83 Mr/Mo OK

Force Equilibrium
Base Frictional Constant, μ = 0.354 2/3tan Ø
Total Vertical Force, Pv = 613.19 kN
Frictional Resistance, P = 217.36 kN μPv
Passive Force, Ps = 0.00 kN
Active Forcec, Pa = 176.86 kN
Hor. Resistance, Fr = 217.36 kN
Hor. Sliding Force, Fh = 176.86 kN
SF against Sliding = 1.23 Fr/Fh Adjust Footing Size

Bearing Check
Maximum Pressure, Pmax = 252.48 kN/m² Pv/L(1+6e/L) >Pall Design Alternative
Minimum Pressure, Pmin = 11.25 kN/m² Pv/L(1-6e/L)
e= 0.709 m L/2-(Mr-Mo)/Pv

Forces Acting on Wall During Seismic Condition (SLS)

Description Lateral, Fh Lever Arm Moment Vertical, Fv Lever Arm Moment
Destabilizing Force (+) Left, kN From Toe, m kN-m (+) Down, kN From Toe, m kN-m
Static Active Force Above Water Table 11.71 4.3 50.35 3.90 0.484 1.89
Seismic Active Force Above Water Table 5.46 4.86 26.54 5.72 0.450 2.58
Static Active Force Below Water Table 40.15 1.8 72.26 13.38 0.634 8.48
12.90 1.2 15.48 4.30 0.670 2.88
Seismic Active Force Below Water Table 18.72 3.24 60.66 6.24 0.548 3.42
6.02 2.16 13.00 2.01 0.612 1.23
Hydrostatic Water Force 64.8 1.2 77.76 0 0.670 0.00
Hydrodynamic Force 11.13 2.16 24.04 0 0.612 0.00
Surcharge 69.35 2.85 197.66 23.11 0.571 13.20
Seismic Wall Inertia 28.82 1.55 44.71
Project Shimizu Corporation
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Stablizing Force
Static Passive Force 0.00 0 0.00
Seismic Passive Force 0.00 0 0.00
Weight of Wall Stem 66 0.282 18.60
Weight of Wall Base 78.12 2.325 181.63
Weight of Soil Above Water Table 140.68 2.556 359.63
Weight of Soil Below Water Table 70.24 2.631 184.82
Weight of Water on Top of The Base 114.55 2.675 306.42
Surcharge 106.25 2.525 268.28
Total 269.07 582.46 634.50 1319.39

Equilibrium Calculation
Moment Equilibrium
Point of Rotation: Bottom Front Corner of Base
Stabilizing Moment, Mr = 1319.39 kNm
Destabilizing Moment, Mo = 582.46 kNm
SF against Overturning = 2.27 Mr/Mo OK

Force Equilibrium
Base Frictional Constant, μ = 0.354 2/3tan Ø
Total Vertical Force, Pv = 634.50 kN
Frictional Resistance, P = 224.91 kN μPv
Passive Force, Ps = 0.00 kN
Active Forcec, Pa = 269.07 kN
Hor. Resistance, Fr = 224.91 kN
Hor. Sliding Force, Fh = 269.07 kN
SF against Sliding = 0.84 Fr/Fh Adjust Footing Size

Bearing Check
Maximum Pressure, Pmax = 341.32 kN/m² Pv/L(1+6e/L) >Pall Design Alternative
Minimum Pressure, Pmin = -68.42 kN/m² Pv/L(1-6e/L)
e= 1.164 m L/2-(Mr-Mo)/Pv
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Design of Reinforcement Reference

Load Factors (Static Condition) Material Properties NSCP 2015
Dead Load, DLFL = 1.2 Concrete Comp. Strength, f'c = 34.5 MPa
Live Load, LLFL = 1.6 Yield Strength of Steel, fy = 414 MPa
width, b = 1000 mm
Load Factors (Seismic Condition) Wall Average Thickness, tw = 550 mm
LC1 LC2 Base Thickness, tb = 700 mm
Dead Load, DLFL = 1.2 1.12 Concrete Cover, c = 50 mm Wall
Live Load, LLFL = 1.6 0 Concrete Cover, c = 100 mm Base
Earthquake Load, EFL = 1.6 1 Rebar Diameter, db = 25 mm
Soil and Water Load, HFL = 0 1.6 Wall depth, d = 487.5 mm tw-(c+db/2)
Base Depth, d = 587.5 mm tb-(c+db/2)
Wall Stem Moment Static Condition (ULS)
Description Lateral, Fh Lever Arm Moment
Destabilizing Force (+) Left, kN From Toe, m kN-m
Active Force Above Water Table 14.05 3.6 50.58
Active Force Below Water Table 48.18 1.1 52.99
15.48 0.5 7.74
Hydrostatic Water Force 77.76 0.5 38.88
Surcharge 75.67 2.15 162.70
312.90
Wall Stem Moment Seismic Condition (ULS)
LC1
Description Lateral, Fh Lever Arm Moment
Destabilizing Force (+) Left, kN From Toe, m kN-m
Static Active Force Above Water Table 14.05 3.6 50.58
Seismic Active Force Above Water Table 8.74 4.16 36.35
Static Active Force Below Water Table 48.18 1.1 52.99
15.48 0.5 7.74
Seismic Active Force Below Water Table 29.96 2.54 76.09
9.63 1.46 14.06
Hydrostatic Water Force 77.76 0.5 38.88
Hydrodynamic Force 17.80 1.46 25.99
Surcharge 110.96 2.15 238.57
Seismic Wall Inertia 21.12 2.50 52.80
594.07
LC2
Description Lateral, Fh Lever Arm Moment
Destabilizing Force (+) Left, kN From Toe, m kN-m
Static Active Force Above Water Table 18.73 3.6 67.45
Seismic Active Force Above Water Table 5.46 4.16 22.72
Static Active Force Below Water Table 64.23 1.1 70.66
20.65 0.5 10.32
Seismic Active Force Below Water Table 18.72 2.54 47.56
6.02 1.46 8.79
Hydrostatic Water Force 103.68 0.5 51.84
Hydrodynamic Force 11.13 1.46 16.25
Surcharge 0.00 2.15 0.00
Seismic Wall Inertia 13.20 2.50 33.00
328.57
Determine the required Reinforcement
Max. Steel Ratio Limit, ρmax = 0.025 0.75ρb
Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb = 0.034 0.85f'cβ1600/fy(600+fy) >ρmin
Factor, β1 = 0.80 0.85-0.05/7(f'c-28)≥0.65 Table 422.2.2.4.3 (b)
Min. Steel Ratio Limit, ρmin = 0.003 1.4/fy
ω= 0.303 ρmaxfy/f'c
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Ultimate Moment, Mu = 594.07 kNm

Mumax = 1836.77 kNm φf'cωbd²(1-0.59ω) >Mu Singly Reinf.
Strength Reduction, φ = 0.9 Pure Flexure 421.2
Steel Ratio, ρ = 0.0071 0.85f'c/fy(1-√1-2Ru/0.85f'c)
Coef. Of Resistance, Ru = 2.78 N/mm² Mu/φbd²
Required Area, As = 3442.08 mm² ρbd
Use Bar No. 8 - 25mmØ
Area, Adb = 510 mm² per bar
spacing, s = 175 mm
No. of bar, N = 5.71 b/s
Area Provide, Aspro = 2914 mm² AdbN <As
Minimum Area, Asmin = 1729 mm² √f'c/4fybd <Aspro 409.6.1.2

Base Moment Static Condition (ULS)

Description Lateral, Fh Lever Arm Moment Vertical, Fv Lever Arm Moment
Destabilizing Force (+) Left, kN From Toe, m kN-m (+) Down, kN From Toe, m kN-m
Active Force Above Water Table 14.05 4.3 60.42 4.68 0.484 2.27
Active Force Below Water Table 48.18 1.8 86.72 16.05 0.634 10.18
15.48 1.2 18.58 5.16 0.670 3.46
Hydrostatic Water Force 77.76 1.2 93.31 0.00 0.670 0.00
Surcharge 75.67 2.85 215.67 18.91 0.571 10.80

Stablizing Force
Passive Force 0.00 0.00 0.00
Weight of Wall Stem 79.2 0.282 22.32
Weight of Wall Base 93.744 2.325 217.95
Weight of Soil Above Water Table 168.81984 2.556 431.56
Weight of Soil Below Water Table 84.29256 2.631 221.79
Weight of Water on Top of The Base 137.46 2.675 367.71
Surcharge 170 2.525 429.25
Total 474.70 778.33 1717.28

Stabilizing Moment, Mr = 1717.28 kNm 0.7 3.95

Destabilizing Moment, Mo = 474.70 kNm
Total Vertical Force, Pv = 778.33 kN 10.04

Bearing Check 275.84

Maximum Pressure, Pmax = 324.72 kN/m² Pv/L(1+6e/L) 324.72
Minimum Pressure, Pmin = 10.04 kN/m² Pv/L(1-6e/L)
e= 0.729 m L/2-(Mr-Mo)/Pv

Vertical, Fv Lever Arm Moment

(+) Down, kN From Wall, m kN-m
Weight of Wall Base 79.63 1.975 157.27
Weight of Soil Above Water Table 159.264 1.975 314.55
Weight of Soil Below Water Table 82.476 1.975 162.89
Weight of Water on Top of The Base 137.46 1.975 271.48
Surcharge 158 1.975 312.05
Pressure Dist. Rectangle -39.66 1.975 -78.32
Pressure Dist. Triangle -524.96 1.317 -691.19
448.73
Project Shimizu Corporation
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Base Moment Seismic Condition (ULS)

Description Lateral, Fh Lever Arm Moment Vertical, Fv Lever Arm Moment
Destabilizing Force (+) Left, kN From Toe, m kN-m (+) Down, kN From Toe, m kN-m
Static Active Force Above Water Table 14.05 4.3 60.42 4.68 0.484 2.27
Seismic Active Force Above Water Table 8.74 4.86 42.46 9.15 0.450 4.12
Static Active Force Below Water Table 48.18 1.8 86.72 16.05 0.634 10.18
15.48 1.2 18.58 5.16 0.670 3.46
Seismic Active Force Below Water Table 29.96 3.24 97.06 9.98 0.548 5.47
9.63 2.16 20.80 3.21 0.612 1.97
Hydrostatic Water Force 77.76 1.2 93.31 0 0.670 0.00
Hydrodynamic Force 17.80 2.16 38.46 0 0.612 0.00
Surcharge 110.96 2.85 316.25 36.98 0.571 21.11
Seismic Wall Inertia 46.12 1.55 71.53

Stablizing Force
Static Passive Force 0.00 0 0.00
Seismic Passive Force 0.00 0 0.00
Weight of Wall Stem 59.40 0.282 16.74
Weight of Wall Base 70.31 2.325 163.47
Weight of Soil Above Water Table 126.61 2.556 323.67
Weight of Soil Below Water Table 63.22 2.631 166.34
Weight of Water on Top of The Base 103.10 2.675 275.78
Surcharge 95.63 2.525 241.45
Total 378.68 845.60 603.48 1236.02

Stabilizing Moment, Mr = 1236.02 kNm 0.7 2.70 -151.22

Destabilizing Moment, Mo = 845.60 kNm
Total Vertical Force, Pv = 603.48 kN

Bearing Check 410.79 326.18

Maximum Pressure, Pmax = 410.79 kN/m² Pv/L(1+6e/L)
Minimum Pressure, Pmin = -151.22 kN/m² Pv/L(1-6e/L)
e= 1.678 m L/2-(Mr-Mo)/Pv

Vertical, Fv Lever Arm Moment

(+) Down, kN From Wall, m kN-m
Weight of Wall Base 79.63 1.975 157.27
Weight of Soil Above Water Table 159.26 1.975 314.55
Weight of Soil Below Water Table 82.48 1.975 162.89
Weight of Water on Top of The Base 137.46 1.975 271.48
Surcharge 158.00 1.975 312.05
Pressure Dist. Triangle -440.15 0.900 -395.96
822.29
Determine the required Reinforcement
Max. Steel Ratio Limit, ρmax = 0.025 0.75ρb
Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb = 0.034 0.85f'cβ1600/fy(600+fy) >ρmin
Factor, β1 = 0.80 0.85-0.05/7(f'c-28)≥0.65 Table 422.2.2.4.3 (b)
Min. Steel Ratio Limit, ρmin = 0.003 1.4/fy
ω= 0.303 ρmaxfy/f'c
Ultimate Moment, Mu = 822.29 kNm
Mumax = 2667.61 kNm φf'cωbd²(1-0.59ω) >Mu Singly Reinf.
Strength Reduction, φ = 0.9 Pure Flexure 421.2
Steel Ratio, ρ = 0.0067 0.85f'c/fy(1-√1-2Ru/0.85f'c)
Coef. Of Resistance, Ru = 2.65 N/mm² Mu/φbd²
Required Area, As = 3943.22 mm² ρbd
Project Shimizu Corporation
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Use Bar No. 10 - 32mmØ

Area, Adb = 819 mm² per bar
spacing, s = 200 mm
No. of bar, N = 5.00 b/s
Area Provide, Aspro = 4095 mm² AdbN >As
Minimum Area, Asmin = 2084 mm² √f'c/4fybd <Aspro 409.6.1.2
Project Shimizu Corporation
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Design of Reinforcement Reference

Load Factors (Static Condition) Material Properties NSCP 2015
Dead Load, DLFL = 1.2 Concrete Comp. Strength, f'c = 34.5 MPa
Live Load, LLFL = 1.6 Yield Strength of Steel, fy = 414 MPa
width, b = 1000 mm
Load Factors (Seismic Condition) Wall Average Thickness, tw = 550 mm
LC1 LC2 Base Thickness, tb = 700 mm
Dead Load, DLFL = 1.2 1.12 Concrete Cover, c = 50 mm Wall
Live Load, LLFL = 1 0 Concrete Cover, c = 100 mm Base
Earthquake Load, EFL = 1 1 Rebar Diameter, db = 25 mm
Soil and Water Load, HFL = 0 1.6 Wall depth, d = 487.5 mm tw-(c+db/2)
Base Depth, d = 587.5 mm tb-(c+db/2)
Wall Stem Moment Static Condition (ULS)
Description Lateral, Fh Lever Arm Moment
Destabilizing Force (+) Left, kN From Toe, m kN-m
Active Force Above Water Table 14.05 3.6 50.58
Active Force Below Water Table 48.18 1.1 52.99
15.48 0.5 7.74
Hydrostatic Water Force 77.76 0.5 38.88
Surcharge 75.67 2.15 162.70
312.90
Wall Stem Moment Seismic Condition (ULS)
LC1
Description Lateral, Fh Lever Arm Moment
Destabilizing Force (+) Left, kN From Toe, m kN-m
Static Active Force Above Water Table 14.05 3.6 50.58
Seismic Active Force Above Water Table 5.46 4.16 22.72
Static Active Force Below Water Table 48.18 1.1 52.99
15.48 0.5 7.74
Seismic Active Force Below Water Table 18.72 2.54 47.56
6.02 1.46 8.79
Hydrostatic Water Force 77.76 0.5 38.88
Hydrodynamic Force 11.13 1.46 16.25
Surcharge 69.35 2.15 149.11
Seismic Wall Inertia 13.20 2.50 33.00
427.62
LC2
Description Lateral, Fh Lever Arm Moment
Destabilizing Force (+) Left, kN From Toe, m kN-m
Static Active Force Above Water Table 18.73 3.6 67.45
Seismic Active Force Above Water Table 5.46 4.16 22.72
Static Active Force Below Water Table 64.23 1.1 70.66
20.65 0.5 10.32
Seismic Active Force Below Water Table 18.72 2.54 47.56
6.02 1.46 8.79
Hydrostatic Water Force 103.68 0.5 51.84
Hydrodynamic Force 11.13 1.46 16.25
Surcharge 0.00 2.15 0.00
Seismic Wall Inertia 13.20 2.50 33.00
328.57
Determine the required Reinforcement
Max. Steel Ratio Limit, ρmax = 0.025 0.75ρb
Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb = 0.034 0.85f'cβ1600/fy(600+fy) >ρmin
Factor, β1 = 0.80 0.85-0.05/7(f'c-28)≥0.65 Table 422.2.2.4.3 (b)
Min. Steel Ratio Limit, ρmin = 0.003 1.4/fy
ω= 0.303 ρmaxfy/f'c
Project Shimizu Corporation
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Ultimate Moment, Mu = 427.62 kNm

Mumax = 1836.77 kNm φf'cωbd²(1-0.59ω) >Mu Singly Reinf.
Strength Reduction, φ = 0.9 Pure Flexure 421.2
Steel Ratio, ρ = 0.0050 0.85f'c/fy(1-√1-2Ru/0.85f'c)
Coef. Of Resistance, Ru = 2.00 N/mm² Mu/φbd²
Required Area, As = 2440.40 mm² ρbd
Use Bar No. 8 - 25mmØ
Area, Adb = 510 mm² per bar
spacing, s = 175 mm
No. of bar, N = 5.71 b/s
Area Provide, Aspro = 2914 mm² AdbN >As
Minimum Area, Asmin = 1729 mm² √f'c/4fybd <Aspro 409.6.1.2

Base Moment Static Condition (ULS)

Description Lateral, Fh Lever Arm Moment Vertical, Fv Lever Arm Moment
Destabilizing Force (+) Left, kN From Toe, m kN-m (+) Down, kN From Toe, m kN-m
Active Force Above Water Table 14.05 4.3 60.42 4.68 0.484 2.27
Active Force Below Water Table 48.18 1.8 86.72 16.05 0.634 10.18
15.48 1.2 18.58 5.16 0.670 3.46
Hydrostatic Water Force 77.76 1.2 93.31 0.00 0.670 0.00
Surcharge 75.67 2.85 215.67 18.91 0.571 10.80

Stablizing Force
Passive Force 0.00 0.00 0.00
Weight of Wall Stem 79.2 0.282 22.32
Weight of Wall Base 93.744 2.325 217.95
Weight of Soil Above Water Table 168.81984 2.556 431.56
Weight of Soil Below Water Table 84.29256 2.631 221.79
Weight of Water on Top of The Base 137.46 2.675 367.71
Surcharge 170 2.525 429.25
Total 474.70 778.33 1717.28

Stabilizing Moment, Mr = 1717.28 kNm 0.7 3.95

Destabilizing Moment, Mo = 474.70 kNm
Total Vertical Force, Pv = 778.33 kN 10.04

Bearing Check 275.84

Maximum Pressure, Pmax = 324.72 kN/m² Pv/L(1+6e/L) 324.72
Minimum Pressure, Pmin = 10.04 kN/m² Pv/L(1-6e/L)
e= 0.729 m L/2-(Mr-Mo)/Pv

Vertical, Fv Lever Arm Moment

(+) Down, kN From Wall, m kN-m
Weight of Wall Base 79.63 1.975 157.27
Weight of Soil Above Water Table 159.264 1.975 314.55
Weight of Soil Below Water Table 82.476 1.975 162.89
Weight of Water on Top of The Base 137.46 1.975 271.48
Surcharge 158 1.975 312.05
Pressure Dist. Rectangle -39.66 1.975 -78.32
Pressure Dist. Triangle -524.96 1.317 -691.19
448.73
Project Shimizu Corporation
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Base Moment Seismic Condition (ULS)

Description Lateral, Fh Lever Arm Moment Vertical, Fv Lever Arm Moment
Destabilizing Force (+) Left, kN From Toe, m kN-m (+) Down, kN From Toe, m kN-m
Static Active Force Above Water Table 14.05 4.3 60.42 4.68 0.484 2.27
Seismic Active Force Above Water Table 5.46 4.86 26.54 5.72 0.450 2.58
Static Active Force Below Water Table 48.18 1.8 86.72 16.05 0.634 10.18
15.48 1.2 18.58 5.16 0.670 3.46
Seismic Active Force Below Water Table 18.72 3.24 60.66 6.24 0.548 3.42
6.02 2.16 13.00 2.01 0.612 1.23
Hydrostatic Water Force 77.76 1.2 93.31 0 0.670 0.00
Hydrodynamic Force 11.13 2.16 24.04 0 0.612 0.00
Surcharge 69.35 2.85 197.66 23.11 0.571 13.20
Seismic Wall Inertia 28.82 1.55 44.71

Stablizing Force
Static Passive Force 0.00 0 0.00
Seismic Passive Force 0.00 0 0.00
Weight of Wall Stem 59.40 0.282 16.74
Weight of Wall Base 70.31 2.325 163.47
Weight of Soil Above Water Table 126.61 2.556 323.67
Weight of Soil Below Water Table 63.22 2.631 166.34
Weight of Water on Top of The Base 103.10 2.675 275.78
Surcharge 95.63 2.525 241.45
Total 294.98 625.63 581.24 1223.77

Stabilizing Moment, Mr = 1223.77 kNm 0.7 3.02 -84.02

Destabilizing Moment, Mo = 625.63 kNm
Total Vertical Force, Pv = 581.24 kN

Bearing Check 334.01 271.08

Maximum Pressure, Pmax = 334.01 kN/m² Pv/L(1+6e/L)
Minimum Pressure, Pmin = -84.02 kN/m² Pv/L(1-6e/L)
e= 1.296 m L/2-(Mr-Mo)/Pv

Vertical, Fv Lever Arm Moment

(+) Down, kN From Wall, m kN-m
Weight of Wall Base 79.63 1.975 157.27
Weight of Soil Above Water Table 159.26 1.975 314.55
Weight of Soil Below Water Table 82.48 1.975 162.89
Weight of Water on Top of The Base 137.46 1.975 271.48
Surcharge 98.75 1.975 195.03
Pressure Dist. Triangle -408.71 1.005 -410.81
690.41
Determine the required Reinforcement
Max. Steel Ratio Limit, ρmax = 0.025 0.75ρb
Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb = 0.034 0.85f'cβ1600/fy(600+fy) >ρmin
Factor, β1 = 0.80 0.85-0.05/7(f'c-28)≥0.65 Table 422.2.2.4.3 (b)
Min. Steel Ratio Limit, ρmin = 0.003 1.4/fy
ω= 0.303 ρmaxfy/f'c
Ultimate Moment, Mu = 690.41 kNm
Mumax = 2667.61 kNm φf'cωbd²(1-0.59ω) >Mu Singly Reinf.
Strength Reduction, φ = 0.9 Pure Flexure 421.2
Steel Ratio, ρ = 0.0056 0.85f'c/fy(1-√1-2Ru/0.85f'c)
Coef. Of Resistance, Ru = 2.22 N/mm² Mu/φbd²
Required Area, As = 3283.50 mm² ρbd
Project Shimizu Corporation
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Use Bar No. 8 - 25mmØ

Area, Adb = 510 mm² per bar
spacing, s = 150 mm
No. of bar, N = 6.67 b/s
Area Provide, Aspro = 3400 mm² AdbN >As
Minimum Area, Asmin = 2084 mm² √f'c/4fybd <Aspro 409.6.1.2