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College of Engineering
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
CONCRETE
Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other
aggregates. The aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock) are held together in a rocklike mass with
a paste of cement and water.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
As with most rocklike mass, concrete has a very high compressive strength but have
a very low tensile strength. As a structural member, concrete can be made to carry tensile
stresses (as in beam in flexure). In this regard, it is necessary to provide steel bars to provide the
tensile strength lacking in concrete. The composite member is called Reinforced Concrete.
AGGREGATES
Aggregates used in concrete may be fine aggregates (usually sand) and coarse
aggregates (usually gravel or crushed stone). Fine aggregates are those that pass through no. 4
sieve (about 6mm in size). Materials retained are coarse aggregates.
Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregates : ( NSCP 6th edition Sec. 403.4 )
1/5 the narrowest dimension between side of forms
1/3 depth of slab
3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires,
bundle of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts.
These limitations may not be applied if, in the judgement of the Engineer,
workability and methods of consolidation are such that concrete can be placed
without honeycomb or voids.
INTRODUCTION
WATER ( NSCP 6th Edition Sec. 403.5 )
Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious amount of oils, acids,
alkalis, salt, organic materials, or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or
reinforcement.
Mixing water for prestressed concrete or for concrete that will contain aluminum
embedments, including that portion of mixing water contributed in the form of free moisture
on aggregates, shall not contain deleterious amounts of chloride ion.
Non-potable water shall not be used in concrete unless the following are satisfied:
a. Selection of concrete proportions shall be based on concrete mixes using water from
the same source.
b. Mortar test cubes made with non-potable mixing water shall have 7-day and 28-day
strengths equal to atleast 90 percent of strenghts of similar specimens made with potable
water.
LOADS
The most important and most critical task of an engineer is the determination of the
loads that can be applied to a structure during its life, and the worst possible combination of
these loads that might occur simultaneously.
“Structural engineering is the art and science of molding materials we do not fully understand into
shapes we cannot precisely analyze to resist forces we cannot accurately predict, all in such a way
that the society at large is given no reason to suspect the extent of our ignorance… ”
Anonymous Civil Engineer
STRENGHT DESIGN
ULTIMATE STRENGHT DESIGN METHOD
Using this method, the service loads are multiplied by certain factors to determine
the load at which failure of the structure is considered to be eminent. The resulting load is called
the factored load.
STRENGHT REDUCTION FACTORS, Φ
The design strength provided by a concrete member, its connections to other
members, and its connections, in term of flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion shall be taken as
the nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor Φ having the following values;
Overreinforced design as well as balanced design must be AVOIDED in concrete because of its
brittle property, that is why the code limits the tensile steel percentage (ρmax = 0.75 ρb) to ensure
underreinforced beam with ductile type of failure to give occupants warning before failure occur.
BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS
BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS: (NSCP 5th Edition)
b 0.85 fc’ Ԑc = 0.003
c a C c
d
N.A N.A
As
T
Ԑs
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
Maximum usable strain at extreme compression fiber, Ԑc shall be assumed equal to 0.003
Concrete stress of 0.85fc’ shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent
compression zone bounded by edges of the cross-section and a straight line located parallel to
N.A at a distance of a = βc from the fiber of maximum compressive strain.
BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS
BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS:
b 0.85 fc’ Ԑc = 0.003
c a C = 0.85 fc’ ab c
d
N.A N.A
As
T = As fy Ԑs = fy / Es
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS
BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS:
b 0.85 fc’ Ԑc = 0.003
a/2
c a C = 0.85 fc’ ab c
d
As
T = As fy Ԑs = fy / Es
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS
BALANCED CONDITION:
b Ԑc = 0.003
c c
d
N.A N.A
As
Ԑs = fy / Es
Strain Diagram
BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS
KEY FORMULAE:
b 0.85 fc’ Ԑc = 0.003
a/2
c a C = 0.85 fc’ ab c
d
As
T = As fy Ԑs = fy / Es
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
STEEL REINFORCEMENTS
STEEL REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS