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HYDRAULIC BASICS
Objectives
Explain basic fluidic principles.
Demonstrate the relationships between pressure, area, and force.
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 1/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Flow
Flow is the general movement of fluid.
Flow has two components to consider: flow rate and flow velocity.
20 GPM
75.7 LPM
Flow rate is the movement of a specific volume of fluid in a set amout of time. Flow rate is
typically measured in U.S. gallons per minute (gpm) or litres per minute (lpm) , using a flow
meter.
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 2/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Flow velocity is the distance a specific volume of fluid travels in a set amount of time.
The flow velocity is not measured directly, but is instead calculated using the flow rate and
the cross section area of the hose.
nt!
A consta
0.3208 x Flow Rate
Flow Velocity =
Area
0.3208 x 15 GPM
Flow Velocity =
2 in2
Flow Velocity = 2.406 ft/sec
2 in2
2
5.08 cm
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 3/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
10 GPM
0.3208 x 10 GPM
Flow Velocity = = 1.07 ft/sec
3 in2
Decrease Increase
If we change the flow rate of the pump but leave the hose size unchanged, we can change
the flow velocity of the fluid.
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 4/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
20 GPM
0.3208 x 20 GPM
Flow Velocity = 2
= 3.21 ft/sec
2 in
Decrease Increase
If instead we keep the pump size unchanged, but change the hose size we have the same
effect.
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 5/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 6/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Friction is caused by the fluid molecules rubbing against the inside surface of hoses and
pipes.
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 7/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Laminar Flow
We imagine that fluid flows as a single mass but in reality that is not the case.
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 8/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Turbulent Flow
As the velocity of a fluid increases, tiny imperfections in the surface of the flow conductor
(hose or pipe) disturb the flow path.
This creates a chaotic state rather than the organized layers of laminar flow.
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 9/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Turbulent flow is evident anywhere in a hydraulic system where bends and restrictions occur.
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 10/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Pascal's Law
Pascal's law states that any pressure exerted on a confined fluid is transmitted with equal
force in every direction.
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 11/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Pressure
Pressure is created either by resistance to flow, referred to as dynamic pressure, or by the
potential energy of an object being affected by gravity, known as static pressure.
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 12/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
ty!
Gravi
d!
Close
Static pressure is present when fluid wants to flow but cannot. Gravity is trying to pull this
cylinder rod down, but since the valve is closed the fluid in the cylinder is unable to escape.
This trapped fluid gains energy due to the force pulling the cylinder rod down. This energy is
the pressure value shown on the gauge.
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 13/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
On the other hand, dynamic pressure is tied to the kinetic energy of a fluid.
Decrease Increase
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 14/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 15/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Bernoulli's Principle
Because the total energy of a system must remain constant, Bernoulli's principle states that if
there is a decrease in kinetic energy (fluid velocity) there must be a proportional increase in
potential energy (pressure).
Decrease Increase
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 16/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Surface Area
Surface area is the total exposed area of a solid object.
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 17/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
In hydraulic systems we are concerned with the surface area of components that interact
with the fluid.
The surface area of a component can have dramatic effects on the work that the system is
capable of!
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 18/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Pressure Area
(P) (A)
e!
A triangl
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 19/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
F = P x A
Force = ??
250 PSI
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 2 20/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
10 in2
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 21/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Force
Area =
F Pressure
A = 2000 lbs
Area =
P A 325 PSI
325 PSI
Piston
Surface Area
Area = ??
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 22/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Or, if we know the force and the piston surface area we can
then calculate the pressure.
Force
Pressure =
F Area
P = 2000 lbs
Pressure =
10 in2
P A
Pressure = 200 PS
Pressure = ??
10 in2
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 23/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Force Magnification
By using a smaller surface area on the left cylinder we can multiply the force of the right
cylinder.
2
Force = 100 PSI x 50 in
Force = 5000 lbs
5000 lbs!
1000 lbs
1000 lbs
Pressure =
10 in2
Pressure = 100 PS
10 in2 50 in2
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 24/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Your turn: explore the relationship between force, pressure, and area.
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 25/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 26/27
12/19/2017 Hydraulic Basics | LunchBox Sessions
Recap
This module introduced some basic, but important, hydraulic concepts.
Flow
Rate
Velocity
Laminar
Turbulent
Friction
Pressure
Static
Dynamic
Restrictions
Surface Area
Force
Multiplication
Principles
https://www.lunchboxsessions.com/materials/fluid-power-basics/hydraulic-basics-lesson 27/27