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A THESIS
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
A*uWL ***
in
By
CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the thesis entitled
"RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF BITUMINOUS BINDERS FOR INDIAN
CONDITIONS" in fulfilment of the requirements of the award of the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy and submitted in the Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, Roorkee is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a
period from July 2002 to June 2006 under the supervision of Dr. H.C. Mehndiratta and Dr.
Praveen Kumar.
The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award ofany
other degree of this or any other University/Institute.
India has large highways and road networks and the total length of the country's
roads exceeds 3.31 million kilometers. The increase in India's road transport during the
last two decades is likely to continue unabated in the coming years as well. The traffic
on Indian highways is mixed and quite different in character as compared to many other
countries. In India, about 98 percent of the roads are of flexible type, therefore bitumen
as a binder plays a key role in the performance related properties of bituminous mixes.
The failures of the bituminous pavements are not only due to increase in traffic butalso
due to extreme climatic conditions prevailing in the country. There is a very high and
very low pavement temperatures existed in some parts of the country. Thus climatic
conditions play an important role in selecting the type of materials to be used in road
properties such as penetration, softening point, ductility and absolute viscosity, which
are usually inadequate to characterize the bitumen. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
(DMA) is the method already in use in developed countries to study the rheological
properties of bituminous binder. Two types of polymer; Ethylene Vinyle Acetate
(EVA), a plastomer; Linear Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS), an elastomer and Crumb
Rubber (CR) were considered in the present study. The changes of rheological
Abstract
properties of 60/70 and 80/100 grades bitumen modified with different percentage of
CR, EVA and SBS (3 to 9%) were studied. The rheological properties of the
bituminous binders in terms of their complex modulus (G*), stiffness and overall
resistance to deformation, storage modulus (G'), binder elasticity, loss modulus (G"),
viscous behaviour and phase angle (5), viscoelastic behaviour were measured by using
Dynamic Shear Rheometer (SR5 Ashphalt Rheometer). Testing was performed at
temperatures ranging from 46°C to 82°C in increments of 6°C at a frequency of
10 rad/sec. Dynamic frequency sweep tests were performed at 60°C in the range from
0.1 to 100 rad/sec before and after ageing. Dynamic stress sweep test was also
conducted at a frequency of 10 rad/sec and temperature 55°C before ageing. Short term
ageing was simulated by Thin Film Oven Test. Rutting resistance (G*/sin 6) for
different modified binders was also determined at different frequencies (1 rad/sec and
10 rad/sec) and 60°C.
Crumb Rubber is the cheapest modifier and easily available in India. Therefore,
the rheological property of CR modified binder is also investigated in the present study.
The results show that crumb rubber and polymer modification improve the complex
modulus and elastic response of the bitumen at high temperatures. The complex
modulus at 46°C increased 1.2 and 1.7 times by adding 3% CR to 60/70 and 80/100
bitumens respectively. It increases 1.8, 2.4 and 3, 4.8 times for 60/70, 80/100 bitumens
modified with 3% SBS and EVA respectively. The complex modulus increases with
increase in percentage of modifier and decreases with increase in temperature.
However, phase angle decreases with increase in percentage ofmodifier and increases
with increase in temperature.
n
Abstract
The value of G*/sin 8 for EVA modified binders are found to be higher than CR
and SBS modified binders at 1 rad/sec and 10 rad/sec and 60°C. It indicates that EVA
susceptibility of the modified binders is lower than neat bitumen and increase in
percentage of modifier decreases temperature susceptibility. It was observed that the
rheological properties of bituminous binders were changed after ageing. There is an
increase in complex modulus before and after ageing for CR and EVA modified
binders. The complex modulus decreases after ageing at higher polymer content (7% to
9%) for SBS modified 60/70 bitumen and it increases up to temperature 58°C then
decreases with above percentage for SBS modified 80/100 bitumen after ageing. In all
cases, the aged modified binders showed better rheological properties than aged neat
bitumens. The change in rheological properties of aged modified binders varied with
polymer type, content and bitumen grades. The ageing index of the binders was also
largely influenced by test frequency and temperature.
Dynamic frequency and stress sweep tests were also conducted to characterize
the bituminous binders in the present study. The results indicate that complex modulus
increases with increase in the frequency and percentage of modifier. The EVA
modified binders show lower phase angle for entire frequencies considered in the study
binders.
in
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Kumar Singh and Late Mrs. Khwairakpam Ongbi Kulabati Devi. Without them I
Technology Roorkee for his invaluable guidance and kind encouragement, which
helped me to successfully complete the work in time. I thank him for having trust in me
by consenting to be my Supervisor and I on my part did my level best to justify this
trust. His precious advice and guidance was the constant source of inspiration for the
cooperation, encouragement and all assistance required for the completion ofthis work.
His painstaking efforts in going through the manuscript and giving good suggestions
for its improvement are gratefully acknowledged.
I would like to thank to Dr. Sunil Bose, Deputy Director, Central Road
Research Institute, New Delhi for his help and support to my work in the initial period.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Satish Chandra and other faculty
members of Transportation Engineering Section for their cooperation and valuable
IV
Acknowledgements
I would also like to thank to Dr. G.L. Asawa, Professor and Head, Department
of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, for his help and giving
good suggestions and Dr. P.C. Jain, former Head of Department of Civil Engineering
of this Institute, for providing the excellent equipment in the department for the
research work.
Engineering Laboratory who went out of their way to render all the possible help to
me during the experimental work.
I cannot forget to recall with my heartiest feelings, the never ending heart felt
stream of caring and blessing of my sister, Premlata and brothers for their
help, encouragement and suggestions especially during the final stage of the manuscript
preparation.
Last but not the least, I acknowledge my gratefulness to all my friends and
batch mates.
Page No.
ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
CONTENTS vi
LIST OF FIGURES xi
2.0 INTRODUCTION 13
2.1.1 Sulphur 14
2.1.2 Polymer 15
2.1.3 Fibers 16
vi
Contents
Behaviour
PROGRAM (SHRP)
3.2 SHRP BINDER SPECIFICATIONS 64
MASTER CURVE
vn
Contents
Vlll
Contents
Susceptibility
5.8 INFLUENCE OF AGEING ON MODIFIED BINDERS 184
5.9 AGEING INDEX 191
IX
Contents
Penetration value
Softening Point
5.13.7 Relationship between Softening Point and Rutting 236
Characteristics
Failure Temperatures
5.14 DISCUSSION IN SELECTION OF BINDERS FOR INDIA 246
REFERENCES 254
APPENDIX
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Phase angle and frequency for base and SBS modified 37
bitumens at 60°C (Lu and Isacsson, 1997)
Figure 2.2 Complex modulus and temperature at 0.02 Hz for base and 41
EVA modified Bitumens A and B (Airey, 2002)
Figure 5.2 Variations in Penetration values for 60/70 grade bitumen 120
modified with different modifiers.
xi
List of Figures
Figure 5.5 Variations in Softening Point for 60/70 grade bitumen 123
modified with different modifiers.
Figure 5.6 Variations in Softening Point for 80/100 grade bitumen 124
modified with different modifiers.
Figure 5.9 Variations in Ductility values for 80/100 grade bitumen 127
modified with different modifiers.
Figure 5.10 Effect on Elastic Recovery value with different percentage of 128
Modifiers
Figure 5.11 Variations in Elastic Recovery values for 60/70 grade 129
bitumen modified with different modifiers.
Figure 5.12 Variations in Elastic Recovery values for 80/100 grade 129
bitumen modified with different modifiers.
Figure 5.13 Variation of Penetration Index with Modifiers for 60/70 134
grade bitumen
Figure 5.14 Variation of Penetration Index with Modifiers for 80/100 135
grade bitumen
Figure 5.15 G*/ sin 8 measured at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) as a function of 141
Temperature for 60/70 Bitumen modified with CR before
Ageing.
xn
List o Tables
Figure 5.16 G*/ sin 8 measured at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) as a function of 141
Temperature for 80/100 Bitumen modified with CR before
Ageing.
Figure 5.17 G*/ sin 8 measured at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) as a function of 142
Temperature for 60/70 Bitumen modified with EVA before
Ageing.
Figure 5.18 G*/ sin 8 measured at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) as a function of 142
Temperature for 80/100 Bitumen modified with EVA before
Ageing.
Figure 5.19 G*7 sin 8 measured at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) as a function of 143
Temperature for 60/70 Bitumen modified with SBS before
Ageing.
Figure 5.20 G*/ sin 8 measured at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) as a function of 143
Temperature for 80/100 Bitumen modified with EVA before
Ageing.
Figure 5.21 G*/ sin 8 measured at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) as a function of 144
Temperature for 60/70 Bitumen modified with CR after
Ageing.
Figure 5.22 G*/ sin 8 measured at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) as a function of 144
Temperature for 80/100 Bitumen modified with CR after
Ageing.
Figure 5.23 G*/ sin 8 measured at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) as a function of 145
Temperature for 60/70 Bitumen modified with EVA after
Ageing.
Figure 5.24 G*/ sin 8 measured at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) as a function of 145
Temperature for 80/100 Bitumen modified with EVA after
Ageing.
xni
List of Figures
Figure 5.26 G*/ sin 8measured at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) as a function of 146
Temperature for 60/70 Bitumen modified with SBS after
Ageing.
Figure 5.27 Variation in G*/sin 8 for 60/70 Bitumen modified with 149
different percentage of modifier at 1 rad/s and 60°C before
ageing
Figure 5.28 Variation in G*/sin 8 for 80/100 Bitumen modified with 149
different percentage of modifier at 1rad/s and 60°C before
ageing
Figure 5.29 Variation in G*/sin 8 for 60/70 Bitumen modified with 150
different percentage of modifier at 10 rad/s and 60°C before
Ageing
Figure 5.30 Variation in GVsin 8 for 80/100 Bitumen modified with 150
different percentage of modifier at 10 rad/s and 60°C before
Ageing
Figure 5.31 Relationships between Complex Modulus and Phase Angle 152
with Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59) for 60/70 Bitumen
modified with CR
Figure 5.32 Relationships between Complex Modulus and Phase Angle 153
with Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 80/100 Bitumen
modified with CR
Figure 5.33 Relationships between Complex Modulus and Phase Angle 154
with Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 60/70 Bitumen
modified with EVA
xiv
List o Tables
Figure 5.35 Relationships between Complex Modulus and Phase Angle 156
with Temperature at lOrad/s (1.59Hz) for 60/70 Bitumen
modified with SBS
Figure 5.36 Relationship between Complex Modulus and Phase Angle 157
with Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 80/100 Bitumen
modified with SBS
Figure 5.37 Relationship between Loss Modulus and Storage Modulus 160
with Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 60/70 Bitumen
modified with CR
Figure 5.38 Relationship between Loss Modulus and Storage Modulus 161
with Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 80/100 Bitumen
modified with CR
Figure 5.39 Relationship between Loss Modulus and Storage Modulus 162
with Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 60/70 Bitumen
modified with EVA
Figure 5.40 Relationship between Loss Modulus and Storage Modulus 163
with Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 80/100 Bitumen
modified with EVA
Figure 5.41 Relationship between Loss Modulus and Storage Modulus 164
with Temperature at 10 rad/s 91.59 Hz) for 60/70 Bitumen
modified with SBS
Figure 5.42 Relationship between Loss Modulus and Storage Modulus 165
with Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 80/100 Bitumen
modified with SBS.
xv
List of Figures
Figure 5.49 Relationship between log Dynamic Viscosity and log 170
Temperature for CR modified 60/70 Bitumen
Figure 5.50 Relationship between log Dynamic Viscosity and log 170
Temperature for CR modified 80/100 Bitumen
Figure 5.51 Relationship between log Dynamic Viscosity and log 171
Temperature for EVA modified 60/70 Bitumen
Figure 5.52 Relationship between log Dynamic Viscosity and log 171
Temperature for EVA modified 80/100 Bitumen
Figure 5.53 Relationship between log Dynamic Viscosity and log 172
Temperature for SBS modified 60/70 Bitumen
Figure 5.54 Relationship between log Dynamic Viscosity and log 172
Temperature for SBS modified 80/100 Bitumen
xvi
List o Tables
xvn
List of Figures
Figure 5.77 Relationship between Phase Angle and Frequency at 60°C 200
before Ageing for CR modified 60/70 Bitumen
Figure 5.78 Relationship between Phase Angle and Frequency at 60°C 200
before Ageingfor EVA modified 60/70 Bitumen
Figure 5.78 Relationship between Phase Angle and Frequency at 60°C 200
before Ageingfor SBS modified 60/70 Bitumen
xvin
List o Tables
Figure 5.79 Relationship between Phase Angle and Frequency at 60°C 201
before Ageing for CR modified 80/100 Bitumen
Figure 5.80 Relationship between phase angle and Frequency at 60°C 201
before Ageing for EVA modified 80/100 Bitumen
Figure 5.81 Relationship between phase angle and Frequency at 60°C 202
before Ageing for SBS modified 80/100 Bitumen
> Figure 5.83 Relationship between Dynamic Viscosity and Frequency at 203
60°C before Ageing for EVA modified 60/70 Bitumen
Figure 5.88 Stress Sweep Tests results at 55°C and 10 rad/sec for CR 206
modified 60/70 Bitumen
Figure 5.89 Stress Sweep Tests results at 55°C and 10 rad/sec for CR 207
modified 80/100 Bitumen
Figure 5.90 Stress Sweep Tests results at 55°C and 10 rad/sec for EVA 207
t modified 60/70 Bitumen
Figure 5.91 Stress Sweep Tests results at 55°C and 10 rad/sec for EVA 208
modified 80/100 Bitumen
xix
List of Figures
Figure 5.92 Stress Sweep Tests results at 55°C and 10 rad/sec for SBS 208
modified 60/70 Bitumen
Figure 5.93 Stress Sweep Tests results at 55°C and 10 rad/sec for SBS 209
modified 80/100 Bitumen
Figure 5.94 Relationship between stress and strain at 55°C and 10 rad/sec 209
for CR modified 60/70 Bitumen
Figure 5.95 Relationship between stress and strain at 55°C and 10 rad/sec 210
for CR modified 80/100 Bitumen
Figure 5.96 Relationship between Stress and Strain at 10 rad/sec and 210
55°C for EVA modified 60/70 Bitumen
Figure 5.97 Relationship between Stress and Strain at 10 rad/sec and 211
55°C for EVA modified 80/100 Bitumen
Figure 5.98 Relationship between Stress and Strain at 10 rad/sec and 211
55°C for SBS modified 60/70 Bitumen
Figure 5.99 Relationship between Stress and Strain at 10 rad/sec and 212
55°C for SBS modified 80/100 Bitumen
xx
List o Tables
>
Figure 5.106 Relation between Phase Angle and Penetration value for 218
60/70 bitumen modified with CR.
Figure 5.107 Relation between Phase Angle and Penetration value for 219
80/100 bitumen modified with CR.
Figure 5.108 Relation between Phase Angle and Penetration value for 219
60/70 modified with EVA.
Figure 5.109 Relation between Phase Angle and Penetration value for 220
80/100 bitumen modified with EVA.
Figure 5.110 Relation between Phase Angle and Penetration value for 220
60/70 bitumen modified with SBS.
Figure 5.111 Relation between Phase Angle and Penetration value for 221
80/100 bitumen modified with SBS.
Figure 5.112 Relationship between Complex Modulus and Softening Point 222
for 60/70 bitumen modified with CR.
Figure 5.113 Relationship between Complex Modulus and Softening Point 222
for 80/100 bitumen modified with CR.
Figure 5.114 Relationship between Complex Modulus and Softening Point 223
for 60/70 bitumen modified with EVA.
xxi
List of Figures
Figure 5.116 Relationship between Complex Modulus and Softening Point 224
for 60/70 bitumen modified with SBS.
Figure 5.117 Relationship between Complex Modulus and Softening Point 224
for 80/100 Bitumen modified with SBS.
Figure 5.118 Relationship between Phase Angle and Softening Point for 225
60/70 bitumen modified with CR.
Figure 5.119 Relationship between Phase Angle and Softening Point for 226
80/100 bitumen modified with CR.
Figure 5.120 Relationship between Phase Angle and Softening Point for 226
60/70 bitumen modified with EVA.
Figure 5.121 Relationship between Phase Angle and Softening Point for 227
80/100 bitumen modified with EVA.
Figure 5.122 Relationship between Phase Angle and Softening Point for 227
60/70 bitumen modified with SBS.
Figure 5.123 Relationship between Phase Angle and Softening Point for 228
80/100 bitumen modified with SBS.
xxn
List o Tables
Figure 5.136 Relationship between G*/sin8 (at 10 rad/s and 52°C) and 237
Softening Point for CR modified bitumens
Figure 5.137 Relationship between G*/sin8 (at 10 rad/s and 70°C) and 238
Softening Point for CR modified bitumens
Figure 5.138 Relationship between G*/sin8 (at 10 rad/s and 52°C) and 238
Softening Point for EVA modified bitumens
Figure 5.139 Relationship between GVsinS (at 10 rad/s and 70°C) and 239
Softening Point for EVA modified bitumens
Figure 5.140 Relationship between G*/sin8 (at 10 rad/s and 52°C) and 239
Softening Point for SBS modified bitumens
xxin
List of Figures
Figure 5.141 Relationship between G*/sin8 (at 10 rad/s and 70°C) and 241
Softening Point for SBS modified bitumens
xxiv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.10 Complex modulus and phase angle at 10 rad/sec and two 53
different temperatures (Lu and Isacsson, 2002)
Table 2.11 Critical Viscosity and Temperature (Jain and Sangita, 1991). 56
xxv
List of Tables
Table 4.3 Properties after Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) on Residue of 109
60/70 Bitumen modified with different percentage of Crumb
Rubber (CR).
Table 4.4 Properties after Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) on Residue of 110
80/100 Bitumen modified with different percentage of
Crumb Rubber (CR).
Table 4.6 Properties after Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) on Residue of 112
60/70 Bitumen modified with different percentage of
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA).
Table 4.7 Properties after Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) on Residue of 113
80/100 Bitumen modified with different percentage of
Ethylene Vinyle Acetate (EVA).
xxvi
List o Tables
Table 4.9 Properties after Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) on Residue of 115
60/70 Bitumen modified with different percentage of Styrene
Butadiene Styrene (SBS).
Table 4.10 Properties after Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) on Residue of 116
80/100 Bitumen modified with different percentage of
Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS).
Table 5.3 Changes in Penetration and Softening Point values after 130
Ageing
Table 5.11 Complex Modulus of different Modified Binders at 46°C and 175
58°C
t
Table 5.12 Changes in Rheological properties of CRMB modification at 176
different temperatures and 10 rad/s
xxvn
List of Tables
Table 5.19 Ageing indices for different modified binders at different 192
temperatures and 10 rad/sec
xxvm
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Symbols Description
G* Complex Modulus
G' Loss Modulus
11 Viscosity
X Shear Stress
Y Shear Strain
a Tensile stress
e Tensile Strain
R Rheological Index
Gg Glassy Modulus
CO Frequency
xxix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Acronym Abbreviation
CR Crumb Rubber
GQ Golden Quadrilateral
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
HMA Hot Mix Plant
MQ Marshall Quotient
NH National Highway
NHAI National Highway Authority of India
NHDP National Highway Development Project
XXX
List of Abbreviations
NR Natural Rubber
PG Performance Grade
xxxi
LIST OF PLATES
xxxn
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
>
1.0 GENERAL
India has the second largest highway and road networks in the world, next to
USA. The total length of the country's roads exceeds 3.31 million kilometers. The
increase in India's road transport during the last two decades is likely to continue
x unabated in the coming years as well. The road development programme envisaged for
the country involving huge amounts of money, manpower, and materials should
concern not only for constructing of new roads, but also the improvement of the
existing road network (Kumar, 2003). The Indian Government has considered giving
top priority to highway sector improvement from the beginning of 21st century. The
National Highway Development Project (NHDP) is a very ambitious programme of
^ India is avery vast country, having widely varying climate, terrain, construction
materials and traffic loading both in terms of loads and volume. The traffic on Indian
about 1,37,000 km (4.14 per cent) of State highways and about 4,70,000 (14.18 per
cent) of Major District Roads. The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has
decided to upgrade about 13,000 km of existing National Highway Corridors
connecting the four metros of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata to 4/6 lanes (dual
carriageways) forming the Golden Quadrilateral (GQ), Kashmir to Kanyakumari and
1
Chapter 1 : Introduction
the improvement of riding quality, resurfacing and other pavement repairs (Sarin et al.,
V
2005).
India has a great variation in climatic conditions. Thus climatic conditions play
an important role in determining various types of materials to be used in road
has increased tremendously because of rapid urbanization in recent years. In India, the
annual consumption of bitumen in 1990 was 1.6 million tones while that in USA was
Bitumen is complex polymeric material and it has been used for years in the
bitumen has primary influence on their mechanical behaviour, which is in turn very
sensitive to stress, strain rate, and temperature (Cheung and Cebon, 1997). As bitumen
is produced from crude oil, with its large variability in composition according to its
origin, the precise breakdown of the hydrocarbon groups in bitumen is difficult to
determine. However, despite the complexity of bitumen, techniques have been
• Asphaltenes
• Resins
• Aromatics, and
• Saturates
micelles that are peptized by the polar resins within a dispersion medium consisting
primarily ofaromatics and saturates, representing the fractions ofthe bitumen with the
lower molecular weight. In general, bitumen can be divided into two broad chemical
groups, namely, asphaltenes and a second group consisting ofthe resins, aromatics, and
saturates termed the maltene fraction of the bitumen (Airey et al., 2002).
r
Bituminous materials are supplied bythe manufacturers in various grades with a
wide range of consistency at a specified temperature. Consistency of the bituminous
binders varies from liquid to semi solid and to brittle state. It is characteristic of
Chapter 1 : Introduction
bituminous binders that the viscosity falls very rapidly as the temperature increases.
Bituminous binder should have suitable flow properties for different types of
bituminous construction, traffic and climatic conditions. For bitumen to be used
successfully in road surfacing, it must have the following characteristics (HMSO,
1962).
(1) Binder should be capable ofbeing made sufficiently fluid, either by heat
or by the addition ofa volatile solvent, to be pumped or sprayed, and to
coat and wet a mineral aggregate.
(2) Binder should be viscous at high road temperatures that the finished
surfacing will resist deformation.
(3) Binder should be flexible at low road temperatures that the finished
surfacing will resist fracture and disintegration.
machinery
The modified bitumen used in the road construction works has following advantages.
traffic conditions.
within a wide range of temperature. A number of research works have confirmed the
beneficial effects of polymer and rubber addition to bitumen (Jagajothi et al., 1999;
Palit et al., 2001; Lepe et al., 2003; Hossain and Nabors, 2005). However, the main
matrix. Thus, it requires a precise study on processing conditions of binders, and the
selection of additives.
varying strains or stresses. The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) is used for
determination of the rheological properties of bitumen in a wide range of temperature.
Chapter 1 : Introduction
The parameters for characterization of the bitumen are complex modulus (G*), storage
modulus (G'), loss modulus (G") and phase angle (8). Phase angle measures the
viscoelastic character of the bitumen. A purely viscous liquid and an ideal elastic solid
demonstrate 8 of 90° and 0°, respectively. The viscoelastic parameters of bitumens are
Mtt-4)
-«-PMB4L6
1.04M7 -*-pm&-bl»
-*-PMB^88
_ 1.0IE+*
I
8
1
§ 1MI+M
I
1 l.OOi+OJ
I
U 1.CM-W
1J0M1
I.0K+OO
1MM)
-21 41 M IM 120 140
TcHpcratare [*C]
(B indicates base bitumen obtained from Venezuela of 180 penetration grade, PMB-BL3 refer
to modified binder with 3 per cent of linear SBS and PMB-BB6 is 6 per centof branch SBS)
Figure 1.1. Complex modulus and temperature for base and SBS modified
Bitumen B (Lu and Isacsson, 1997).
Chapter 1 : Introduction
In India, about 98 percent ofthe roads are offlexible type. Bitumen as a binder
plays a key role in the performance related properties ofbituminous mixes. Bitumen is
mainly used as binding material and in protective coatings, taking both forms of
application in avery general sense. It's suitability for these uses is largely dependent on
it's mechanical properties, in particular on those relating to rheology. For a correct
judgement of this suitability, therefore, a thorough knowledge of these properties is
indispensable.
The traffic on the roads, both in terms of volume and axle loads, has been
increased during the last two decades. The failures of the bituminous pavements are not
only due to increase in traffic but also due to extreme climatic conditions prevailing in
the country. The addition of additives to bitumen can improve the quality of binders
and enhance the properties of binders used in the road construction. The research
conducted so far has not addressed the following aspects particularly in reference to
bituminous materials and modifiers available in India :
binders.
So far the conventional tests like penetration, softening point and ductility have
been used for characterization of bitumen in India but these tests are not satisfactory for
rheological characterization ofthe binders and give the values indirectly. For this purpose,
dynamic shear rheometer can be used for characterizing the bitumen which measures
rheological properties directly. Rheology is a very important field of study for asphalt
technologists. Athorough study ofthe behaviour ofbitumen under different loading (load
and frequency) and temperature domains can go a long way in the prediction ofthe binder
9
Chapter 1 : Introduction
characterized over a wide range of temperature using dynamic shear rheometer. The
main objective of this research is to study the effect of the rheological bahaviour of
ageing index and other rheological properties changes before and after ageing were also
results and the rheological properties obtained from dynamic shear rheometer have
been studied. In India different climate conditions exist in its various parts and at the
*
same time, required grade of bitumen is not always available at particular region due to
scarcity of the material. Further traffic conditions also affect the flow characteristics of
bituminous binder. Hence investigations have been conducted to study the deformation
and flow characteristics of bitumen for the various loading conditions in order to select
a suitable grade of binder for bituminous road construction in order to maintain the
structural and functional adequacy. Thus present research work will help in increasing
the life of flexible pavements. The results are based on high temperature and short term
ageing because equipments for lower temperature and long term ageing are not
present research work are also included in this chapter. A brief literature review of
investigations carried out in India and abroad relating to physical and rheological
11
Chapter 1 : Introduction
aspects of conventional and modified binders are presented in Chapter 2. The use of
paving bitumen modifiers such as styrene butadiene styrene, ethylene vinyl acetate,
Crumb Rubber, and fibers etc. have been discussed in this chapter. Chapter 3discusses
about the dynamic mechanical analysis. In Chapter 4, the details of experimental works
have been discussed along with the evaluation ofphysical and rheological properties of
the materials used. The results obtained from conventional, polymer and crumb rubber
modified bitumen are presented and discussed in Chapter 5.
Finally, the conclusions drawn from the present research work and scope for
further research have been summarized in Chapter 6.
12
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
13
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
bitumen mixture is not a new technique. Additives have been used in road construction
for more than 80 years. They are incorporated in the bitumen mix to enhance the
properties and performance offlexible pavements (Wahhab and Amri, 1991).
Over the years, different types ofmaterials have been investigated as additives
for bitumen modifications. Some ofthem, having desired potential in road works, are
listed in Table 2.1 as per as IRC: SP: 53-2002.
o
•S3 W
on
Natural Rubber Latex or Rubberpowder
U
2.1.1 Sulphur
Sulphur, which is one of the basic elements, has an atomic number of 16 and
atomic weight of32.06. The sulphur exhibits non-metallic properties and it melts at a
temperature of 116°C. Pure sulphur has a pale yellow colour but in its naturally
occurring forms, it may be yellow to straw yellow. Just above the melting point,
sulphur is a transparent yellow liquid, which with increasing temperature, turns dark
red and becomes black at 230°C. Sulphur possesses some unique properties which
14
Chapter2: Literature Review
2.1.2 Polymer
Apolymer consists ofrepeating units derived from monomers which are linked
together in achain-like structure. The chemical processes through which these linkages
occur is known as polymerization. If only one type of monomer molecule is used to
form a polymer, the process is called homopolymerization and a homopolymer results.
If more than one chemical species is used as a monomer, the process is called
copolymerization. One ofthe most important performance characteristics of polymers
is the marked dependence of their properties on temperature within their useful
temperature range. Polymers are denser than their monomer. The shrinkage from
polymerization may produce detrimental effects on the mechanical properties of the
polymer (Hoff et al., 1979). Polymers are used to modify bitumen in order to achieve a
wider performance range for bitumen bound pavement materials. The improvements to
the bitumen mixture, with regard to retarding fatigue crack initiation and propagation,
and reducing the accumulation of permanent deformation (Rutting), can decrease the
life cycle cost of bitumen pavement. Polymers can generally be divided into two broad
categories: Elastomers and Plastomers (Airey and Brown 1998).
Elastomers
15
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
polymers, usually linear or block copolymers in radial form. The elastomeric polymers
commonly used as a modifier are styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) copolymer, styrene
isoprene styrene (SIS) copolymer, natural rubber (NR), etc. SBS is available as pellets,
crumb or powder in bags or bulk.
Plastomers
2.1.3 Fibers
Shukla and Jain (1989) investigated the effects of wax in waxy bitumens by
adding styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS), ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA)
and aromatic resins to enhance viscosity of bitumen at high road temperature. It was
found effective in improving softening point, viscosity-temperature characteristics,
adhesion and stability ofbituminous mixes. About 8per cent aromatic resins, 4per cent
ethyl vinyl acetate copolymer and 6 per cent styrene-butadiene-styrene block
copolymer have been found to be effective in improving wax bitumens.
16
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Bose and Jain (1989) studied the effects of 80/100 bitumen modified with SBS,
EVA and PE (polyethylene) and they reported that the polymer modified binders
reduced deformation at high temperatures. Tensile strength and Marshall stability of
mixes are considerably higher than neat 80/100 bitumen. They found that the values of
Fraass breaking point for SBS bitumen blends and EVA bitumen blends are
considerably lower than neat bitumen as shown in Table 2.2. Hence polymer modified
binders are suitable for road construction in high altitude low temperature areas. The
elastic recovery of SBS bitumen blends containing 5per cent SBS is of the order of 80
per cent and therefore these modified binders are capable of preventing deformation at
high temperature. They observed from flexural fatigue test results that incorporation of
2per cent PE, 5per cent SBS and EVA increase the fatigue life by 10, 18 and 2times
respectively. The strength characteristics of polymer modified mixes are given in
Table 2.3.
Table 2.2. Physical Properties ofPolymer Bitumen Blends with SBS, EVA and PE
(Bose and Jain, 1989).
Styrene-butadiene Ethyl vinyl
Polyethylene-
Styrene-bitumen acetate
80/100
Property Bitumen blends bitumen-blends
blends
bitumen
2:98 5:95 10:90 2:98 5:95 10:90 2:98 5:95 10:90
52 64 74 57 67 82 49 57 61
Softening point, °C 45
98 42 20 100 100 75 100 81 20
Ductility, 27°C, cm 100
2 1 2 4 5 5 5 5
Ductility, °C, cm 1 3
Fraass Breaking Point, -8 -9 -10 -9 -11 -13 -15 -10 -12 -14
°C
Adhesion Strength, 12 12 ,2 10 16 17 20 14 16 12
kg/cm2
Thin film oven Test at 163°C
60 350 35 56 47 32 69 48 33
Penetration of residue 66
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Per cent loss 0.1 0.1
Stripping, per cent 5 nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil
(Delhi quartzite)
17
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
Marshall
Per cent polymer in bitumen
Flow, Tensile Strength
stability at 60°C,
mm at 30°C, kg/cm2
kg
Without polymer 750 3.2 1.2
increase in kinematic and dynamic viscosities of the modified bitumens were not
18
Chapter 2: Literature Review
separation. At a given SBS content, the modified binders produced from the bitumens
with higher content of aromatics exhibit a lower phase separation. An increase in
asphaltenes may increase the phase separation, which in turn increases with the SBS
content. The linear SBS modified binders display a lower phase separation during hot
storage as compared with the modified binders containing the branched SBS.
Chen et al. (2002) investigated the morphology and engineering properties of
the binders modified with styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer using
transmission electron microscopy (TEM), rotational viscometer and dynamic shear
rheometer. The morphology of polymer-modified asphalt was described by the SBS
concentration and the presence of microstructure of the copolymer. When the SBS
concentration increased, the copolymer gradually became the dominant phase, and the
transition was followed by a change in engineering properties ofSBS-modified asphalt.
It was reported that different types of SBS showed distinctively different morphologies
because of differences in molecular weight, polarity and structure, there exists the
chemical dissimilarity between asphalt and SBS. The morphology is the result of the
mutual interaction of SBS and asphalt, and consequently is influenced by asphalt
composition and polymer nature and content.
19
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
conventional binder properties of the two PMB groups, shown in Table 2.4 as a
content.
Fraass Elastic
Penetration Softening Ductility
Binder
Penetration Breaking Recovery
at 25°C Point at10°C
Index (PI) Point at 10°C,
(dmm) °C (cm)
(°C) (%)
Bitumen A 73 47.0 -1.08 -12 63
PMB-AS5 for the SBS PMB produced with bitumen A, SBS copolymer and 5% polymer content.
(stiffness), the increased penetration indices (Pis) of the PMBs indicate a significant
reduction in temperature susceptibility with polymer modification, particularly at the
higher polymer contents.
20
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Mazumdar and Kumar (1997) studied the elastic modulus of asphalt concrete
mixes of polymer (EVA) and they reported that elastic modulus increases with increase
in polymer contents. It was found that elastic modulus increases upto 6per cent and
then decreases for EVA polymer.
1802 55 59 72 1.027
2.5
65 54 102 1.030
2.5 2806
45 68 43 1.022
5 1802
51 61.5 75 1.020
5 2806
39 72 27 1.020
7.5 1802
42 64 50 1.023
7.5 2806
35 74 18 1.015
10 1802
39 66 35 1.016
10 2806
21
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
Mehndiratta and Chandra (2000) studied bitumen modified with CR and EVA
and they reported various properties of bitumen like low temperature ductility, elastic
>
recovery, water susceptibility, temperature susceptibility, viscosity and marshall
stability improved by adding modifiers to bitumen. The fatigue strength increased about
1.7 times when CR added to bitumen. EVA did not show much improvement in fatigue
strength, but when CR and EVA were used together, the fatigue strength increased 1.9
to 2.2 times. The fatigue life of modified mixes was found to be higher than that of the
unmodified mixes.
22
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Jew and Woodhams (1986) studied polyethylene modified bitumen for paving
applications and they confirmed that polyethylene is apotentially useful modifier for
increasing the low temperature fracture toughness of bituminous concrete. Most grades
of polyethylene could be dispersed in heated bitumen at temperature 140°C to produce
colloidal suspensions, which remain stable for short periods of time. The modulus,
ultimate strength, ductility and total energy to fracture at low temperature showed an
increase as compared to the unmodified bitumen. Bitumen modified with 5 percent
polyethylene showed ten times increase in the apparent viscosity.
Lee et al. (1994) reported the improvement in fracture toughness without
significantly increasing its stiffness at low temperature. Further, the increase in fracture
toughness was a linear function of the polymer content when the concentration was
below 8 per cent by weight.
Panda and Mazumdar (1997) developed and evaluated a bituminous paving
binder containing reclaimed polyethylene (PE) and used low density polyethylene
(LDPE) for modification of bitumen. The physical properties of modified bitumen with
different percentage ofpolyethylene are shown in Table 2.6.
44 100+ 1.042
Bitumen 88
51 73 1.034
Bitumen +2.5% PE 64
47 55 60 1.028
Bitumen +5% PE
61 51 1.021
Bitumen +7.5% PE 39
81 6 1.012
Bitumen+10% PE 18
23
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
It was observed that the penetration, ductility and the specific gravity of the
modified binder decreases while the softening point and viscosity are increased. The
>
temperature susceptibilityof the modified binder is also improved.
Hinislioglu and Agar (2003) investigated that the possibility of using various
asphalt concrete. In recent years, numerous waste materials result from manufacturing
operations, service industries and households in Turkey and there were about million
tonne of materials containing HDPE. From the economic view-point, it may be quite
possible that waste HDPE material affects the initial engineering properties of Hot Mix
Asphalt (HMA) pavement and increase its service life. However, since the mixing
conditions for the bitumen and polymer have considerable effect on the bahaviour of
by various mixing time, mixing temperature and HDPE content on the Marshall
Stability, flow and Marshall Quotient (Stability to flow ratio) was investigated. The
binders used in Hot Mix Asphalt were prepared by mixing the HDPE in 4-6 % (by
weight of optimum bitumen content). It was concluded that four percent HDPE, 165°C
of mixing temperature and 30 min of mixing time were optimum conditions for
Marshall Stability, flow and Marshall Quotient (MQ). MQ increased 50% compared to
control mix. It can be said that waste HDPE modified bituminous binders provide better
resistance against permanent deformations due to their high stability and high Marshall
24
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Shukla et al. (1991) reported that natural rubber obtained from Hevea plant is in
the form of latex, an emulsion containing about 30 per cent rubber termed as dry rubber
content (DRC) used in road construction. The rubber latex is available in the form of
centrifugated latex, evaporated latex, unvulcanized powder, vulcanized powder, sheet
rubber, graft rubber and vulcanized waste rubber. Bitumen grade 60/70 was used the
investigations and mixed with different rubber concentration varied from 2per cent to
12 per cent by weight of that bitumen. It was indicated that the original penetration
value ofbitumen was 53 and it drops down to 35 when 12 per cent rubber is added. The
softening point of latex rubber/bitumen blend goes on increasing as rubber
concentration is increased. At lower rubber contents (2-4 per cent), the rise in softening
25
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
field trials with bitumen modified with natural rubber latex as shown in Table 2.7. It
has been indicated that around 32 to 34 per cent dry rubber content (DRC) in the
natural rubber latex can be used for road purposes. The penetration value of bitumen
decreases from 85 to 63, and softening point value increase from 42°C to 58°C, when 2
per cent rubber latex is used. The other improvements reported are improved skid
Ductility, cm 100 63 65 60 82 89
Matter Soluble in
99 94 95 93 97 98
Trichloroethylene, %
Stripping value, % 40 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
26
Chapter 2: Literature Review
27
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
addition of reclaimed rubber to 60/70 bitumen improved softening point by 8°C, 10°C,
and 11°C for 10%, 20%, and 30% rubber content, respectively. Addition of 10%
reclaimed rubber improved resilient modulus (MR) values at 25°C and 45°C by 15% >
and 25%, respectively; the stiffness modulus by 40%; as well as the stability and
fatigue life.
process ofmixing crumb rubber, wet process (i.e., mixing ofthe crumb rubber with the
binder prior to mixing with the aggregate) and dry process (i.e., simultaneous mixing of
the crumb rubber, the binder and the aggregate) were mentioned. In wet processes, the
reaction that takes place between rubber particles and asphalt binder is not chemical in
nature, but rather a diffusion of the light aromatic components of the binder into the
crumb rubber. This results in a reduction in the viscosity of the binder, which depends
on the type of the binder, the type of the rubber, the mixing temperature, and the
mixing energy (i.e., time). In dry processes, the crumb-rubber particles replace
aggregate particles in the asphalt concrete mix, while due to the limited mixing time
allowed, no significant bonding takes place between the crumb rubber and the binder.
They tested three binders, namely AC-5, AC-10, and AC-20, with CR percentages of
0%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 12%, and 18% using Brookfield viscometer. Binders with 3%, 5%,
7%, 12%, and 18% CR exhibited an increase in viscosity of approximately 1.3,1.5, 1.8,
Gupta (1997) reported that modified bitumen with rubber was less susceptible
28
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Sibal et al. (1998) investigated the fatigue life of bituminous concrete (BC)
modified by addition of crumb rubber. Fatigue tests conducted at 20, 25 and 30°C
indicated that the fatigue life of Rubber Modified Bituminous Concrete (RMBC) was at
least ten times higher than that ofthe conventional BC mix. Crumb rubber bituminous
concrete showed higher dynamic modulus as compared to normal bituminous concrete
and hence it will be able to withstand load due to heavy traffic.
Rajoria et al. (2002) reported the use of crumb rubber modified bitumen on
Delhi roads. PWD, Delhi used this modified bitumen in a test section to judge its
suitability on Delhi roads. Atest section of400 mlength and 10.5 mwidth was selected
on Ring Road between Shantivan and Rajghat, New Delhi in March, 1999. The test
section was selected on the basis of high intensity of heavily loaded vehicles. It was
found that the use of modified bitumen improves the vital properties of the bitumen,
which in turn improves the property of bituminous mix. The stability of mix, fatigue
life, elastic modulus, water repulsion and temperature susceptibility of the mix
improves in a manner that the life ofthe pavement increases without any deterioration
in the serviceability of the pavement.
29
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
properties are correlated. A lOO-pen bitumen from Kuwait was modified with crumb
rubber from truck tyres of 600 urn nominal maximum size at concentrations of 3% and
>
10% by weight of the bitumen. Data obtained from storage stability tests and extensive
particle swelling (growth in size) studies were used to assess and illustrate the
applicability and ability of the technique to obtain reproducible and clear images for
any combination of crumb rubber type, size, content, bitumen type, mixing time and
temperature.
Palit et al. (2004) conducted various tests on crumb rubber (CR) modified
bitumens. Crumb rubber obtained from discarded truck and bus tyres. The size of the
crumb rubber passing (ASTM) 30 sieve (0.6mm) was used for preparation of modified
bitumen. In the procedure ofpreparation, bitumen (80/100) was heated to atemperature
of 160°C before crumb rubber was added. The blend was mixed at low speed for about
5min. The mixture was heated to 175°C and agitated vigorously for about 40 min
using amechanical stirrer operated at 2,000 rpm. Blending temperature was maintained
between 175 and 180°C. Different percentages, 5%, 10% and 15% crumb rubber were
used. Modified binders found to be much higher penetration ratio and elastic recovery
than that of base bitumen. It shows higher flexibility of modified bitumen with CR at
low temperature. Fatigue behaviour ofcrumb rubber modified bitumen was found to be
significantly improved compared to normal bitumen. Crumb rubber modified binders
showed lower temperature susceptibility. The physical properties of Crumb Rubber
Binders are shown in Table 2.8.
30
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Table 2.8. Physical Properties ofCrumb Rubber Binders (Palit et al., 2004)
Property of binder
Parameter measured
80/100 30CR5 30CR10 30CR15
30CR5 refers to crumb rubbei•passing AS' 'M30 sieve wit 15% by weight of bitumen.
Shukla et al. (1981) reported that a considerable amount of bitumen saving may
be affected by substitution of sulphur. Poorly graded aggregate was used with sulphur-
bituminous binders and it indicated that 30-40 per cent sulphur by weight may be
where the available aggregate was only sand, and transportation was expensive (Rao et
A al., 1981).
The sulphur modified mixes have a lower temperature susceptibility and better
resistance to permanent deformation. These mixes have substantially higher fatigue life
(Jimenez etal, 1981; Kennepohl etal., 1982, and Mahoney etal., 1982).
Akili et al. (1983) observed a moderate increase in stability as compared to
control materials without adverse effects of reduced flexibility by adding 30 to 40 per
cent sulphur. Marshall design data of mixes containing upto 30 per cent sulphur by
weight were almost similar to control mixes. The mixes were become considerably
stiffer above 40 per cent sulphur and the higher the sulphur content, the greater the
31
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
Madugula (1984) reported that sulphur can be used to replace bitumen either
partially or wholly to improve the qualities of the resulting mix, to conserve bitumen >
and to enable use of flow quality aggregates. He mentioned that the odour of sulphur
was not objectionable and sulphur fumes did not pose any health hazard to workers
during construction.
There is no time difference between stress and strain for short time or elastic
behaviour; and <D =0 and |G| is independent of frequency. Long-time response
corresponds with viscous flow, in which case there is aphase lag of aquarter periods
between stress and strain. It can be shown that the dynamic modulus is proportional to
the circular frequency co, which is 2% times the frequency. Hence, for sufficiently low
values of co, there is viscous flow and
33
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
King et al. (1992) investigated the influence of asphalt grades and polymer
concentration on the high temperature performance of polymer modified asphalt. Four
grades of bitumens (40/50, 60/70, 80/100 and 180/200) were used and modified with
different percentages of SBS. A computer controlled Bohlin VOR dynamic mechanical
analyzer was used to study the effects of stress, frequency, and relaxation time on the
viscous and elastic components of the binder's complex viscosity at 30°C and 60°C.
The effects of asphalt grade and polymer concentration on the stiffness parameters G*,
G', and G", and the loss tangent, tan 8 were evaluated.
asphalt concrete mixtures to the behaviour of asphalt concrete mixtures modified with
polyethylene. The rutting resistances of mixtures at 40°C and 60°C using repeated-load
permanent-deformation test were evaluated. Their results showed that the polyethylene
the permanent deformation of the asphalt concrete mixture under repeated loads.
Rutting criterion indicated that polyethylene modified mixtures are able to resist rutting
better than conventional materials. It indicated that modified mixtures have 75-85%
with rubber (from used tires) at different percentages (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) by using
(RMS 800). The linear viscoelastic functions (dynamic viscosity and storage modulus)
of asphalt cement modified with different amounts of rubber were investigated in small
34
Chapter 2: LiteratureReview
amplitude oscillatory shear flow. Both dynamic viscosity and storage modulus
increased by increasing the amount of rubber in asphalt cement. Dynamic viscosity is a
decreasing function of frequency, while storage modulus is an increasing function of
frequency. The results indicate that the elastic behaviour of asphalt cement modified
with 10% rubber is approximately two times larger than that of asphalt cement
modified with 7.5% rubber, but there is only a small difference in the elasticity of
asphalt cement modified with 5% and 7.5% rubber.
Chaala et al., (1996) investigated the rheological properties of bitumen modified
with pyrolytic carbon black (CBp) at concentrations ranging from 5to 30% by weight
ofbitumen. The fundamental rheological properties ofstandard and modified bitumens
as well as their classical characteristics were determined. The parallel plate
configuration was used in dynamic mode for the study. The gap between the plates was
fixed at 1.4 mm and tested at temperatures of0, 30, 45 and 60°C. Dynamic mechanical
properties of the unmodified and CBp-modified bitumens were obtained in the linear
viscoelastic region. They reported that the addition of pyrolytic carbon black in
amounts of5to 30 %ofthe binder changes the rheological properties ofthe blend. The
>
temperature susceptibility of the bitumen was reduced and the loss modulus, G' and the
storage modulus, G" increased significantly for the mixture with 30% of CBp, mainly
in the high frequency region. The results indicated that pyrolytic carbon black can be
used as a filler to reduce the influence of temperature on physical response
35
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
sweep were performed at temperatures ranging from 5to 75°C and frequencies between
0.063 and 188.496 rad/sec. It was observed that there are significant changes in the
rad/sec, at fixed strain amplitude and at temperatures. The temperature sweep was
can be observed over a wide frequency range from this figure. A small difference in the
frequency dependence of the phase angle of the base bitumens was also observed with
marked differences among the modified binders with a sufficiently high polymer
content of 6%. It was found that the addition of the SBS polymers increased the binder
elasticity at high temperatures and improved the binder flexibility at low temperature.
Further, it was reported that the modified binders produced from bitumens of the same
penetration grade may differ substantially in their rheological properties. A significant
improvement in the rheological characteristics was observed when the SBS content was
were not directly proportional to the polymer content. The degree of modification with
respect to the binder rheology varied with temperature and frequency, and was
dependent on the bitumen source, grade and the polymer concentration and structure.
36
Chapter2: Literature Review
..*.>BKunwnA -•••-MutwrnB
..©.-B»um«nC ••*»•• Bitumen 0
..♦■•BltunwnE —*—PMB-ALB
20 + —•—PMB-Bt-6 -O— PMB-CL6
-H-PMB-DLB -♦-PMB-Ele
- <*- • PMB-AU —*— PMB-AB8
10
• ' • ' • I
1.ME+0Z
l.OOE-Ol J.0OE+OO l***01
Frequency (f»d/»l
>
Figure 2.1. Phase angle and frequency for base and SBS modified bitumens at
60°C (Lu and Isacsson, 1997)
37
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
Airey and Brown (1998) investigated the rheological changes associated with
short term and long term laboratory ageing of various unmodified, penetration grade,
bitumens and PMB's using conventional binder tests, chemical property tests and using >
Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). They selected three bitumens (Middle East, 80/100
pen, Russian, 80 pen and Venezuelan, 70/100 pen) from different crude sources with
different chemical compositions but with similar consistencies for the production of
various polymers modified bitumens (PMB's).The base bitumens were blended with
38
Chapter 2: Literature Review
reaction associated with the melting of the EVA copolymers after RTFOT and PAV
ageing. The rheological changes associated with ageing for the SBS modified PMB's
can be linked to a breakdown of the molecular structure of the SBS copolymer to form
Partal et al., (1999) studied the characterization of the linear viscoelastic and
temperature range of 5°C to 50°C. Stress sweep tests were carried out at a frequency of
6.28 rad/sec for determining the linear viscoelastic region in oscillatory shear.
Frequency sweep test performed from 0.01 to 100 rad/sec at a shear stress value within
the linear viscoelastic range. It was reported that both types of materials (synthetic
behaviour in the temperature range from 5 to 50°C, although synthetic binders are
elastoplastic properties of asphalt mixtures at four test temperatures. It was found from
the tests that all of the parameters of the given mechanical models are highly
temperature dependent. Test results and parametric studies also show that viscous
response of an asphalt mixture to the load will become much stronger at higher
temperature.
unmodified binders and modified with EVA and SBS by using bending beam
comparison of the pavement thermal stress computed from the binder stiffness data
generated from the bending beam rheometer (BBR) with the binder strength data
measured using the direct tension test (DTT). The data covered awide span ofcracking
temperatures from -17 to -35°C. It was reported that the temperature range where
cracking occurred in the field was between -30.2 and -33°C.
Airey (2002) evaluated the rheological properties of nine plastomeric EVA
polymer modified bitumens (PMBs) produced by laboratory mixing bitumen from three
sources with an EVA copolymer at three polymer contents (3, 5 and 7% by weight of
bitumen). The rheological properties of the binders were measured in terms of their
complex modulus (stiffness and overall resistance to deformation), G*; storage
modulus (binder elasticity), G; and phase angle (viscoelastic balance of rheological
behaviour), 5. The rheological properties of bitumens are improved by means of EVA
different frequencies (0.02 and 1 Hz) for base and EVA modified Bitumen A (Middle
East) and B (Venezuela) has shown in Figures 2.2 and 2.3. Both bitumen groups
are limited at low temperatures. The polymeric type modification for Bitumen B
compared to the filler type modification ofBitumen Awas more noticeable atthe lower
frequency of 0.02 Hz than at the higher frequency of 1 Hz. This is due to the lower
stiffness of the base bitumen at 0.02 Hz allowing the polymer (elastic) network to
40
Chapter2: Literature Review
ra+07
-•-Bitumen A -*-PMB-AE3
1B+06
•+-PMB-AB5 •'-PMB.ABT
2
^1B*0S
1B+M
1 1B+03
IB+fll
1B+00
10 10 30 40 30 60 70 10
Temperature (C)
1E+07
-•-Bitumen B "•'PMB-BE3
1B+0C
—PMB-BBS —-PMB-BE7
|&1E+05
SlE+M Plateau Zone
-IE+03
H lB-tOi
IE-HU
1E+00 -*- + +
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 SO
Temperature (C)
Figure 2.2. Complex modulus and temperature at 0.02 Hz for base and EVA
modified Bitumens A and B (Airey, 2002)
41
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
IE+08 y
-•"Bitunwn A -0-PMB-AB3
^ ie*i«'
IE+07
•+-PMB-AE3 -—PMB.AE7
^l&KK
I 1B+0S
i M 1E+04
1E+03
1E+02
IB+01
10 20 30 40 30 60 70 SO
Temperature (C)
1B-HJJ
-•-Bitumen B ••'PMB-BE3
1E-HW
••-PMB-BE5 -»-PMB-BE7
g ^
1
1B+05 ^^ter
I
I
IE-KX ^^^^
^^^^^t^
a ib+oj
a
U
1B+02
IB-tOl l i t !
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 SO
Temperature ifC)
(PMB-AE3, BE3 refers to Bitumen A and B with 3% SBS)
Figure 2.3. Complex modulus and temperature at 1 Hz for base and EVA
modified Bitumens A and B (Airey, 2002).
42
Chapter 2: Literature Review
was evaluated using the criterion adopted by the superpave specification parameter,
G*sin 8. It was found that SEBS improves the binder rutting resistance more than SBS.
However, SBS was found more effective in improving the binder fatigue resistance at
intermediate temperatures.
Kim etal. (2003) investigated the effect ofthe processes on fatigue fracture and
fracture healing during controlled-strain, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) testing.
They tested sand asphalt samples fabricated with two SHRP-classified binders: AAD-1
and AAM-1 at 25°C and at 10Hz. Mechanical strength and resistance to increasing
strain were investigated by conducting the dynamic strain sweep tests beginning at a
relatively high strain, 0.04%. Testing was continued until sample failure and maximum
43
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
shear stress was recorded at approximately 0.7-0.8% strain, while the peak phase angle
was measured at approximately 1.0% strain. AAM-1 showed much higher maximum
shearstress than AAD-1, which demonstrated that AAM-1 was stifferthan AAD-1.
from paraffic (Russian) and naphthenic (non-paraffic) (Venezuelan) crude sources were
used to produce a number of laboratory blended, block copolymer SBS PMBs. All the
PMBs were prepared with a Silverson high shear laboratory mill at temperatures
between 170°C and 185°C until steady state conditions were achieved. The rheological
75°C and at frequency of 0.02 and 1 Hz in Tables 2.9a and 2.9b. There are significant
differences in the modification indices of G* between the two bitumen groups and
these differences are more pronounced at higher polymer contents, higher temperatures
(75°C) and lower frequencies of 0.02 Hz. The group A PMBs have lower phase angles;
it indicated greater elastic, less viscous response as compared to the Bitumen B PMBs
44
Chapter 2: Literature Review
45
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
The results indicated that the degree of SBS modification was a function of
elastic network which increased the viscosity, complex modulus and elastic response of
Lundstrom et al. (2004) described the failure criterion for asphalt concrete
mixtures containing different penetration grade bitumens at 0, 10, and 20°C using
at failure is related to mixture stiffness, where stiff materials (low temperature and/or
mixtures containing low pen grade binder) show comparatively small decrease.
Statistical approach based on fatigue tests carried out at different temperatures was
discussed the advantage of such a failure criterion compared to the classical failure
Kim and Little (2004) characterized the linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt
cement with filler that is smaller than 75 urn in size and asphalt mastic using dynamic
to assess the effect of two fillers, limestone and hydrated lime, on the performance of
the asphalt mastic. The micromechanical models showed good agreement with testing
data at low particle volume concentration and rheological model predicted the
modified with virgin and recycled EVA copolymers, related to practical viscoelastic
46
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Airey et al. (2004) investigated the linearity limits of various unmodified and
modified bituminous binders using dynamic shear rheometer. The range of linear
4
behaviour was analyzed for the different binders modified with EVA and SBS,
40°C (8mm spindle geometry), 60 and 70°C (25mm geometry) and frequencies, 0.1, 1,
5, and 10 Hz. The linearity results for the unmodified 50 penetration grade bitumen and
radial SBS PMB have shown a general decrease in the binder strain limit as a function
of increasing complex modulus, G* and there is an upper maximum strain limit for the
microstrain (i.e., 100% strain). This upper binder strain dependent linear criterion can
be attributed directly to the dominant elastomeric polymer network of the SBS, PMB at
high temperatures (low frequencies). In addition to the polymer dominant binder strain
criterion, both binders in their unaged and aged conditions display some evidence of a
plateauing of the strain limit at high complex modulus, G* value (low temperatures/
high frequencies). The rheological properties of the binders after RTFOT short term
clearly showed by this master curves. The rheological behaviour of asphalt mixtures
incorporating a range of unmodified and modified (both polymer and process modified)
v aged binders. However, the extra stiffening effect of the aggregate skeleton increased
the elastic response of the asphalt mixtures relative to that of the binders particularly at
47
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
Abbas et al. (2004) described the viscoelastic behaviour of the binder through
mechanistic models fitted to rheological data obtained at different strain levels. They
relationship between the dynamic axial modulus E* and the dynamic shear modulus G*
of asphalt concretes.
parameters from thermal strain restrained specimen tensile (TSRST) strength tests were
compared with those predicted using the VEPCD model, the viscoelastic continuum
damage model, and the linear viscoelastic model. The comparison confirmed: (i) the
ability of the VEPCD model to accurately characterize the tensile behaviour of asphalt
concrete under thermally induced loading; and (ii) a decrease in accuracy as the
dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR), differential scanning
calorimeter (DSC) and force ductilometer (FD). Bending beam rheometer was used to
carried out creep tests in the temperature range -20 and -25°C. Rheological
(Rheometrics, RDA 11) and carried out in the temperature range of -30 to 80°C using
parallel plates with 8 mm diameter and gap of 1.5 mm. They found that magnitude and
48
Chapter 2: LiteratureReview
type of effect on bitumen rheology depend on the bitumen itself as well as type and
amount of additive used. It showed positive effects on the rheological behaviour at low
A,
Morales et al., (2006) studied the benefit of the waste polymers (EVA,
EVA/LDPE blend and crumb tyre) addition on the bitumen performance and evaluated
controlling their physical and chemical properties to fit them as well as possible for
their function in road construction. Bitumen has usually been described as mixtures of
hydrocarbon of a very wide range of molecular weights. The molecular weight range
for petroleum bitumens lies between 400 and 5000 or more (HMSO, 1962). Bitumen is
a petroleum product obtained by the distillation of petroleum crude, found in gaseous,
liquid, semisolid or solid form. Crude petroleum obtained from different places is quite
petroleums may widely differ depending on the source. The bitumen from different
49
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
asphalts and related the chemical composition of asphalt to its stress deformation
character. They worked in three phases, (a) determining the asphaltene content
(b) recovering the asphaltenes and maltenes and recombining them to obtain synthetic
asphalts of 0%, 10%, 18.5% and 25% asphaltene and (c) determining the stress-strain
relationship of the synthetic asphalts at various temperatures, using the sliding plate
microviscometer. It was observed that the microviscometer gives a good curve of the
rate of shear versus shear stress except at high and low viscosity values. At the high
values it was difficult to obtain a smooth plot of the micrometer readings versus time.
behaviour to ensure that formulations for asphaltic binders are adapted to road traffic
requirements.
Corbett and Schweyer (1981) showed that bitumens have different rheological
properties because of crude source, the inherent nature of each component fraction
varies in rheology and changes in composition occur with ageing. They indicated that
the age hardening was the result of a change in the asphalt binder composition in which
Dukatz et al. (1984) also investigated the relationship between asphalt flow
properties and asphalt composition. The asphaltene-meltene model can explain the flow
behaviour of asphalt from single source; the model is not valid when asphalts from
G,rsl-M 50
Chapter 2: Literature Review
multiple sources are included in the same model. Therefore, various measures of
component functionality were introduced into the asphaltene/meltene model in order to
evaluate the importance ofthese measures in the relationship between composition and
flow. The viscosity, penetration, and dynamic rheological properties of the asphalts
were characterized over a wide range of temperature. They evaluated the functional
relationships between flow properties and (i) fractional composition, (ii) maltene
viscosity, and (iii) measures of component functionality to determine the relative
importance ofeach ofthese factors indefining the flow properties.
Brule et al. (1988) studied the relationship between the composition, the
structure and the rheological and practical properties of binders modified by the
incorporation of styrene-betadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymers. They found that
the material conditions of blend preparation have an important impact on the structure
and properties of modified binders: the longer the agitation time, the finer the
microstructure. There is however a threshold beyond which polymer degradation leads
deformation possibilities. The higher the temperature, the more rapidly threshold
reaches.
chemical nature of the maltenes are the two principal compositional aspects that have
51
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
Lu and Isacsson (2002) studied the effect of ageing on bitumen chemistry and
rheology of various bitumen grades from different sources. The relationship between
thin film oven tests (TFOT) and rolling thin film test (RTFOT) were also investigated.
They used TFOT (ASTM D 1754) and RTFOT (ASTM D 2872) for ageing the
bitumens. Standardised conditions, i.e., 163°C and 75 min for RTFOT, and 163°C and
5 hr for TFOT, were used. They evaluated their rheological properties of the aged
bitumens. The results have shown that the complex modulus (G*), storage modulus
(G') and the loss modulus (G") and the phase angle (8) decrease with ageing. The
complex modulus and phase angle before and after ageing of bitumen at two different
between production and construction. In Texas, the binder was tested immediately after
binder production, although the goal of quality assurance (QA) is to ensure that the
binder specified is used during construction. Between production and construction, the
material is stored and transferred multiple times before it reaches the construction site
or hot mix asphalt (HMA) plant. The binder properties may change due to many factors
and these changes may have a negative impact on performance. To evaluate which
factors are detrimental, a laboratory testing program was conducted to simulate the
dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) performance parameter G*/sin8 after rolling thin film
oven (RTFO) ageing.
52
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Table 2.10. Complex modulus and phase angle at 10 rad/sec and two different
temperatures (Lu and Isacsson, 2002)
*
53
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
method for representing changes in asphalt properties during pavement ageing in the
field. The logistic function allowed quantifying two essential characteristics of asphalt
ageing: the rate of ageing and the ultimate degree of change in asphalt properties due to
ageing. Therefore, it was believed that the logistic equation is a potentially powerful
tool for studying asphalt ageing, because it provides a method for consolidating ageing
and modified with polymers (EVA, SBS) using fundamental and recognized
modulus, G*, and the phase angle, 8 were evaluated by dynamic shear rheometer. The
bitumens in terms of the Cantabro test. They have shown the correlation between the
rheological properties of the binders in terms of G* and 8 and the Cantabro test results
Newtonian flow, viscoelastic and plastic flow are in common use, but often are
these tests are limited as a measure of asphalts wide spectrum of rheological behaviour
54
Chapter 2: Literature Review
when it is subjected to the influences of time, temperature, and shear (Griffith and
Puzinauskas, 1963). The viscosity of 63 asphalts binders at different temperatures was
summarized, and the viscosity-temperature relationship was established and also the
viscosity characteristics with results of empirical tests were compared. The viscosity-
temperature susceptibility (VTS) method of binder temperature susceptibility
classification for a number of years has been used (Griffith and Puzinauskas, 1963;
Puzinauskas, 1967).
55
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
susceptibility of bitumen 60/70 in the temperature range of 60° -100°C is 0.0226 which
Jain and Sangita, (1991) studied the physical properties, namely, penetration at
temperature susceptibility and viscosity were evaluated from different sources of India.
The viscosity was measured at 60°C and 135°C. It indicated that viscosity values of
waxy bitumens are low at 135°C and 60°C. The extremes of stiffness occur at high
temperature with short loading time and at low temperature with long loading time. In
view of higher tyre pressure of aircraft, a stiffer mix is required to prevent deformation
at low as well as high temperature. The values of viscosities for different critical
Table 2.11. Critical Viscosity and Temperature (Jain and Sangita, 1991).
56
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Jain et al., (1996) investigated that the effect of additives like alkaloid, protieds,
starch and other natural occurring substances on the properties of bitumen. They
evaluated the susceptibility of bituminous substance by various methods. It has been
observed that substances having low susceptibility to temperature changes possess a
high degree of plasticity, elasticity and thixotropy. Following methods for evaluating
the temperature indices were used.
Viscosity-penetration-temperature (VPT)
(a) VPT =1/100 (Saybolt Flurol Vise, at 275°F - Pen. at 77°F, at 100g., 5sec. (2.2)
High value indicate low temperature susceptibility
Softening-point-penetration-temperature-indices (SPT)
The above formulae are based on the assumption that the penetration of all
asphalts at their softening points is approximately 800. Low values of SPT or PTS
indicate low temperature susceptibility.
57
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
Penetration-indices (PI)
f 30 >
P.I.= -10 (2.6)
(1 + 90 PTS) )
Mexican asphalt gives a P.I. of zero and P.I. of other bitumens varies between
58
Chapter2: Literature Review
GTS'a VTS*b
1 rad s-' 10 rad s"1 1 rad s-1 10 rad s"1 1 rad s"1 10 rad s'1 1 rad s"1 10 rad s"1
59
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
different temperatures by using Saybolt (Furol) test. It was investigated for the
variation of penetration with temperature for base bitumen and the binders containing
2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 per cent polyethylene. It has been indicated that the temperature
susceptibility decreases from neat bitumen to binder containing 7.5 per cent
polyethylene and thereafter remains constant. However, it was found that the binder
Asphalt mixtures containing the binders with lower temperature susceptibility should
be more resistant to cracking and rutting at low and high temperatures, respectively.
measurements made at two different temperatures. Two classical methods are the
Penetration Index, PI, and Penetration Viscosity Number, PVN and lower values
It was mentioned that theses methods are valid for unmodified bitumens as
penetration and softening point are empirical tests. In dynamic mechanical analysis
(VTS) and A (intercept). This method used to predict the parameters for a binder based
on conventional test results, would allow the practising engineer to derive the VTS and
60
Chapter2: Literature Review
Aparameter given any combination ofpenetration and viscosity tests for the respective
binder. A simple formulation was used for evaluating the viscosity temperature
VTS = log[log(%2)]-log[log(%i)3 (2 7)
log(T2)-log(T,)
r|T and r\T = viscosity ofthe binder at the same two points
The larger the magnitude of the VTS value is found to be, the more susceptible
degree of modifications and type of additives and modification process used. Full scale
performance studies carried out under the aegis of Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways, Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi; Highway Research Station,
Vadodara; and Kerala Public works Department revealed that the use of modified
McQuillen et al., (1988) showed that the rubber modified bituminous mix is
more cost effective than a conventional mix. Their results indicated that the rubber
modified mixes have life in the range of 20 to 30 years when compared with 15 years
Shukla et al., (1991) found that by addition of 2 per cent rubber, the cost of
61
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
construction is increased by about 20 per cent. But when one compares the construction
plus maintenancecost, there is practically very little difference. It was indicated that the
Fwa and Sinha (1991) examined the need to consider the level of pavement
Jagajothi et al., (1999) also reported the increase in service life of the
bituminous pavements due to the addition of rubber. The roads surfaced with
rubberized bitumen provide at least 50 per cent more service life than normal bitumen
roads. There was absence of reliable data on cost advantage on the use of rubberized
bitumen in relation to quality. However, it was estimated that the cost of rubber
62
CHAPTER-3
3.0 GENERAL
specified conditions ofloading and time, in tenths ofa millimeter. The softening point
is the temperature at which the consistency ofthe binder is such that a steel ball placed
on a disk of binder in a brass ring will cause a certain deformation of the disk under
In 1987, the United States Congress provided $ 150 million over five years for
the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) in highway research efforts.
63
Chapter 3 : Rheological Characterization and Evaluation of Bituminous Binders
Pavement failures are usually attributed to deficiencies in the bituminous binder. The
failures and $50 million was funded on research effort to develop improved bituminous
binder and binder specifications. Planning for this highly focused research began in
1983 and was developed under the leadership and guidance of the American
(FHWA) (Kennedy et al., 1993). The Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP)
developed the performance related specifications for bituminous binder. The test
methods and specification criteria that will form the basis for these specifications are
being developed within the SHRP Asphalt Research Program as part of Project A-
002A, "Binder Characterization and Evaluation." The development based upon the
premise that the current test methods and specification criteria are not sufficient to
ensure good long-term field performance (Anderson et al., 1991). The primary product
of the SHRP was a set of performance-related specifications for bituminous binders and
1993).
obtained at pavement temperatures representative of the upper, middle, and lower range
were used with a linear viscoelastic mastercurve to predict rheological model for the
bituminous binder. The influence of the polymer modification, especially at the levels
64
Chapter 3: Rheological Characterization and Evaluation ofBituminous Binders
required for some of the extended temperature range binders, is sufficient to
significantly alter the shape of the mastercurve from that of plain binder, invalidating
the simple hyperbolic like shape assumed in the models (Anderson and Kennedy,
1993). Linear viscoelastic properties as influenced by time of loading and temperature
must be characterized in order to develop a performance-based binder specification.
The specification (Table 3.1) based on binder stiffness of both unaged and aged
bitumen measured at a specific combination of load duration and temperature. Thus,
asphalt binder grades are specified primarily with respect to pavement temperature and
selected temperature, related to the environment in which asphalt binder must serve
(Kennedy etal., 1993).
The average seven day maximum pavement design temperature is the average
ofthe highest daily pavement temperatures for seven hottest consecutive days in a year
and the lowest pavement temperature is the coldest temperature ofthe year.
The asphalt binder specification uses the designation PG x-y
65
Chapter 3 : Rheological Characterization and Evaluation of Bituminous Binders
ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN (T24D) OR THIN FILM OVEN RESIDUE (T179)
Man Lou, Maximum, percent 1.00
Dynamic Shear, TP5:
(4
GVslaJ, Minimum, 2.20 kPa 44 52 ft
Teat Temp O 10 rad/s, *C
•Pavement temperature, are eatimated from air temperatures using an algorithm contained In the SUPERPAVE software program, may be provided by the
specifying agency, or by following the procedures u outlined In PPX.
' This requirement may be waived at the discretion or the iperifymjageac^lftheiiipjUerwema^
mixed altemperatures that mm all applicable safety standards.
•For quality control of unmodified asphalt cement production, measurement of the viscosity of the original asphalt cement may be substituted for dynamic
*ear measurements of GViuvl at teat temperatures where the asphalt Is aNewtonian fluid. Any suitable standard means of viscosity measurement may
be used, including capillary orrotational viscometry (AASHTO T20I orT202).
•The PAV aging temperature Ubated on simulated citaulk raodhkws and is one ofthree temperatures WC, 100"C or 110*C. The PAV aging temperature
is 100"C for PG 51- and above, except Indesert climates, where It Is HOT,
• Physical Hardening _ TP1 isperfarmed en aact ofasphalt bennuacc»idia|t«S«c1»al3.1,e«emtbe
at lire above the minimum performance temperature. The 24-bour stUTness and m-nhie are reported for Information purposes only.
'If the creep stiffness is below 300 MPa, the direct tension teat Unet required. If the creep stlffae*. is between 300 and 400 MPa the direct tension failure
strain requirement can be used In lira ofthe creep stiffness requirement. The m-value requirement mutt be satisfied inboth cases.
66
Chapter 3:Rheological Characterization and Evaluation of Bituminous Binders
PG70- PG76- pg sa
PERFORMANCE GRADE 10 | 16 | 22 | 28 | 34 | 40 10 | 16 | 22 | 28 | 34 il 16 | 22 | 28 | 34
<70 <76 <82
Average7-day Maximum
Pavement Design Temp, *Ck
Minimum Pavement Design >-34 >-40 >-IO > 16 >-22 >-2l >-34 >-10 >-16 >-22 >-2« >-34
>-10 >-16 >-22 >-28
Temperature, *Ck
ORIGINAL BINDER
Flash PetalTemp, T*S: Minimum *C
Viscosity, ASTMD4*»lf
135
Maximum, 3 Pa's, Test Temp, 'C
Dynamic Shear,ITS:' n
70 74
C'/stoi, Minimtim, 1.00 kPa
Test Temp O 10 rad/s, *C
ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN (T240) OR THIN film OVEN (T17») RESIDUE
Mass Lots, Maximum, percent
DynamicShear, TP5: 42
70 74
C'/sbtf, Minimum, 2JO kPa
Test Temp O 10 rad/s. 'C
67
Chapter 3 : Rheological Characterization and Evaluation of Bituminous Binders
In Superpave, three performance based test methods are used to grade the
asphalt binders and are the primary basis ofthe specification. These methods utilize the
following equipments which can test both modified and unmodified bituminous
binders.
68
Chapter 3:Rheological Characterization and Evaluation of Bituminous Binders
3.3 DISTRESS MODES
The distress modes is of concern in the field drive in the development of the
new specification test methods, rather than selecting a set of tests and forcing them to
fit the distress modes decided by the SHRP A-002A research team. Therefore, the
approach used by the research team was first to identify the distress modes of
predominant concern. Several distress modes of importance to hot-mix asphalt
pavements identified by researcher and practitioners. From these, the followings for
consideration have beenselected in the SHRP A-002A project.
• Thermal fatigue
• Premature ageing
• Moisture damage
Ofthese distress modes, the first four could be effectively addressed in a binder
69
Chapter 3 : Rheological Characterization and Evaluation ofBituminous Binders
deformation in the mixture that results from the repeated application of traffic loading.
and mixture properties, the properties of the binder are also important. This is
particularly true for polymer-modified bitumens, which are claimed to enhance the
(TFO) or rolling thin-film oven (RTFO) test residue to the extent that it best represents
the asphalt properties early in the life of the pavement. Based on these observations, a
measurement of the nonrecoverable deformation of the bitumen at the upper service
temperatures and for loading rates commensurate with traffic loading was established
as critical to specifying the bitumen with respect to rutting resistance. Therefore, the
viscous component of the stiffness at 0.1 second loading time as the critical
specification criterion for rutting resistance was recommended. The 0.1 second loading
time was chosen as being representative of the loading time within the pavement that
results from a pass of truck tyre traveling at 80 km/hr. With sinusoidal loading, 0.1
second corresponds to 10 rad/sec (1.59 Hz).
The viscous component ofthe stiffness was adopted initially as the specification
parameter for rutting. Correlation of the viscous component of the stiffness with
mixture data showed that it did not give sufficient weight to the elastic portion of the
70
Chapter 3:Rheological Characterization and Evaluation of Bituminous Binders
response, and consequently the loss compliance, 1/j", was adopted as the specification
criteria for rutting. The loss compliance is equal to the complex modulus divided by the
sine of the phase angle: J" = GVsin 8. The ranking is based on temperature at which
G*/sin 5 is equal to 1 and 2 kPa for tank and aged bituminous binder, respectively
(SHRP-A-367).
fracture properties of the binder (Anderson et al., 1991). The temperature at which
cracking occurs is referred to as the limiting stiffness temperature. The limiting
stiffness temperature is simply the pavement temperature at which a certain stiffness
value is reached after a specified loading time. Researchers have chosen different
combinations of stiffness and loading time to specify the limiting stiffness temperature,
it was chosen 300 MPa obtained after a loading time of 2 hours for SUPERPAVE
master curve should also influence the magnitude of the thermal shrinkage stresses that
develop during cooling. Hence, the value of the slope of the creep compliance
71
Chapter 3:Rheological Characterization and Evaluation of Bituminous Binders
mastercurve was also included in the binder specification (Equation 3.1):
The m value provides control of the shape ofthe creep compliance or stiffness
mastercurve which is in turn related to the spectrum ofrelaxation times and rheological
type (Christensen and Anderson, 1992).
The researchers observed that additing polymers can significantly affect the
low-temperature strain and energy to failure without affecting the rheological
properties. Thus, it was concluded that strain tolerance and stiffness is considered with
minimum pavement service temperature was selected as one ofthe specification criteria
to ensure that the pavement will not transcend into the brittle region within its service
temperature regime. The transition occurs at approximately 1.0 percent strain to failure
and occurs rather rapidly as the temperature is lowered. The low-temperature
specification test temperature is the minimum pavement temperature plus 10°C (SHRP-
A-367).
A
72
Chapter 3:Rheological Characterization and Evaluation of Bituminous Binders
stiffer binders are more resistant to fatigue cracking (Anderson et al., 1991). The
fatigue properties of the asphalt and the crack propagation properties should be
included in the binder specification. However, these properties are considered to be
complex for use in the specification. Therefore, surrogate properties must be selected as
the specification criteria. The dissipated energy is avalid fatigue criterion and it can be
made relevant to both stress and strain controlled fatigue tests have shown by the A-
003A project researchers. The fatigue criterion was changed to reflect the energy
dissipated per load cycle and in adynamic shear test was appropriately calculated as G*
sin 5. The binder specification criterion for fatigue performance is the loss modulus (G"
A
= G* sin 8) at 10 rad/sec loading time and at a temperature equal to the average
pavement temperature in the location of interest. The value of the G* sin 8is limited to
a maximum of 3 MPa at the anticipated average annual pavement temperature (SHRP-
A-367).
It was found that the parameter G* sin 8 is not well related to the accumulation
of fatigue damage of mixtures as measured in a beam fatigue test, under strain
controlled conditions. It is believed that the parameter G* sin 8 is measured in the
linear viscoelastic range using small strains. There is a fundamental problem with this
approach because it is unlikely to be useful in representing the effect ofrepeated cyclic
loading and the changes in binder properties with accumulation of damage. Fatigue
behaviour showed the effect of modification on the non linear behaviour (Bahia et al.,
2001).
3.3.4 Ageing
process and during service. The Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT), ASTM D 1754 and the
Rolling Film Oven Test (RTFOT), ASTM D 2872 are the existing ageing methods. The
RTFOT test can be completed more rapidly than the TFOT test, the RTFOT test is
preferable for polymer modified binders, and there is less variability in RTFOT test
than for the TFOT test. Hence the RTFOT test was chosen in preference to the TFOT
test. If both the RTFOT and TFOT tests were retained in the SUPERPAVE asphalt
binder specification the net effect would have been to double the number of grades
because different asphalt cements and asphalt binders respond differently to the two
the engineering performance of any bituminous binder. The simplest test methods such
as uniaxial test and shear tests were used to characterize the stress-strain behaviour of
materials in the laboratory. Materials, for which the stress-strain behaviour is linear,
the elasic (Young's) modulus. Newtonian fluids, on the otherhand, can be characterized
through the coefficient of viscosity. Materials such as asphalt cement, which exhibit
aspects of both elastic and viscous behaviour, are called viscoelastic, and must be
characterized with test methods and analytical techniques that account for the time (or
74
Chapter 3:Rheological Characterization and Evaluation ofBituminous Binders
cases.
(a) Modulus ofelasticity, E, which is defined as the ratio ofthe tensile stress to the
strain:
E - o/e (3-2)
(b) Viscosity, r\, which is defined as the ratio ofthe shearing stress to the rate of
shear:
V
(3-3)
dy/dt
where,
E = modulus of elasticity
a = tensile stress
e = strain
t = shear stress
r\ = viscosity
dy/dt = rate of shear
75
Chapter 3 : Rheological Characterization and Evaluation of Bituminous Binders
the load is applied and will continue to deform at that rate until the load is removed, at
that point there is no further deflection or recovery. A viscoelastic material has both ^
elastic and viscous components of response. When loaded in creep, there is an
immediate deformation, corresponding to the elastic response, followed by a gradual
time-dependent deformation. This time-dependent deformation may further be divided
into a purely viscous component and delayed elastic component. In the case of viscous
flow, deformation is not recovered when the load is removed. However, the delayed
elastic deformation is recovered but not immediately as with purely elastic deformation.
The delayed elastic deformation is slowly recovered at a decreasing rate after the load
is removed.
76
Chapter 3: Rheological Characterization and Evaluation ofBituminous Binders
The description of elastic, viscous, and viscoelastic response is for a linear
response, i.e. the deformation at any time and temperature is directly proportional to the
applied load. Nonlinear response, especially for viscoelastic materials, is extremely
difficult to characterize in the laboratory and to model in practical engineering
y=12.0/(G*)0-29 (3-6)
x= 0.12(G*)0-71 (3-7)
G* = complex modulus
The strain level at which nonlinearity is obtained varies significantly with the
stiffness of the bituminous binder. The limit of linear viscoelastic behaviour was
defined as the point beyond which the measured value of G* decreased to 95 percent of
its zero strain value. It is determined by conducting a strain sweep, as shown in
Figure 3.1.
77
Chapter 3 : Rheological Characterization and Evaluation of Bituminous Binders
10
0.95 G*
_i i i 1-
0 20
Shear Strain, percent
Figure 3.1. Strain Sweep Used to determine Linear Region (Petersen et al., 1994).
78
Chapter 3: Rheological Characterization and Evaluation ofBituminous Binders
mathematically simple to allow direct engineering calculations. This model is presented
below asa series of equations for the primary dynamic viscoelastic functions.
For the complex modulus, the following mathematical function can be used:
R = rheological index
Equations 3.8 and 3.9 can be combined and algebraically manipulated to show
but not for data covering the region where tan 8 = 1 is not available or is impossible to
obtain with the test methods at hand. The glassy modulus can be assumed to be 1 GPa
equation is quite accurate within the region where the phase angle is between about 10°
and 70°, however, the best results are obtained near the crossover point, where 8 = 45°.
As viscous flow is approached at high temperatures and/or long loading times, this
model does not generate results consistent with measured values of complex modulus
or phase angle. It is suggested to deal with such anomalies is to calculate a second set
79
Chapter 3:Rheological Characterization and Evaluation ofBituminous Binders
of parameter values for the secondary region in which R can be assumed to be 0.81.
5v =90(l+(r,sscoc/Gg),og2/(R-08,) (3.H)
where,
R = rheological index.
The equation 3.11 described that the value of Gg/coc must be equal to or less
than the value ofthe steady state viscosity, x\ss, which is always the case for unmodified
asphalt cements. If the value of these parameters is equal, it means that the same LVE
parameters apply throughout the entire region of behaviour. This phenomenon will
sometimes occur in asphalts having very high asphaltene contents. The value of8V can
be used in conjunction with the primary LVE parameters to estimate the appropriate
value for the viscous flow region.
Forestimating Ggv;
80
Chapter 3:Rheological Characterization and Evaluation ofBituminous Binders
where,
R = rheological index.
Two parameters, Ggv and cocv, can be used in conjunction with the standard
value of R in the viscous flow region (0.81) to generate all viscoelastic functions at
high temperatures or low frequencies. The primary set of parameters should be used
when the phase angle is below 8V, the secondary parameters (viscous flow), when the
phase angle is above 8V. The transition frequency, cov is calculated by the following
equation:
where,
R = rheological index.
When estimating the modulus or phase angle from the LVE parameters, it is
necessary to check whether the loading frequency is above or below cov. The primary
LVE parameters are used if the loading frequency is above cov. If the loading frequency
is below coy, the values for the viscous flow region are used.
for the master curve and for determining the secondary LVE parameters for the viscous
81
Chapter 3: Rheological Characterization and Evaluation of Bituminous Binders
It isthe ratio calculated by dividing the absolute value ofthe peak-to-peak shear
stress, x, by the absolute value of the peak-to-peak shear strain, y. A
Phase angle, §
Loss shear modulus is the complex shear modulus multiplied by the sine of the
phase angle expressed in degrees. It represents the component ofthe complex modulus
that is a measure of the energy lost (dissipated during a loading cycle).
82
Chapter 3:Rheological Characterization and Evaluation of Bituminous Binders
Storage shear modulus, G'
It is the complex shear modulus multiplied by the cosine of the phase angle
>
expressed in degrees. It represents the in-phase component ofthe complex modulus that
is a measure of the energy stored during a loading cycle.
Linear viscoelastic
with the stress. The stress resolved vectorially into two components, one in phase (real)
and an out of phase (imaginary) component. This process is described by the complex
where 8 is the phase angle. And complex modulus (G*) is given by the following
relationship:
G* = (G'2+G"2)1/2 (3-17)
where, G* is the ratio of peak stress to peak strain.
83
Chapter 3: Rheological Characterization and Evaluation ofBituminous Binders
The relationships among the complex, storage, and loss modulus and phase
G"
G*
From Figure 3.2, the storage and loss modulus can be calculated from the
complex modulus:
G* = G*cosS (3.18)
Storage modulus (G') is proportional to the stress in-phase with the strain and
provides elastic behaviour of the material, while loss modulus (G") is proportional to
the stress out-of-phase with the strain and is associated with viscous effects. Phase
angle (8) is the phase difference between the stress and strain in an oscillatory
deformation and it measures the viscoelastic nature of the material. A purely viscous
liquid indicated the phase angle of 90° and for perfectly elastic material, it is 0°
(Isacsson and Lu, 1999).
84
CHAPTER-4
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
4.0 GENERAL
empirically derived tests. However, in this chapter, an attempt has been made to explain
conventional and modified binders at high temperature has been studied using Dynamic
Shear Rheometer in this study. Various empirical tests have been conducted to describe
the physical properties of bituminous binders before and after ageing. The rheological
binder), loss modulus, G" (viscous behaviour), and phase angle, 8 (viscoelastic
properties). The rheological properties obtained from the DSR have been discussed in
4.1 MATERIALS
4.1.1 Bitumen
Two grades of bitumen, 60/70 and 80/100 supplied by the Mathura Refinery
were used for the present study. These bitumens are commonly used in India. The
physical properties of bitumens determined as per IS 73-1992 are given in Table 4.1.
85
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
Permissible Limits
Designation Test Results Test Method
as per IS 73:1992
Penetration at 25°C,100g,
63 60-70 IS:1203-1978
5sec, dmm
Permissible Limits
Designation Test Results Test Method
As per IS 73:1992
Penetration at 25°C,100g,
94 80-100 IS:1203-1978
5sec, dmm
86
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
4.1.2 Modifiers
Crumb rubber (CR) and two types of polymers, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
market. The material passing through 1.18 mm IS sieve and retained on 200 micron IS
4.1.2.2 Polymers
diameter containing 18% vinyl acetate supplied by Hyundai Petrochemical Co. Ltd.,
supplied by ATOFINA. Finaprene 503, a linear SBS polymer containing 31% styrene is
shown in Plate 3.
In preparing the modified binders, about 650 g of the bitumen was heated to
fluid condition in a 1.5 litre capacity metal container. The mixing was performed in the
laboratory using an oven fitted with a mechanical stirrer and rotated at 1550 rpm for
mixing the bitumen and modifiers. For preparation of crumb rubber blends, the bitumen
is heated to a temperature of 160°C before crumb rubber is added and the blend is
mixed manually for about 5 minutes. The mixing is performed using a mechanical
stirrer at a frequency of 2000 rpm in the temperature range of 175°C and 180°C for 40
minutes (Palit et al., 2001; 2004). Shukla and Jain, (1990) blended the bitumen with
87
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
crumb rubber at 160-170°C in a metal container and mixed it for one hour. In the
blending of bitumen and EVA, the mixture was vigorously agitated for about 20
*
minutes by using a mechanical stirrer rotating at 3,000 rpm in the temperature between
160°C and 170°C (Panda and Mazumdar). The temperature between 170°C and 185°C
was used for preparing the EVA modified binders (Airey, 2002; Airey and
Rahimzadeh, 2004; and Gonzalez et al., 2004). The mixing temperature and its duration
were taken as 170°C and one hour respectively, for preparing the SBS modified binders
(Bose and Jain, 1989). The SBS modified bitumens were prepared using a low shear
mixer (125 rpm) at 180°C. The mixing was continued at this temperature for 2 hours.
The SBS bitumen was removed from the container and divided into small containers.
The SBS modified bitumen was cooled to room temperature sealed with aluminum foil
and stored for testing (Lu and Isacsson, 1997; Lu et al., 1998).
The following different blends were prepared in this study.
(A) Crumb rubber-bitumen blends in the proportions of3:97, 5:95, 7:93, and
9:91
For the blending of crumb rubber with bitumen, bitumen was heated to a
temperature of 160°C and then crumb rubber was added. The blend was mixed y
manually for about 3-4 minutes. The mixture was then heated to 170°C and the whole
mass was stirred using a mechanical stirrer for about 50 minutes. Care was taken to
maintain the temperature between 160°C to 170°C.
88
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
L
Plate 1. Crumb Rubber after passing 1.18 mm IS sieve
and retained on 200 micron IS sieve
89
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
As the bitumen attained a temperature of 170°C, the different EVA polymer contents
by mass (3 to 9%) were added to the bitumen. The temperature was maintained
between 175°C to 180°C and mixing was then continued for 80-90 minutes depending
SBS copolymer was added. The temperature was maintained between 175°C to 180°C.
The contents were gradually stirred for about 55 minutes or more depending upon the
properties in this study. The test was conducted as per guidelines prescribed in
binders over a range of temperatures and loading times. During testing, a sinusoidal
shear stress is applied to a sample of bitumen sandwiched between two parallel plates.
frequency. Based on these stress and stain measurements, stiffness and viscosity can be
obtained at different temperatures, frequencies and strain levels for samples of bitumen.
90
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
The 25 mm plate was used for this testing and measurements were taken in temperature
range from 46°C to 82°C in an increment of 6°C. The 25 mm parallel plates have been
shown in Plate 4. All the binders were tested at afrequency of 10 rad/sec. to determine
the performance grade of the formulations. For specification purposes, sinusoidal
loading to the specimen at afrequency of 10 rad/sec (1.6 Hz) corresponds to atraffic
speed at 80km/h (50 mph).
It is used for specification purposes to measure the complex modulus and phase
angle of asphalt binders at intermediate to upper pavement service temperatures and a
frequency of 10 rad/sec where the complex modulus is approximately 10 MPa or larger.
It is applicable to bituminous binders that have dynamic shear modulus values from
100 Pa to 10 MPa and this ranges in modulus typically obtained at temperature between
5°C and 82°C.
Air Dryer: This is used for drying air, which is coming out from the air compressor.
Test Station: The test station is the single chassis comprising the SR 5Base system. It
houses the stress head, fluid bath and all support electronics as shown in Plate 6.
Environmental Controller: The environmental controller contains all support
electronics necessary to operate optional environmental control systems. The test
temperature iscontrolled by environmental controller.
91
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
92
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
93
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
• To stop the pump, press the pump switch to the off position
bitumen is sandwiched between two parallel plates, one is fixed and other oscillates. As
the plate oscillates, the centerline (point A) of the oscillating plate moves to point B.
From point B, the plate moves to point C and ultimately moves back to point A. The
movement of the centerline from point A to point A is called as one cycle. This cycle is
stress depends on the rate of loading and the temperature. In short time or elastic
behaviour, there is no time difference between stress and strain and in the case of
viscous material, there is long time response between stress and strain. Therefore, a
perfectly elastic material exhibit a phase angle equal to zero, while a viscous material
exhibit an angle of 90°. Thus an elastic material exhibit maximum shear stress and
maximum shear strain at the same time, while for a perfectly viscous material
maximum shear stress occur at the same time as minimum shear strain. Asphalt tend to
The principle of operation of DSR and the relationship between shear stress and shear
strain for elastic and viscous materials are shown in Figure 4.2.
94
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
Applied Stress
or Strain
Water Bath
Bitumen Oscillating
Plate
Fixed Plate
Time
1 cycle
95
Chapter4 : Experimental Programme
torque(T)
deflection angle(0) T = 2T/7CT3
y= 0r/h
G =Xmax/ Ymax
Figure a.
Elastic: 8 =0°
Tmax
Applied
Shear time
Stress
Resulting
Shear
Strain
Figure b.
Viscoelastic: 0<8<90°
Tmax
Applied
Shear Stress
Cj Tmax'Ymax
8= At/t x360°
Resulting
Shear Strain
time
Figure c
96
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
The surfaces of the test plates are carefully cleaned and dried so that the
specimen adheres to both plates uniformly and strongly. The chamber is brought to
approximately 45°C so that the plates are preheated prior to the mounting of the test
specimen. This provides sufficient heat so that the bituminous binder may be squeezed
between the plates from trimming and to ensure that the bituminous binder adheres to
the plate. The zero gap was set at all the test temperatures before pouring the binder on
the lower plate. The binder was heated between 130°C to 140°C to attain sufficient
fluidity for pouring ofsamples on the plate.
The removable plate is removed and while holding the sample container
approximately 15 mm above the test plate surface, the bituminous binder is poured at
the centre of the upper test plate continuously until it covers the entire plate except for
an approximate 2mm wide strip at the perimeter as shown in Plate 7. After waiting for
several minutes for the specimen to stiffen, the test plate is mounted in the rheometer
for testing. During the test, the lower plate is fixed and the upper plate is oscillated. The
upper plate is then lowered to produce a bitumen sample 1.05 mm in thickness,
sandwiched between the upper and lower plates ofthe rheometer. The excess bitumen
is then trimmed around the circumference of the plate by means of ablade. The upper
plate is then lowered afurther 0.05 mm so that the distance between the plates is 1mm
and the open edge of bitumen is slightly concave in profile as shown in Figure 4.3. The
two plates are submerged in a water bath to control the temperature of the specimen.
The water is maintained at the test temperature and the sample is pre conditioned for
about 10 minutes before conducting the test. The test is run and the rheological
parameters such as complex modulus and phase angle were calculated by the computer
97
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
software. After the test, control module was switched offand water was removed from
the water bath. The upper test plate was moved up to original position and the
±
temperature was brought down. The sample with plate was removed and plates were
cleaned and dried for the next test. Plate 8 and 9 shows plate fixing on Rheometer and
Figure 4.3. Sample shape after trimming and after final setting of gap
98
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
99
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
100
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
Parallel plate geometry is used for the specification testing because the
specification limit is 5.0 MPa. The stiffness value, GVsin 8, of the binder should be
greater than 2.2 kPa after the RTFOT at the maximum pavement design temperature. If
ageing does not occur during construction, this value, G*/sin 8 of the tank or original
unaged bitumen must be greaterthan 1 kPa at the same pavement temperature. G*sin 8
of the binder after the RTFOT and PAV ageing must be less than 5,000 kPa at the
Ageing or hardening of bituminous binder occurs during the mixing and during
service. Ageing of the binders was performed by two methods, Thin Film Oven test
(TFOT, ASTM D 1754) and Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT, ASTM D 2872),
respectively. The TFOT and RTFOT are used to simulate the hardening which bitumen
undergoes during mixing. In TFOT, the aluminum pans were heated to 160°C before
loading the sample. The samples are kept in an oven for about 15 minutes at 160°C.
According to the standardized procedures, the samples are aged at 163°C and 5hrs for
TFOT.
Pressure Ageing Vessel (PAV) which is used to simulate the physical and
chemical property changes that occur in bitumens as a result of long term is not
considered. In this study, the physical and rheological properties after ageing were
determined based on method of Thin Film Oven Test as per IS: 9382-1992.
101
Chapter4 : Experimental Programme
102
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
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103
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
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104
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
that a standard needle will penetrate vertically into a sample of the material under
standard conditions of temperature, load and time. Penetration test is the most
commonly adopted test on bitumen to grade the material in terms of its hardness. The
degree of softening under specified condition of test. The softening point of bitumen is
usually determined by Ring and Ball test. The tests were conducted as per IS: 1205-
1978
standard briquette can be elongated before the thread so formed breaks under the
thread after conditioning the specimen at specified temperature (15°C) and the
test specimen is cut into two halves at the mid point using scissors. Then the specimen
is kept in the water bath in an undisturbed condition for one hour. After one hour, the
elongated half of the test specimen backs into the position so that the two pieces of
105
Chapter4 : Experimental Programme
specimen just touch. The length of recombined specimen is recorded as X and the
flO-X
Elastic recovery (%) x 100 (4.1)
10
This method is standardized as per IRC: SP: 53-2002. The elastic recovery tests
were performed for the bitumen modified with CR, EVA and SBS at 15°C before
ageing (TFOT). However, elastic recovery values were obtained as per IRC
specification at 25°C after ageing. Elastic recovery test in progress for modified binder
is shown in Plate 10.
The above tests are used to characterize the properties of neat and modified
binders in the present study. The conventional test results of modified binder with
different percentage of CR, EVA and SBS are shown in Tables 4.2 to 4.10. The
Table 4.3 and 4.4. Similarly, EVA and SBS modified binders are shown in Tables 4.6,
4.7 and 4.9, 4.10 respectively.
106
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
107
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
60/70 + 5% CR 55 55 17.9 62
80/100 +7% CR 55 53 16 59
108
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
Table 4.3. Properties after Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) on Residue of 60/70
Bitumen modified with different percentage of Crumb Rubber (CR). >
Permissible
Percentage of Test
Designation Limits as per Test Method
Modifier Results
IS 15462:2004
3 0.11
5 0.09
Loss in Weight,
l,max IS: 9382-1982
%
7 0.1
9 0.13
>
3 2.2 5, max
Increase in
5 3.0
Softening Point, IS: 1205-1978
°C 7 1.5 -
9 1.2 6, max
3 29.8
Reduction in
Penetration of 5 34.5
40, max IS: 1203-1978
Residue at
7 37.0
25°C, %
9 37.2
3 38
Elastic IRC:SP:53-
5 51
Recovery at 35, min 2002
25°C, % 7 56
9 65
...
109
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
4 Table 4.4. Properties after Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) on Residue of 80/100
Bitumen modified with different percentage of Crumb Rubber (CR).
Permissible
Percentage of Test
Designation Limits as per Test Method
Modifier Results
IS 15462:2004
3% 0.13
5% 0.2
Loss in Weight,
1.0, max IS: 9382-1982
%.
7% 0.1
9% 0.3
3% 4.0
Increase in 5% 3.0
Softening Point, 5, max IS: 1205-1978
7% 2.5
°C
9% 2.0
3% 20.3
Reduction in
5% 22.4
Penetration of
40, max IS: 1203-1978
Residue at
7% 20.0
25°C, %
9% 20.3
3% 42
Elastic 5% 50 IRC:SP:53-2002
Recovery at 35, min
25°C, % 7% 52
9% 61
110
Chapter4 : Experimental Programme
Penetration Elastic
Softening Ductility
at 25°C,100g, Recovery at
Binder Point at 27°C
5sec 15°C
(dmm) (°C) (cm)
(%)
111
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
Table 4.6. Properties after Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) on Residue of 60/70
Bitumen modified with different percentage of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate
(EVA).
Permissible
Percentage of Test
Designation Limits as per Test Method
Modifier Results
IRC:SP:53-2002
3 0.09
5 0.08
Loss in Weight,
l,max IS: 9382-1982
% 7 0.1
9 0.15
3 3.8
Increase in
5 3.2
Softening Point, 5, max IS: 1205-1978
7 2.3
°C
9 2.8
3 25
Reduction in
5 21
Penetration of
35, max IS: 1203-1978
Residue at 7 22.2
25°C, %
9 21.2
3 31
Elastic
5 43 IRC:SP:53-2002
Recovery at 35, min
7 48
25°C, %
9 44
112
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
Table 4.7. Properties after Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) on Residue of 80/100
Bitumen modified with different percentage of Ethylene Vinyle Acetate
(EVA).
Permissible
Percentage of Test
Designation Limits as per Test Method
Modifier Results
IRC:SP:53-2002
3 0.13
9 0.2
3 3.2
Increase in
5 3.2
Softening Point. 5, max IS: 1205-1978
°C 7 2.2
9 2.2
3 19.2
Reduction in
Penetration of 5 26
35, max IS: 1203-1978
Residue at
7 25.6
25°C, % *
9 22.2
3 37
Elastic
5 47 IRC:SP:53-2002
Recovery at 35, min
7 50
25°C, %
9 45
113
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
Penetration at Elastic
Softening Ductility
25°C, lOOg, Recovery at
Binder Point at 27°C
5sec. 15°C
(°C) (cm)
(dmm) (%)
63
60/70 bitumen 49.5 Full scale 21
114
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
Table 4.9. Properties after Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) on Residue of 60/70
Bitumen modified with different percentage of Styrene Butadiene
Styrene (SBS).
Permissible
Percentage of Test Limits as per
Designation Test Method
Modifier Results IRC:SP:53-
2002
3 0.07
%
l,max IS: 9382-1982
7 0.1
9 0.1
3 3.5
Increase in
5 4.0
Softening Point, 5, max IS: 1205-1978
°C 7 2.0
9 3
3 18
Reduction in
Penetration of 5 10.3
35, max IS: 1203-1978
Residue at
7 13.8
25°C, %
9 14.7
3 61
Elastic
5 76 IRC:SP:53-2002
Recovery at 50, min
25°C, % 7 84
9 88
115
Chapter 4 : Experimental Programme
i
Table 4.10. Properties after Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) on Residue of 80/100
Bitumen modified with different percentage of Styrene Butadiene
Styrene (SBS).
Permissible
Percentage of Test
Designation Limits as per Test Method
Modifier Results
IRC:SP:53-2002
3 0.07
5 0.06
Loss in Weight,
l,max IS: 9382-1982
% 7 0.09
9 0.06
3 4.0
Increase in 2.0
5
Softening Point. 5, max IS: 1205-1978
7 2.0
°C
9 2.5
3 18.7
Reduction in
Penetration of 5 10.7
35, max IS: 1203-1978
Residue at 7 10.6
25°C, %
9 9.3
3 60
Elastic 5 70 IRC:SP:53-2002
Recovery at 50, max
7 79
25°C, %
9 92
116
CHAPTER-5
5.0 GENERAL
This chapter presents the test results and discussion on (i) bituminous binder
modifiers and (iii) correlation between empirical and rheological properties of binders.
Two grades of bitumen, 60/70 and 80/100 as per IS 73:1992 were modified with
modified binders with different percentage of EVA, SBS and CR are presented and
different PMB and CRMB grades of modified binder are developed as a first part of
this chapter. The rheological properties of bituminous binders and its variation by
addition of different percentage of modifiers are discussed in the second part and the
correlation between empirical and rheological properties is presented in the third part of
this chapter.
Different percentages of polymer and crumb rubber were added to the base
bitumen to develop the PMB and CRMB grades. The Indian specifications (IRC: SP:
53-2002 and IS 15462:2002) specify the different grades of modified binders based on
empirical tests. PMB grades are corresponding to penetration value whereas CRMB
grades are corresponding to softening point value. Different PMB and CRMB grades
are found by addition of different percentage of polymers and crumb rubber to pure
117
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
Two unmodified bitumens, 60/70 and 80/100 grades were modified by adding
different percentages of EVA and SBS (3% to 9%). The physical properties of polymer
modified bitumens with EVA and SBS are shown in Table 5.1. PMB grades of
modified binder are developed as per IS 15462: 2004 specifications. It was observed
from the results that PMB 40 grade of modified binders obtained by adding 3 to 9
percent SBS and EVA to 60/70 bitumen. But in the case of 80/100 bitumen modified
with SBS, it was found to be PMB 70 grade at 3 and 5 percent while 7 and 9 percent
was in the group of PMB 40 grade. PMB grades of modified binder are shown in
Table 5.1.
3 44 61.2 37 40
5 38 69 45 40
EVA
7 35 74.7 49 40
9 33 78.2 46 40
3 50 61 63 40
5 39 74 77 40
SBS
7 36 91 86 40
9 34 92.5 89 40
80/100 - 94 47 16 -
3 52 55.8 42 70
5 46 65.3 53 40
EVA
7 39 73.8 61 40
9 36 77.3 49 40
3 64 56.5 68 70
5 56 72.5 80 70
SBS
7 47 87 90 40
9 43 91 94 40
118
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
CR percentage from 5 to 9. The CRMB grade for 80/100 bitumen modified with 3 to 9
percentage CR is also shown in Table 5.2.
60/70 - 63 49.5 21 -
3 57 54.3 58 50
5 55 55 62 55
CR
7 54 57 65 55
9 51 59.8 77 55
80/100 - 94 47 16 -
3 67 48 47 50
5 58 52 57 50
CR
7 55 53 60 50
9 54 54 71 50
100
E 80
E
•v
ex-
O
a 70
13
>
G
©
a.
Modifier, %
0 3 5 7 9
Modifier, %
Figure 5.2. Variations in Penetration values for 60/70 grade bitumen modified
with different modifiers.
120
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
100 i
D80/100+CR D80/100+EVA B80/100+SBS
Figure 5.3. Variations in Penetration values for 80/100 grade bitumen modified
with different modifiers.
The penetration values are decreasing significantly for 60/70 and 80/100
bitumen mixed with CR, EVA and SBS and this variation is more in 80/100 modified
modifier increases. Further, the bitumen modified with EVA seems to be more
effective in the penetration values as compared to CR and SBS modifiers for 60/70 and
value observed is 67, and is comparable to 60/70 grade bitumen. It can be seen that the
variation is not much on penetration value by adding more than 5% CR in 80/100 grade
of bitumen. The penetration values are found as 67, 58, 55, and 54 with 3%, 5%, 7%
and 9% of CR for 80/100 bitumen. In case of 60/70 grade of bitumen modified with
3%, 5%, 7% and 9% of CR, the penetration values are found as 57, 55, 54 and 51. As
per IRC: SP: 53-2002, the 80/100 bitumen modified with CR from 3% to 9% is found
121
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
category. The 80/100 bitumen modified with 7% and 9% of EVA and 60/70 bitumen
modified with 5%, 7% and 9% of EVA and SBS show the characteristics similar to
30/40 grade bitumen. The penetration values decrease drastically as the percentage of
EVA and SBS increases. The penetration value for 60/70 bitumen modified with 3%,
5%, 7% and 9% of EVA is observed as 44, 38, 35 and 33 respectively. For the above
percentage of SBS modifier the penetration values vary from 30 to 50. Thus 60/70
bitumen modified with 3% to 9% of EVA and SBS fall in the grade of PMB 40 as the
penetration values are in the range of 30 to 50. Whereas 80/100 bitumen modified with
The recommended grade for cold climatic areas is CRMB 50. CRMB 55 and
PMB 70 are used for moderate climate (35 to 45°C). PMB 40 is used for hot climate
areas and heavy traffic conditions where maximum atmospheric temperature is above
45°C (IRC: SP: 53-2002).
EVA and CR as shown in Figure 5.4. Further, there is not much effect on softening
point on CR mixed bitumen.
122
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
100
90
y
o
«j 80
c
•**
o
Cl.
61
s 70
e
o
1/2 60
50
40 -i 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1
123456789 10
Modifier, %
90 -
u 80 -
0
-a*
70 -
a
'o 60 -
a.
c 50 -
*fl 40 -
o 30 -
Cr*}
20 -
10 -
0 -
0 3 5 7 9
Modifier, %
Figure 5.5. Variations in Softening Point for 60/70 grade bitumen modified with
different modifiers.
123
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
100-1
D80/100+CR H80/100+EVA B80/100+SBS
90-
80-
U
o
70-
o 60-
ft.
| 50 H
I 40"
<3 30-
20-
10
0 3 5 7 9
Modifier, %
Figure 5.6. Variations in Softening Point for 80/100 grade bitumen modified with
different modifiers.
The softening point for 60/70 bitumen increases from 49.5 to 59.8°C when 9%
CR is added. However, in case of EVA and SBS modification of 60/70 bitumen with
above percentage of modifiers, the softening point increases up to 78.2°C and 92.5°C.
There is not much difference in softening point value for 60/70 and 80/100 grade
bitumens modified with CR from 3to 9%. At 3% modifier the softening point is almost
same for both binders modified with EVA and SBS but it gives different softening
point values from 5%. The softening point for 60/70 and 80/100 bitumen increases to
more than 70°C byaddition of 7% and 9% EVA and 5%,7% and 9% SBS.
As per IRC: SP: 53-2002 and IS 15462: 2004, 60/70 grade bitumen modified
with 3% CR and modified with 3% to 9% CR 80/100 grade bitumen falling in CRMB
50 grade can be used for cold climatic areas. But 60/70 grade bitumen modified with
5% to 9% CR becomes CRMB 55 grade and therefore it may be used for moderate
124
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
climate. The softening point increases as the bitumen becomes increasingly viscous.
Blown roofing bitumens have higher softening point compared to most paving bitumen.
Test results are reported at 40-60°C for paving bitumen and at 70-110°C for roofing
It is observed that 60/70 and 80/100 grade bitumen modified with CR from 3%
to 9% can be used for road construction satisfactory. The bitumen modified with 7%,
9% EVA and 5%, 7%, 9% SBS of 60/70 and 80/100 grades may be used as a roofing
material.
The binders possessing high ductility have good cementing qualities in the road
ductility can be seen in Figure 5.7. It is observed that the ductility value decreases with
increase in percentage of modifiers. The ductility value is found as 8.1 cm and 6.5 cm
for 60/70 grade bitumen modified with 7% and 9% EVA. But, the ductility value is 8.5
cm when 9% EVA is added to 80/100 grade bitumen. For bitumen modified with 9%
CR, the ductility values are found as 15.6 cm and 13.1 cm for 60/70 and 80/100 grades
of bitumen respectively. On the other hand the effect of SBS on ductility value is
totally different. At 3% SBS the ductility values obtained are 94 cm and 99 cm for
60/70 and 80/100 grades of bitumen. Figures 5.7 to 5.9 show the variations in ductility
for 60/70 and 80/100 grade bitumen modified with different percentage CR, EVA and
a. SBS.
125
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
110
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Modifier, %
100 •
•
90 -
80 - • '..
I 4
*::••#
s
5 70 -
£ 60 i
^m
:.,;-
Z 50 - .;•' :-
3
O 40 -
30 -
20 - • '.V
•
10 -
0 -
l|
3 5 7 9
Modifier, %
Figure 5.8. Variations in Ductility values for 60/70 grade bitumen modified with
different modifiers.
126
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
100
4 90
80 -
g 70-
£ 60 "I
a so -
S 40 •
20 -
10
0
3 5 7 9
Modifier, %
Figure 5.9. Variations in Ductility values for 80/100 grade bitumen modified with
different modifiers.
binder as per IRC:SP:53-2002. Therefore the bitumen modified with 3% EVA is more
desirable for road construction in India. The bitumens modified with SBS can be used
where both hot and cold climate exist in the country. The minimum ductility value at
27°C is 10 cm for Indian Paving bitumen as per IS 73:1992. Therefore, the 60/70 grade
bitumen modified with 7% and 9% EVA and 80/100 grade bitumen with 9% EVA
should not be used in road construction due to ductility value less than 10 cm.
Elastic recovery values at 15°C for 60/70 and 80/100 grade bitumen modified
with EVA, SBS and CR are given in Tables 5.1 and 5.2 respectively. It can be seen that
127
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
case of bitumen modified with EVA, it decreases after 7%. Thus, maximum percentage
of EVA modifier to bitumen is 7%. The variations in elastic recovery for neat and
modified bitumens are shown in Figures 5.10 to 5.12.
Elastic recovery values for neat binders are very low as compared to modified
bitumens. Elastic recovery was found as 58%, 47% and 77%, 71% at 3% and 9% CR
for 60/70 and 80/100 bitumens respectively. It shows that elastic recovery for 60/70
grade bitumen modified with CR is more than that of 80/100 grade bitumen modified
with CR. However, elastic recovery of80/100 grade binder is more than 60/70 binder
in case of EVA and SBS modification. At 9 %EVA the elastic recovery is 46% for
60/70 grade bitumen and 49% for 80/100 grade bitumen. However, at 9 % SBS the
elastic recovery was found as 89% and 94% for both grades of binders. It is clearly
shown in Figure 5.10 that the bitumens modified with SBS gives the maximum elastic
recovery thanthat of bitumens modified with CR and EVA.
Modifier, %
Figure 5.10. Effect on Elastic Recovery value with different percentage ofModifiers
128
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
10 -
0 -
0 3 5 7 9
\
Modifier, %
Figure 5.11. Variations in Elastic Recovery values for 60/70 grade bitumen
modified with different modifiers.
90
80 •
^
70 -
£ 60 H
§ 50
la 40 H
1 30-
M 20-
10 -
ladtki!
0
5 7 9
Modifier, %
Figure 5.12. Variations in Elastic Recovery values for 80/100 grade bitumen
modified with different modifiers.
129
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
The physical properties of binders change after ageing. The penetration and
softening point values before and after short term ageing at different percentage of CR,
Table 5.3. Changes in Penetration and Softening Point values after Ageing
Penetration Penetration Softening Softening
value value after Point value Point value
Binder
before ageing, ageing, before ageing, after ageing,
dmm dmm °C °C
60/70 bitumen 63 58 49.5 51
130
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
expression;
logP = AT + K (5.1)
where,
P = penetration at temperature T
A = temperature susceptibility
K = constant
Penetration Index (PI) has been defined for which the temperature susceptibility
will assume a value of zero for road bitumens. Equation 5.1 can be written as follows:
dlogpen = 20-P.I.xJ_
dT 10 +P.I. 50
From equation 5.2, penetration index (PI) is given by the following equation
temperatures. The above formulae are based on the assumption that the penetration of
index between +1 and -1. Bitumens with a penetration index below -2 are substantially
pitches also fall within this group. Bitumens with a penetration index above +2 are
131
Chapter 5:Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
usually less brittle. Blown bitumens usually fall within this group (HMSO,1962).
Typical values ofP.I are given in Table 5.4.
Blown Bitumen
>2
132
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
Binder A P.I
133
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
Modifiers
♦ CR • EVA a SBS
4
Modifier, %
Figure 5.13. Variation of Penetration Index with Modifiers for 60/70 grade
bitumen
134
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
Modifiers
♦ CR • EVA a SBS
> Modifier, %
Figure 5.14. Variation of Penetration Index with Modifiers for 80/100 grade
bitumen
135
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
empirical tests as per Indian specifications. In the present study, the optimum dose of
modifiers is based on the physical properties. The requirement ofpenetration, softening
point and ductility is satisfied at 3 percent of EVA and SBS as per IRC: SP: 53-2002
and IS 15462-2004. Kumar (2005) observed the optimum dose of polymer as 3.5
percent by weight ofbitumen for SBS. In the case ofCRMB, it is satisfied at 3percent
for 60/70 grade bitumen and at 5percent for 80/100 grade bitumen. From penetration
index point of view, 3percent for SBS, 5percent for EVA and from 3to 9percent for >
CR can be used in paving bitumen as the PI value lies between +2 to -2 indicated in the
above Table 5.4.
region. In Indian specifications (IS 15462 : 2004 ), the complex modulus is determined
at 10 rad/sec and at temperature of 58°C and 70°C for polymer modified bitumen 70
y
grade and 40 grade, respectively. The rheological properties of neat and modified
binders are given in Tables 5.6-5.8. As may be seen, complex modulus decreases with
increase in temperature but phase angle increases with increase in temperature. Further,
binders. Purely viscous and perfectly elastic materials will have phase angle 90° and 0°
respectively. It is observed that the neat bitumens lost their elasticity at 70°C as their
phase angle is more than 90°. However, all the modified binders still display
137
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
138
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
139
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
140
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
IUU •
•8
*
1 kPa
1 •
N» ^^^^J?^
0.1 • ,-J-L-\
40 50 60 70 80 90
t
Temperature, °C
100 -r
80/100 Bitumen
80/100 + 3% CR
+ 5% CR
+ 7% CR
+ 9% CR
Temperature, °C
141
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1000 -f
60/70 Bitumen
60/70 + 3% EVA
60/70 +5% EVA
60/70 + 7% EVA
60/70 + 9% EVA
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.17. G*/ sin 8 measured at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) as a function of
Temperature for 60/70 Bitumen modified with EVA before Ageing.
1000 -f
80/100 Bitumen
80/100 + 3% EVA
80/100 + 5% EVA
80/100 + 7% EVA
80/100 + 9% EVA
Temperature, °C
142
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
100
60/70 Bitumen
60/70 + 3% SBS
60/70 + 5% SBS
60/70 + 7% SBS
60/70 + 9% SBS
Temperature, °C
lUU -
•
—•— 80/100 Bitumen
•
-•-80/100 + 3% SBS
-*- 80/100 + 5% SBS
- x - 80/100 + 7% SBS
0 -
-»- 80/100 + 9% SBS
•
e
.-"
*
1kPa ^\^
1 -
j
\ ^^
0.1 -
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature, °C
143
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
100
60/70 Bitumen
60/70 + 3% CR
60/70 + 5% CR
60/70 + 7% CR
60/70 + 9% CR
Temperature, °C
100 -r
80/100 Bitumen
80/100 + 3% CR
80/100 + 5% CR
80/100 + 7% CR
80/100 + 9% CR
Temperature, °C
144
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1000
60/70 Bitumen
60/70 + 3% EVA
60/70 + 5% EVA
60/70 + 7% EVA
60/70 + 9% EVA
40 50 60 70 80 90
Temperature, °C
1000
80/100 Bitumen
80/100 + 3% EVA
80/100 + 5% EVA
80/100 + 7% EVA
80/100 + 9% EVA
Temperature, °C
145
Chapter 5 :Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
100 -r
60/70 Bitumen
60/70 + 3% SBS
60/70 + 5% SBS
60/70 + 7% SBS
60/70 + 9% SBS
01 I ,. ••!,,. | f. |||i
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature, °C
100 -r
Temperature, °C
i
Figure 5.26. G*/ si„ 8 measured at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) as a function of
Temperature for 60/70 Bitumen modified with SBS after Ageing.
146
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
Temperature corresponding to
PMB Performance
Binder Polymer (°C)
Type
Grade as Grade as per
Content
per IRC G*/sin 5 = lkPa GVsin 8 = 2.2 kPa SHRP
(%)
53-2002 (Original Binders) (Aged Binders) Specifications
60/70
- - 68 64.5 PG64
Bitumen
3 40 78 76 PG76
5 - 83.5 82 PG82
EVA
7 - 89 86.5 PG82
9 - 95 93 PG82
3 40 78 72 PG70
5 - 83 76 PG76
SBS
7 - 89 78 PG76
9 -
87 72.5 PG70
80/100
- - 63.5 61.5 PG58
Bitumen
3 70 75 71.5 PG70
5 40 79 78 PG76
EVA
7 - 85 83.5 PG82
9 - 91 88.5 PG82
3 70 72 67.5 PG64
5 - 77.5 70 PG70
SBS
7 40 81.5 72.5 PG70
9 "
76 73 PG70
147
Chapter 5:Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
148
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
22 -j
20 -
18-
• 60/70 + SBS
as 14 -
• 60/70 +EVA
12 -
c
"v\ ® 60/70 +CR
* 10-
6 -
4-
2-
0 m m
Modifier, %
Figure 5.27. Variation in G*/sin 8 for 60/70 Bitumen modified with different
percentage of modifier at 1 rad/s and 60°C before ageing
14 -i
12 -
D 80/100 Bitumen
10 - • 80/100 +SBS
n • 80/100+EVA
22 r
8 • 80/100 + CR
I 6H
O
4 H
Modifier, %
Figure 5.28. Variation in G*/sin 8 for 80/100 Bitumen modified with different
percentage of modifier at 1 rad/s and 60°C before ageing
149
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
90
80
70
• 60/70 Bitumen
J* 60 a 60/70 + SBS
S3
• 60/70 + EVA
(© 50
C
m 60/70 + CR
? 40
O
30
20 •
10 -
0 -
Modifier, %
Figure 5 29. Variation in G*/sin 8 for 60/70 Bitumen modified with different
percentage of modifier at 10 rad/s and 60°C before Ageing
60 -x
50 -
• 80/100 Bitumen
• 80/100 + SBS
W 40 -
• 80/100 +EVA
£3 80/100 + CR
c 30
o
20
Modifier, %
Figure 5.30. Variation in G*/sin 8 for 80/100 Bitumen modified with different
percentage of modifier at 10 rad/s and 60°C before Ageing
150
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
The complex modulus (G*) and phase angle (8) versus temperature at 10 rad/s
(1.59 Hz) for two grades of bitumen (60/70 and 80/100) modified with CR, EVA and
SBS are shown in Figures 5.31 - 5.36. As may be seen, complex modulus of the
modified binders is higher as compared to neat bitumens. Figures 5.31 and 5.32 show
the relationship between complex modulus and temperature for 60/70 and 80/100
bitumens modified with CR. The linear relationship between complex modulus and
temperature for 60/70 and 80/100 bitumen modified with EVA are shown in Figures
5.33 and 5.34. For SBS modified binders, complex modulus increases up to 7%
polymer contents and then decrease as shown in Figures 5.35 and 5.36. It indicates the
decrease in hardness and increase in flexibility of the binders with higher percentage of
SBS.
Figures 5.31-5.36 also show the relationship between phase angle and
temperature of different modified binders. The phase angle increases with increase in
temperature and decreases with increase in percentage of modifier contents. The phase
angle of modified binder is lower than that of neat bitumen. The phase angle of EVA
modified binders are lower than the CR and SBS modified binders. Lower phase angle
151
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
2a 10^
*
- 60/70 Btiumen
CSS
S - 60/70+3%CR
a
60/70+5%CR
O
60/70+7%CR
M 1 -• 60/70+9%CR
a. 60/70Bitumen
S 60/70+3% CR
e
U 60/70+5% CR
60/70+7%CR
60/70+9% CR
0.1
46 52 58 64 70
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.31. Relationships between Complex Modulus and Phase Angle with
Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59) for 60/70 Bitumen modified with CR
152
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
100 t T-110
46 52 58 64 70
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.32. Relationships between Complex Modulus and Phase Angle with
Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 80/100 Bitumen modified with
CR
153
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
S3
<—-
(A
3
"3
-o
o
c
E ♦—60/70 Bitumen -60/70+ 3% EVA
o
U — 60/70+ 5% EVA -60/70+ 7% EVA
•—60/70 + 9% EVA • 60/70 Bitumen -•20
•••x 60/70+ 3% EVA —• 60/70 +5% EVA
a 60/70 + 7% EVA ••-60/70 + 9% EVA ••10
0.1 -r-
0
46 52 58 64 70
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.33. Relationships between Complex Modulus and Phase Angle with
Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 60/70 Bitumen modified with
EVA
154
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
100 -^
N
o
a.
Vi
a
a
"O
o
E
o 80/100 Bitumen 80/100+3% EVA
U 80/100+5% EVA 80/100+7% EVA
80/100+9% EVA 80/100 Bitumen
80/100+3% EVA 80/100+5% EVA •-10
80/100+7% EVA 80/100+9% EVA
0.1
46 52 58 64 70
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.34. Relationships between Complex Modulus and Phase Angle with
Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 80/100 Bitumen modified with
EVA
155
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
10 .-.
Vi
- 60/70 Bitumen
3
-60/70+3% SBS
"5
•o -60/70+5% SBS
O
-60/70+7% SBS
-60/70+9% SBS CD
60/70 Bitumen 30 «
"5.
E •60/70+3% SBS
o
60/70+5% SBS ••20
U
60/70+7% SBS
60/70+9% SBS ••10
0.1
-•0
46 52 58 64 70
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.35
Relationships between Complex Modulus and Phase Angle with
Temperature at lOrad/s (1.59Hz) for 60/70 Bitumen modified with
156
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
et
u
M
H •a
"5 (O
"5
o
M
C
«
4»
a n
«
E
©
46 52 58 64 70
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.36. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Phase Angle with
Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 80/100 Bitumen modified with
SBS
157
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
The binder should have a large value of storage modulus (G1) at high
temperatures for deformation resistance, because G' measures the binder elasticity (Lu
and Isacsson, 1997). Decrease in elasticity of the binder at low temperatures facilitates
in avoiding cracking, as the absorbed.energy is more easily dissipated. Alow elasticity
is suitable at low temperatures to facilitate dissipation, but high elasticity is convenient
at high temperatures to avoid viscous flow of the binder (Gonzalez at el., 2004). The
loss modulus (G") and storage modulus (G) of modified binders at different
temperatures are shown in Figures 5.37 - 5.42. It is shown from the figures that the loss
modulus and storage modulus of modified binder are higher than that ofneat bitumen.
As the temperature increases both loss and storage moduli decrease. The variation in
loss modulus and storage modulus is more at lower temperature than at higher
temperature. Above 58°C, the loss modulus and the storage modulus are found with
least value for neat bitumen but these properties are improved by adding polymer. As
mentioned earlier, loss modulus is associated with viscous effects and storage modulus
provides information on the elastic responses of binder. Figures 5.37 and 5.38 show the
loss modulus dominated in all the temperatures for 60/70 and 80/100 bitumens
modified with CR. Thus, CR modified binder shows a predominantly viscous
behaviour (G">G') in the whole temperature range from 46 to 70°C.
For 60/70 bitumen modified with EVA, storage modulus is dominated at
temperature lower than 64°C and above this temperature, loss modulus is dominated for
higher percentage of modifier (9%) as shown in Figure 5.39. It indicates that higher
158
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
percentage of EVA shows fully elastic behaviour of binder at temperature lower than
64°C, but with 3%, 5% and 7% of EVA it indicates viscous behaviour of binder as
for 80/100 bitumen shows elastic behaviour of binder at temperature of lower than
55°C and 65°C respectively as shown in Figure 5.40. It is observed that loss modulus is
dominated at all temperatures for SBS modified binders as shown in Figures 5.41 and
5.42. However, the rheological behaviour shown by modified binder is similar to that of
neat bitumen. The EVA modified binder has higher loss and storage moduli as
compared to CR and SBS modified binders. Therefore, the EVA modified binder will
cause cracking at low temperatures. Thus, from these results it can be seen that the
content.
159
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
©
60/70 +7% CR
60/70 +9% CR
3
•a
o
M
Vi
o
o4
40 50 55 60
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.37. Relationship between Loss Modulus and Storage Modulus with
Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 60/70 Bitumen modified
with CR
[60
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
80/100 Bitumen
*- 80/100 + 3% CR
•-80/100 + 5%CR
*-80/100 + 7% CR
^80/100 + 9%CR
♦ 80/100 Bitumen
a 80/100+ 3% CR
• 80/100+ 5% CR
x 80/100+ 7% CR
* 80/100 + 9% CR
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.38. Relationship between Loss Modulus and Storage Modulus with
Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 80/100 Bitumen modified
with CR
161
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
2a 60/70 Bitumen
60/70+ 3% EVA
b
Vi 60/70+ 5% EVA
3
~3 60/70+ 7% EVA
•V
©
60/70+ 9% EVA
a>
41
W
60/70 Bitumen
et
C 60/70+ 3% EVA
e
55 5% EVA
7% EVA
U
9% EVA
"5
O
o
-J
50 55 60 65 70 75
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.39. Relationship between Loss Modulus and Storage Modulus with
Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 60/70 Bitumen modified
with H,VA
162
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
et
2a 80/100 Bitumen
80/100+ 3%EVA
VI
80/100 + 5%EVA
a
80/100 + 7%EVA
"3
•o
© *— 80/100 + 9%EVA
4 41
80/100 Bitumen
Oi
C3 •a 80/100 + 3%EVA
i-
©
• 80/100+ 5%EVA
s
5/5
©
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.40. Relationship between Loss Modulus and Storage Modulus with
Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 80/100 Bitumen modified
with EVA
163
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
♦— 60/70 Bitumen
O •—60/70+ 3% SBS
Vi
3 -a—60/70+ 5% SBS
a
-o
o
-*— 60/70 + 7% SBS
s -*— 60/70 + 9% SBS
41
W
03
L
♦ 60/70 Bitumen
o
• 60/70+ 3% SBS
a 60/70+ 5% SBS
U
Vi
* 60/70+ 7% SBS
3
3
x • 60/70 + 9% SBS
©
t/5
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.41. Relationship between Loss Modulus and Storage Modulus with
Temperature at 10 rad/s 91.59 Hz) for 60/70 Bitumen modified
with SBS
164
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
80/100 Bitumen
80/100+ 3% SBS
80/100+ 5%SBS
80/100+ 7%SBS
80/100+ 9%SBS
80/100 Bitumen
80/100+ 3%SBS
80/100 + 5% SBS
x 80/100+ 7% SBS
x 80/100 + 9%SBS
50 55 60
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.42. Relationship between Loss Modulus and Storage Modulus with
Temperature at 10 rad/s (1.59 Hz) for 80/100 Bitumen modified
with SBS.
165
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
166
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
4000 -i
(A)y = 2E+16x" (B)y = 1E+15x7 (C)y =1E+15x's
R2 = 0.999 R2 = 0.9998 R2 = 0.9996
3500
u 7.0123 -6.9399
4> 3000
(D)y = 1E+15x" (E)y = 3E+13x
W
et
R' = 0.9987 R2 = 0.9997
Oh
2500
fc
• MM • 60/70 Bitumen
V)
O 2000
u • 60/70+3% CR
> a 60/70+5%CR
1500
E x 60/70+7%CR
et 1000
q
K * 60/70+9%CR
Q
500 -
I —T— i —i
45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.43. Relationship between Dynamic Viscosity and Temperature for CR
modified 60/70 Bitumen
3000 -i
7.2163 7.2686
(A)y = 1E+15x" (B)y = 3E+15x"' (C)y = 2E+15x
R2 = 0.9998 R2 = 0.9997 R2 = 0.9999
2500 •
(D)y = 3E+14x"
6.7476
(E)y =7E+13x"62'
R' = 0.9991 R2 = 0.9991
> t 2000
Cl,
• 80/100 Bitumen
2 1500 • 80/100+3% CR
o
41
VI
• mm
» 80/100+5%CR
u 1000
x 80/100+7%CR
1et
x 80/100+9% CR
I 500
—r— -t— —i
45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Temperature, °C
167
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
25000
-7.7706 7.4455 7.1643
(A)y=2E+16x (B)y = 2E+16x (C)y = 9E+15x
R' = 0.999 0.9967 i 0.9949
w
20000 •
41
V.
(D)y=7E+14x"' (E)y =1E+14x'6
I
et 0.9959
Cl, R2 =0.9864
••= 15000
♦
Vi
O 60/70 Bitumen
41
• 60/70+3% EVA
.SJ 10000 -
a 60/70+5% EVA
E
ss
e x 60/70+7% EVA
>
Q
5000 - x 60/70+9% EVA
45 55 60 75
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.45. Relationship between Dynamic Viscosity and Temperature for EVA
modified 60/70 Bitumen
80/100 Bitumen
80/100+3% EVA
80/100+5% EVA
80/100+7% EVA
80/100+9% EVA
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.46. Relationship between Dynamic Viscosity and Temperatiure for EVA
modified 80/100 Bitumen
168
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
8000
6.1956
(C) y = 1E+14x'
(A) y = 2E+16x' (B) y =5E+14x*
7000 = 0.999 = 0.9974
R2 = 0.9991
4)
41
Vi
1
6000
y =1E+13x"6*216
"1
Oh R2 = 0.999
5000
Vi
© 60/70 Bitumen
M
4000
> 60/70+3% SBS
41
3000 60/70+5% SBS
a
et
C
> 2000 60/70+7% SBS
Q
60/70+9% SBS
1000
55 60 65 75
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.47. Relationship between Dynamic Viscosity and Temperature for SBS
modified 60/70 Bitumen
3500
(A) y = 1E+15x
-7.2163
(B) y =7E+14x"s 8941 (C) y =3E+13x"69681
41 3000
R-1 = 0.9998 R2 = 0.9989 R2 = 0.9995
<U
Vi
£ a 80/100+5%SBS
0J
e 1000
> x 80/100+7% SBS
Q
x 80/100+9% SBS
500
55 60 65 75
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.48. Relationship between Dynamic Viscosity and Temperature for SBS
modified 80/100 Bitumen
169
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
♦ 60/70 Bitumen
| U4 • 60/70+3% CR
et
c
* 60/70+5% CR
° 2 x 60/70+7% CR
©
x 60/70+9% CR
1.5
i —i
1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9
log Temperature, °C
Figure 5.49. Relationship between log Dynamic Viscosity and log Temperat ure
for CR modified 60/70 Bitumen
2 3 -
a 2.5 • 80/100+3% CR
C
a 80/100+5% CR
x 80/100+7% CR
©
x 80/100+9% CR
1.5
—i
1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9
log Temperature, °C
Figure 5.50. Relationship between log Dynamic Viscosity and log Temperat ure
for CR modified 80/100 Bitumen
170
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
41
4>
4.5 (D) y = -6.4007X + 14.833 (E) y • -5.8433x + 14.086
BQ
I R* = 0.9959 R2 = 0.9864
et
ft. 4
1.5 i —i
Figure 5.51 Relationship between log Dynamic Viscosity and log Temperature
for EVA modified 60/70 Bitumen
41 4
(E)y = -5.8187x +13.908
Vi R2 = 0.9846
et
ft.
3.5
Vi
O • 80/100 Bitumen
v\ 3
• 80/100+3% EVA
>
41
a 80/100+5% EVA
a 2.5
et x 80/100+7% EVA
s
>-.
x 80/100+9% EVA
Oex 2
©
1.5 —i— —i
log Temperature, °C
Figure 5.52. Relationship between log Dynamic Viscosity and log Temperature
for EVA modified 80/100 Bitumen
171
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
4.3 -, (A) y=-7.7706X +16.259 (B) y=-6.683x - 14.713 (C) y=-6.1956x +14.013
R =0.999 R = 0.9974 R =0.9991
♦ 60/70 Bitumen
• 60/70+3% SBS
a 60/70+5% SBS
x 60/70+7% SBS
x 60/70+9% SBS
log Temperature, °C
Figure 5.53. Relationship between log Dynamic Viscosity and log Temperat ure
for SBS modified 60/70 Bitumen
£
• MS
3
v>
o
41
♦ 80/100 Bitumen
w 2.5
• 80/100+3% SBS
a
05
C
a 80/100+5% SBS
>;
Q 2 x 80/100+7% SBS
6X
o
x 80/100+9% SBS
1.5 —r—
—i
1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9
log Temperature, °C
Figure 5.54. Relationship between log Dynamic Viscosity and log Temperat ure
for SBS modified 80/100 Bitumen
172
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
used. A very low frequency, such as 1 rad/sec is appropriated for standing traffic
1rad/sec and 10 rad/sec are shown in Figures 5.55 and 5.56. The complex modulus at
10 rad/sec is higher than 1 rad/sec for all the binders. The EVA modified binders have
higher value of complex modulus at 1 rad/sec and 10 rad/sec for the same temperatures
as compared to CR and SBS modified binders. Therefore, EVA modified binder will be
*
suitable for the city street traffic and heavy loads or very high traffic volumes.
70
65 -
1 rad/sec
10 rad/sec
60 -
55 -
♦ 60/70 Bitumen
« 50-
60/70 +3% CR
22 45 H • a 60/70+ 3% SBS
I 40 x 60/70+ 3% EVA
-o 35 -|
o
•— 60/70 Bitumen
S 30
8 25 H 60/70 +3% CR
a 20 *—60/70+ 3% SBS
rj 15 - *— 60/70 + 3% EVA
10 -
5 - X
Temperature, °C
173
Chapter 5:Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1 rad/sec
10 rad/sec
>
♦ 80/100 Bitumen
-80/100 + 3%CR
a 80/100 +3%SBS
x 80/100 +3%EVA
-•—80/100 Bitumen
— 80/100 + 3%CR
*— 80/100 + 3% SBS
*— 80/100 + 3% EVA
>
60 70 80
Temperature, °C
In general, abinder should have high values of G* and G' at high temperatures
for deformation resistance. The modified binders have higher values of G* than neat
bitumens at the same temperature as shown in Table 5.11. The improvements in terms
of deformation resistance (G*PMB/GW„) and elasticity (GWG*Bitumen) of CR,
EVA and SBS modified binders at high temperature are shown in Tables 5.12, 5.13 and
5.14 respectively. The change in rheological properties of binder by adding the
modifier in bitumen is termed as modification index (Airey, 2002). As indicated in
these tables, there are significant differences in the modification indices of G* and G'
amongst the different modified binders. The effect is more pronounced at higher
modifier contents. The value of G* at 46°C increased 1.2 and 1.7 times by adding
174
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
3%CR to 60/70 and 80/100 bitumens as shown in Table 5.7. By addition of 3% SBS
with 60/70 and 80/100 bitumens the value of G' increases 4.1 and 8.4 times respectively
at 46°C while with the same percentage of EVA it increases 7.8 and 20.3 times as
shown in Tables 5.13 and 5.14. The results thus indicate that significance of EVA
modified binders are more than CR and SBS modified binders. As can be seen, the
viscous property, loss modulus (G") of bitumen is also improved by adding the
modifiers. The value of G" is very less as compared to the value of G' for all the
modified binders. The improved elasticity between the hard grade bitumen (60/70) and
soft grade bitumen (80/100) is also different when the same modifier is used.
i
Table 5.11 Complex Modulus of different Modified Binders at 46°C and 58°C
175
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
176
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
Figures 5.57 and 5.58 show the effect of CR and EVA contents on dynamic
can be seen that the increase in dynamic viscosities of CR and EVA modified bitumens
is not directly proportional to the polymer contents. There is somewhat marked change
when the modifier content exceeds 5 per cent. As illustrated in Figures 5.57 and 5.58, at
the same polymer content, 60/70 bitumen modified with EVA exhibit higher dynamic
177
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
4 -i
60/70 Bitumen 80/100 Bitumen
178
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
8 n
60/70 Bitumen 80/100 Bitumen
4 4
SBS, %
content and then decreases as shown in Figure 5.59. The difference is more pronounced
for dynamic viscosity at 46°C as compared to dynamic viscosity at 58°C and 70°C.
Thus, it indicates that the effect of modifier contents on dynamic viscosity varies with
(e.g. storage and loss moduli, dynamic and complex viscosities) at different
should be more resistant to cracking and rutting at low and high temperatures,
179
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
180
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
Here, it may be stated that the changes in the temperature susceptibility may
strongly be dependent on the testing conditions (temperature range and frequency) and
4
60/70 Bitumen 7.30 7.30 5.46 7.63
181
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
182
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
10 rad/sec for different modified binders are shown in Figure 5.60 and 5.61. The
compared to neat bitumens. SBS modified binder has lower viscosity temperature
susceptibility than EVA and CR modified binders. It indicates that the SBS modified
binder is more resistant to cracking and rutting at low as well as high temperatures,
susceptibility than SBS modified binder at sufficiently high modifier content (9%) as
4
shown in Figure 5.60. The comparison of viscosity temperature susceptibility for
CR Modified Binder
Modifier, %
183
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
9 -r
CR Modified Binder
C/3
H
>
>
Modifier, %
Temperature, °C
Figure 5.62. Effect of Ageing on Complex Modulus as a function of Temperature
for 60/70 Bitumen modified with CR
185
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
400
350
60/70 Bitumen
300 -
- 60/70 Bitumen (Aged)
+—60170 + 3% EVA
et
>
g| 250 a 60/70+ 3% EVA (Aged)
Vi
3
♦—60/70+ 5% EVA
3
•o
200 • (Aged)
O
£
K
41 150 •
a
S
o
U 100 •
50
50 60 70 80 90
Temperature, °C
186
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
60/70 Bitumen
60 70 80 90
Temperature, °C
187
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
40 n
+
80/100 Bitumen
o'.
30 80/100 Bitumen (Aged)
et
80/100 +3% CR
80/100 +3%CR (Aged)
Vj
3 80/100 +5% CR
~3 80/100 +5% CR (Aged)
-a
© 20
80/100 +7% CR
-i
40
70 80 90
Temperature, °C
188
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
250
80/100 Bitumen
60 70 80 90
Temperature, °C
189
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
50 -i
40 -
80/100 Bitumen
50 60 70 80 90
Temperature, °C
190
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
is defined as the ratio of a physical or rheological parameter of the aged bitumen to that
of the original bitumen. For conventional bitumens, high values of the ratio indicate a
high degree of bitumen hardening (Lu and Isacsson, 1998). Ageing index is determined
from the ratio of the complex modulus of aged (TFOT) binder to the complex modulus
of unaged binder in the present study. Values of ageing index at different temperatures
and 10 rad/sec for the neat bitumens and CR, EVA, SBS modified binders are listed in
Tables 5.19 and 5.20. The ageing index is observed to be greater than 1 in all test
temperatures (46°C to 70°C) at 10 rad/sec for neat bitumens and the modified binders
(TFOT). For 60/70 bitumen modified with 7% and 9% SBS, the ageing index is lower
than 1 for all the temperatures. Tables 5.21 and 5.22 show the values of ageing index at
60°C and different frequencies for the neat bitumens and different modified binders.
The values of ageing index from the test results indicate that the ageing index for
modified binder may be higher or lower than 1, depending on the temperature and
frequency considered. Ageing indices (Lu and Isacsson, 1998) higher or lower than 1
are probably due to degradation of the polymer and oxidation of the bitumen, which are
191
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
Ageing Indices
Binder at Temperature
46°C 52°C 58°C 64°C 70°C
60/70 Bitumen 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.28 1.18
60/70 + 3%CR 1.48 1.42 1.39 1.21 1.15
60/70 + 5%CR 1.54 1.48 1.43 1.37 1.33
60/70 + 7%CR 1.68 1.52 1.44 1.43 1.39
60/70 + 9%CR 1.49 1.36 1.20 0.99 0.89
60/70 + 3%EVA 1.34 1.45 1.47 1.34 1.36
60/70 + 5%EVA 1.46 1.52 1.50 1.63 1.61
60/70 + 7%EVA 1.60 1.60 1.71 1.46 1.34
60/70 + 9%EVA 1.72 1.71 1.72 1.56 1.58
60/70 + 3%SBS 1.32 1.27 1.19 1.09 1.12
60/70 + 5%SBS 1.31 1.24 1.20 1.07 1.00
60/70 + 7%SBS 0.83 0.81 0.75 0.64 0.64
60/70 + 9%SBS 0.80 0.70 0.68 0.61 0.60
.
192
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
Ageing Indices
Binder at Frequency
0.1 rad/s 1.0 rad/s 10 rad/s 100 rad/s
80/100 Bitumen 1.14 1.19 1.12 1.06
80/100 +3% CR 0.81 0.70 0.81 0.83
80/100 +5% CR 1.07 1.01 1.04 1.07
80/100 +7% CR 1.02 0.77 1.00 1.06
80/100 + 9% CR 0.27 0.27 0.44 0.64
80/100+ 3% EVA 1.46 1.39 1.18 0.98
80/100+ 5% EVA 1.50 1.54 1.48 1.20
80/100+ 7% EVA 0.72 0.86 0.95 0.99
80/100+ 9% EVA 1.47 1.41 1.32 1.27
80/100+ 3% SBS 1.13 1.05 0.84 0.93
80/100+ 5% SBS 0.55 0.65 0.65 0.69
80/100+ 7% SBS 0.36 0.42 0.49 0.54
80/100+ 9% SBS 2.47 1.54 1.30 1.18
193
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
Dynamic frequency sweep test were performed at 60°C in the range from 0.1
rad/s to 100 rad/s for different modified binders before and after ageing. Figure 5.68
shows the relationship between complex modulus and frequency at 60°C for 60/70
bitumen modified with different percentage of CR. It indicates that the complex
modulus increases with increase in the frequency as well as in the percentage of the
modifier. Similarly, the frequency dependence of complex modulus for the EVA and
SBS modified binders has been assessed in Figures 5.69 and 5.70. For SBS modified
binder, the complex modulus at 7percent is higher than that of 9percent for the entire
frequency. The variation in complex modulus is more pronounce at lower frequency as
compared to at higher frequency for the same percentage of modified binder. Figures
5.71 to 5.73 show the frequency dependence of complex modulus for 80/100 bitumen
modified with CR, EVA and SBS. The SBS modified binder also increase in complex
modulus with increasing polymer content, but the effect is not as marked as seen for
EVA modified binder. The differences in rheological behaviour are attributed to the
chemical composition of the bitumen and the compatibility of the different bitumen
polymer blends (Airey, 2003). The influence ofageing on the frequency dependence of
complex modulus for 60/70 and 80/100 bitumens modified with different modifiers at
60°C are shown in Figures 5.74 and 5.75 respectively.
The frequency dependence of phase angle for different binders modified with
different percentage of modifiers at 60°C are shown in figures 5.76 - 5.81. It is
observed that, the phase angle of the modified bitumens is lower than that of neat
bitumen and decrease in phase angle indicates that the modified binders become more
elastic. There is an increase in phase angle at the higher frequencies for all the binders.
Asmall difference in the frequency dependence of the phase angle of the neat bitumens
194
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
and marked differences is observed for the modified binders with sufficiently high
polymer content. This may result from degrees of molecular interactions between the
neat bitumens and polymers (Lu and Isacsson, 1997). The EVA modified binders show
lower phase angle for entire frequencies as compared to other modified binders as
shown in Figures 5.77 and 5.80. The dynamic viscosity decreases as the frequency
increases as shown in Figures 5.82 to 5.87. The variation in dynamic viscosity of the
neat bitumens is very less between lower and higher frequency. The modified binders
1.00E+05
1.00E+04
et
ft.
r 1.00E+03
Vi
3
~3
-a
©
1.00E+02
a
a
E
©
1.00E+01 -:
1.00E+00
1.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02
0
Frequency, rad/sec
Figure 5.68. Relationship between Complex Modulus and frequency at 60°C for
60/70 Bitumen modified with CR
195
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1.00E+06
1.00E+05 -•
et
ft.
=«' 1.00E+04
a
Jg 1.00E+03
M
60/70 Bitumen
1.00E+00 1 i • iiii
1 ii
1.00E-01
1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02
Frequency, rad/sec
Figure 5.69. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Frequency at 60°C for
60/70 Bitumen modified with EVA
1.00E+06
1.00E+05 -
et
ft,
g 1.00E+04-
3
-a
o
IS 1.00E+03
x
a
60/70 Bitumen
| 1.00E+02-J 60/70+ 3% SBS
u 60/70+5% SBS
60/70+ 7% SBS
1.00E+01 -|
60/70 + 9% SBS
1.00E+00 -t- 1 |
1.00E-01
1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02
Frequency, rad/sec
Figure 5.70 Relationship between Complex Modulus and Frequency at 60°C for
60/70 Bitumen modified with SBS
196
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1.00E+05
1.00E+04 - =
et
a.
r
Vi
3
•§ 1.00E+03
o
80/100 Bitumen
M
1.00E+00
1.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02
Frequency, rad/sec
Figure 5.71 Relationship between Complex Modulus and Frequency at 60°C for
80/100 Bitumen modified with CR
1.00E+06
1.00E+05
et
ft.
r
Vi
S3 1.00E+04-|
3
1.00E+03
«
80/100 Bitumen
o
E 80/100+ 3% EVA
© 1.00E+02
80/100+ 5% EVA
80/100+ 7% EVA
1.00E+01
80/100+ 9% EVA
1.00E+00 I • •»•••! • i • • • •
Frequency, rad/sec
Figure 5.72. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Frequency at 60°C for
80/100 Bitumen modified with EVA
197
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1.00E+05 -w
80/100 Bitumen
80/100+ 3% SBS
80/100+ 5% SBS
80/100+ 7% SBS
80/100+ 9% SBS
1.00E+00 1 • i i i i i * ii
1.00E-O1 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02
Frequency, rad/sec
Figure 5.73. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Frequency at 60°C for
80/100 Bitumen modified with SBS
1.00E+05 -f
1.00E+04 -:
et
ft.
g 1.00E+03
"3 60/70 Bitumen
•a
©
60/70 Bitumen (Aged)
1.00E+02-: 60/70 +3% CR
41
[98
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1.00E+05 -p
1.00E+04-:
et
ft,
#•
Vi
3
•33 1.00E+03-:
•a
o
s
4)
.2 1.00E+02-1;
D
E
©
1.00E+01
1.00E+00
100 t
60/70 Bitumen 60/70 +3% CR
60/70 +5% CR 60/70 +7% <
60/70 +9% CR
65 -
Frequency, rad/sec
Figure 5.76. Relationship between Phase Angle and Frequency at 60°C before
Ageing for CR modified 60/70 Bitumen
199
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
100
95
90
85
u 80
4)
i-
WJ 75
41
TJ 70
«T
65
M
c
60 -
Vi
55 -
et
-C 50 -
ft.
45 - 60/70 Bitumen 60/70+ 3% EVA
40 60/70 + 5% EVA 60/70+ 7% EVA
35 - 60/70+ 9% EVA
30 - _l S 1 1 I I I I I
-J—I I I I • _1—I—I I I I I
Frequency, rad/sec
Figure 5.77. Relationship between Phase Angle and Frequency at 60°C before
Ageing for EVA modified 60/70 Bitumen
100 -r
41 85
O
L.
0J
41
80
TS
4>
"3 75 -
c
< 70 -
u
Vi
et
-a 65 -
ft,
60
55 H
50 ii * • i i i i • i i i i i
1.00E
01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02
Frequency, rad/sec
Figure 5.78. Relationship between Phase Angle and Frequency at 60°C before
Ageing for SBS modified 60/70 Bitumen
200
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
110
80/100 Bitumen ---80/100 + 3%CR
105 -
80/100+ 5%CR -K-80/100 +7%CR
I00 -
<
80/100 +9% CR
4> 95
4)
U
6D 90
41
-a
85
<u
"5b 80 -
c
«<
4>
75 -
Vi
et
70 -
65 -
60
55
_i • i iii i i 11 i
50
Frequency, rad/sec
Figure 5.79. Relationship between Phase Angle and Frequency at 60°C before
Ageing for CR modified 80/100 Bitumen
110 -r
80
75
c
70
<
Vi
65
et
60
55
50
45
40
1.00E 01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02
Frequency, rad/sec
Figure 5.80. Relationship between phase angle and Frequency at 60°C before
Ageing for EVA modified 80/100 Bitumen
201
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
110 ^
95 80/100+ 9% SBS
4>
41
la 90
OJD
41
-o 85
oT
"Si 80
c
< 75
4>
V.
et
70
-C
ft. 65
60
55
Frequency, rad/sec
Figure 5 81. Relationship between phase angle and Frequency at 60°C before
Ageing for SBS modified 80/100 Bitumen
1.00E+04 -r
Frequency, rad/sec
Figure 5.82. Relationship between Dynamic Viscosity and Frequency at 60°C
before Ageing for modified 60/70 Bitumen
202
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1.00E+05
4>
41
Vi 1.00E+04 ->i
I
et
ft.
1.00E+03 -:
• ' • • "
E
05
a
1.00E+02 -: 60/70 Bitumen 60/70 + 3% EVA
Q
60/70 + 5% EVA 60/70 + 7% EVA
60/70+ 9% EVA
1.00E+01 * • • * • •••»••
i i i i iiii
Frequency, rad/sec
1.00E+04
u
4>
VI
I
et
Cm
1.00E+03 -•
Vi
o
4<
Vi
♦—•—»—<>
60/70+ 9% SBS
1.00E+01 I '-
Frequency, rad/sec
203
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1.00E+04
41
T1.00E+03 -t
et
ft.
Vj
&1.00E+02 -
>
41
1.00E+05
g 1.00E+04
Vi
I
M
ft,
.1? 1.00E+03 -;
Vi
o
u
Vi
>
u 1.00E+02
1« -80/100 Bitumen •80/100+ 3% EVA
c
80/100+ 9% EVA
Frequency, rad/sec
204
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1.00E+04
« u
w
X 1.00E+03
ft,
.g 1.00E+02
>
4(
"I
et
80/100 Bitumen 80/100+ 3% SBS
e
80/100+ 5% SBS 80/100+ 7% SBS
=M.00E+01
80/100+ 9% SBS
1.00E+00 I i
•+•
Frequency, rad/sec
frequency. The peak amplitude of each stress is determined by the stress command.
Successive measurements are taken at each of the commanded stresses. The Dynamic
Stress Sweep was performed at a fixed frequency (10 rad/sec) and temperature (55°C)
in the present study. The stress is applied from 100 Pa to 1000 Pa for the test at
homogeneity concept indicates that the ratio of stress response to any applied strain is
independent of strain magnitude. This characteristic can be adopted to the strain sweep
test by monitoring the dynamic modulus, G*, as the strain increases. The linear
viscoelasiticity is observed if the dynamic modulus, G* does not drop more than 10%
from its initial value (Kim, et al., 2003). Figures 5.88 to 5.93 show the relationship
205
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
between complex modulus and stress for different modified binders. There is a small
variation in complex modulus and phase angle as the stress increases. From the results
the linear relationship between dynamic modulus and stress is observed. The
relationship of stress and strain for different modified binders is shown in Figures 5.94
to 5.99. The modified binders show lower strain as compared to neat bitumens at the
same stresses. The interrelation of stress and strain is linear within the linear
viscoelastic region, and it is influenced by frequency, temperature and modifier
contents.
1.00E+05 -e
j 90
-^80
1.00E+04
70
et
ft, 4)
r -- 60 41
v>
3
1.00E+03 - u
6J
4>
~3 --50 •o
•a
c -60/70 bitumen 60/70+3%CR
s 1.00E+02 - - 60/70+5%CR
--40 bl
-a— 60/70+7%CR a
CD <
- 60/70+9%CR o••• 60/70 Bitumen -• 30
"S 41
Vi
E 60/70+3%CR et
o 1.00E+01 -
x -60/70+5%CR -C
--20
u 60/70+7%CR a 60/70+9%CR
ft,
-- 10
1.00E+00
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Stress, Pa
Figure 5.88. Stress Sweep Tests results at 55°C and 10 rad/sec for CR modified
60/70 Bitumen
206
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1.00E+05 - r 100
i
| o- ••- - - -o ©- o • • - -..©•--• -- © ©• © " *"
< 1.00E+04 i [ <»....
i. . . . . . Jj> .: . -..- ;
-a^ . . . . . . ajt.,.... ijj
a •.-.
- - • . .
• - - *•
. a. .
- •
. . —a
• • •*
o-
••
a
• '•"
•,
—1 r 80
et i M M M=TT * * —M M if i
ft, •70 41
la
Vi bl
3 4)
53
1.00E+03 - 1 -60 •o
r
-a
©
-80/100 bitumen -80/100+3%CR -50
C
1.00E+02 - e -80/100+5%CR *
- 80/100+7%CR -40 <
41
o,
\ Vi
-80/100+9%CR --©.. 80/100 Bitumen et
S - 30 JS
©
• 80/100+3%CR •-X-- • 80/100+5%CR ft,
1.00E+01 - 1 ...E). • 80/100+7%CR -20
-•-&-- • 80/100+9%CR
-10
1 OOF+OO - 1 I
1C)0 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Stress, Pa
Figure 5.89. Stress Sweep Tests results at 55°C and 10 rad/sec for CR modified
80/100 Bitumen
1.00E+05 T 90
*=t
--80
1.00E+04^ 4>
4)
et 70 S-
ft. Dl
4>
Vi
3 x --60
•a3 1.00E+03
01
O
-- 50 c
•o-
<
4-40 41
Vi
1.00E+02-r es
"5 -+— 60/70 bitumen — 60/70+3%EVA X.
E 30 ft
-*— 60/70+5%EVA --—60/70+7%EVA
o
U -9— 60/70+9%EVA © 60/70 bitumen
1.00E+01 -r 20
•-- 60/70+ 3%EVA •x-60/70+5%EVA
a- • • 60/70+7%EVA -b -••60/70+9%EVA 10
1.00E+00 + + + +
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Stress, Pa
Figure 5.90. Stress Sweep Tests results at 55°C and 10 rad/sec for EVA modified
60/70 Bitumen
207
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1.00E+06 -t
x 100
L-9C
et
8C
ft. o
r 41
Vi 1.00E+04hi 7C i_
3 bl
u
a
•a + 6C
o
s -- 5C "3
c
V A A A- «V A -A A- - • <
Q
4C 4)
E
1.00E+02 -: -•—80/100 Bitumen 80/100+3%EVA
Vi
et
o --3C JZ
U -*— 80/100+5%EVA —•—80/100+7% EVA ft,
Stress, Pa
Figure 5.91. Stress Sweep Tests results at 55°C and 10 rad/sec for EVA modified
80/100 Bitumen
1.00E+05
90
I 80
1.00E+04
X- X- X-
•L70
et •X- -X-
a. -A- •A" A-
•A- • A- -A- •A- A-
•D- • • -a- •a- •Q- Q. -a- ir60 o
4>
-3 1.00E+03-: k,
s w
u
•a --50
o
° 1.00E+01 -= • -a-
60/70+7%SBS a-60/70+9%SBS "20
-- 10
1.00E+00 +
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Stress, Pa
Figure 5.92. Stress Sweep Tests results at 55°C and 10 rad/sec for SBS modified
60/70 Bitumen
208
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1.00E+05 -x j 100
© © •© ©• ©— - - • •© © © ;:90
-a • • • • • • •-
1.00E+04 - •X X X X X
SS I I I I I J Al I 1 I 1 1 S> 1 1 J • • • ^mimmmmmw • i A
X
A • • '
X
A'
X-
at
.'. 80
et
ft.
S: : : :: ;a>: ;; : ; ; -a) :;:::: g, =====ajjp ==;;: 5> ;;;;::fr LiT: • 'i
B O Q B O B -Q
A 70 4)
41
U
Vi
bl
3
aS 1.00E+03 4 60 41
•o
3
•3
O
50 ox
-•—80/100 Bitumen 80/100+3%SBS c
1.00E+00 + + + +
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Stress, Pa
Figure 5.93. Stress Sweep Tests results at 55°C and 10 rad/sec for SBS modified
80/100 Bitumen
20 n
60/70 Bitumen
60/70+3% CR
60/70+5% CR
15 -
60/70+7% CR
60/70+9% CR
10
et
u
5 -
Stress, Pa
Figure 5.94. Relationship between stress and strain at 55°C and 10 rad/sec for
CR modified 60/70 Bitumen
209
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
45 i
-80/100 bitumen
40
- 80/100+3% CR
35 -
- 80/100+5% CR
30 - 80/100+7% CR
80/100+9% CR
s? 25 -
et 20
u
V)
15
10 -|
0
100
1100
Figure 5.95. Relationship between stress and strain at 55°C and 10 rad/sec for
CR modified 80/100 Bitumen
15 -i
60/70 Bitumen
60/70+3% EVA
60/70+5% EVA
60/70+7% EVA
60/70+9% EVA
0s
#-
C
• aaasl
et
u
Stress, Pa
Figure 5.96. Relationship between Stress and Strain at 10 rad/sec and 55°C for
EVA modified 60/70 Bitumen
210
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
45
40 -
-•— 80/100 Bitumen
-•— 80/100+-3% EVA
35 - -*- 80/100+-5% EVA
-*- 80/100+-7% EVA
30 -
-*- 80/100+9% EVA
r
C 25 -
'8
v 20 -
15 -
10 -
5 -
Stress, Pa
Figure 5.97. Relationship between Stress and Strain at 10 rad/sec and 55°C for
EVA modified 80/100 Bitumen
15 -I
60/70 Bitumen
60/70+3% SBS
60/70+5% SBS
60/70+7% SBS
10
60/70+9% SBS
et
s-
•**
5 -
Stress, Pa
Figure 5.98. Relationship between Stress and Strain at 10 rad/sec and 55°C for
SBS modified 60/70 Bitumen
211
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
45 -i
80/100 bitumen
40 -
80/100+3% SBS
35 80/100+5% SBS
80/100+7% SBS
30
80/100+9% SBS
25
B
£ 20
Vi
T-
Stress, Pa
Figure 5.99. Relationship between Stress and Strain at 10 rad/sec and 55°C for
SBS modified 80/100 Bitumen
212
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
From the point of view of economics, a lower percentage will be selected and
therefore, 3%, and 5 % is observed as an optimum modifier for EVA and CR modified
binder respectively.
The rheological properties of the binders as per SHRP are determined by using
(Khalid et al. 1998). In order to characterize Polymer Modified Asphalts (PMA), it has
been shown that traditional tests (Penetration, softening point, absolute viscosity) are
addition to the bitumen (Lenoble and Nahas, 1994). The performance can be
methods and apparatus for this type of fundamental characterization have improved
enormously over the past two decades. Due to the relative newness of these tests and
high initial cost for the acquisition of the testing apparatus, the binder industry is
reluctant to use them (Ven and Jenkins, 2003). The conventional tests methods are still
used to investigate the properties of the binders in many countries including India.
Therefore, the relationship between empirical tests results and the rheological
properties obtained from Dynamic Shear Rheometer like complex modulus, phase
The correlation between complex modulus and penetration values for neat and
modified with CR are shown in figures.5.100 and 5.101. It can be seen that the complex
modulus decreases with increase in penetration values. The complex modulus increases
213
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
rapidly at 46°C as compared to other high temperatures. The variations are least at
70°C for both 60/70 and 80/100 bitumens modified with CR. Similarly, the correlation
between complex modulus and penetration values of EVA and SBS binders are shown
in Figures 5.102-5.103 and Figures 5.104-5.105 respectively. The regression equations
are obtained at three temperatures (46, 58 and 70°C) of complex modulus with
penetration. The correlation coefficient ofthe regression line is found to be 0.985 for
60/70 bitumen modified with CR while 80/100 bitumen modified with CR is 0.9347.
Likewise, for bitumen modified with EVA and SBS the correlation coefficient (R2) is
found to be 0.9892, 0.9873 and 0.8095, 0.7319 respectively. The curves for 60/70 and
80/100 bitumen modified with EVA indicate excellent goodness of fit as their R2 values
are 0.9892 and 0.9873 respectively. From the results it is observed that the complex
modulus increases with decrease in penetration values. Decrease in complex modulus
with increase in penetration values indicates the decrease in hardening of the binders.
From the regression equations, the approximate value of complex modulus can be
determined with known penetration value.
Temperature
Figure 5.100. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Penetration value for
60/70 Bitumen modified with different percentage ofCR
214
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1.6013
(A) y = 9026x (B) y = 6435.9X
1.7994
(C) y = 3586.2X
1.9846
25
et
Temperature
v\ 20 as
a O ♦ 46°C
a
• 58°C
is
c
E
• 10 a 70°C
& 5
E
u 5
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure 5.101. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Penetration value for
80/100 Bitumen modified with different percentage of CR.
-3.508
250 (A) y = 4E+07x (B) y = 1E+08x
-4.2413
(C) y =9E+07x^
R2 = 0.9892 R2 = 0.9679 R2 = 0.955
et
S3 r
200
Vi
3
3
O
£
o
U
40 50
Figure 5.102. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Penetration value for
60/70 Bitumen modified with different percentage of EVA
215
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
200
Temperature
50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure 5.103. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Penetration value for
80/100 Bitumen modified different percentage ofEVA.
40 50 60 70
Figure 5.104. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Penetration value for
60/70 Bitumen modified with different percentage ofSBS.
216
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
50 -i
(A) y = 4943.2x
1.3263
(B) y=14427X1 9323 <C) y=25249x-23698
_» _ r>2
R2 =— 0.9154
n tucA
R2 = 0.7319 R2 = 0.8788
40 •
et Temperature
♦ 46°C
£30- so ss 58°C
en
s
•O S?
© Ov
a 70°C
S 20 -
X
<u
E
a
110 - 3
U
30 40 50 60 70 80 100
Figure 5.105. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Penetration value for
80/100 Bitumen modified with different percentage of SBS.
The phase angle of binders increases with increase in penetration value. The
phase angle of binders modified with CR, EVA and SBS are lower as compared to neat
The correlation coefficients (R2) of binders modified with CR vary from 0.9957
to 0.7698. The regression coefficient (R2) for 80/100 bitumen modified with CR
bitumen is less as compared to 60/70 bitumen modified with CR. For binders modified
with EVA, it gives a better fitness relationship. The 80/100 bitumen modified with SBS
(R2 = 0.9887) indicates better relationship than 60/70 bitumen modified with SBS (R2 =
0.9405) as shown in Figures 5.110 and 5.111. From the regression equations, phase
angle can be determined at any penetration value. The phase angle of binders modified
with EVA is lower than binders modified with CR and SBS. The penetration values of
217
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
the modified binders decrease as the percentage of modifier increases. Therefore, the
phase angles of modified binders decrease as the percentage of modifier increases.
Decrease in phase angle indicates lower viscous flow and higher elastic behaviour of
the binders.
100
(A) y=-0.0831X2 +10.627x -258.86 (B) y=-0.1066x2 +13.653x -350.85
R' = 0.9957 R' = 0.9749
«u 90
u
bl
u
Temperature
"°r 80
"bl ♦ 46°C
B
<
o
70 • 58°C
VI
et
-3 a 70°C
ft.
60 (C) y =-0.0812x2 +11.123x-285.83 I
R2 = 0.9151
50
—i
50 55 60
65
218
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
100
4)
<u
u
bl 90 -
0)
as
01 £ Temperature
til 80 - ON
C ♦ 46°C
< *
u
Vi
70 •
E Z m 58°C
et 3
(C) y = -0.0204xz + 3.5183x - 52.171 aj
Z
60 R2 = 0.8666 a 70°C
50 —i— i —i—
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure 5.107. Relation between Phase Angle and Penetration value for 80/100
bitumen modified with CR.
OJ
90
u
u
bl
a 80
"3
at.
<~>
bl 70 Temperature
c
< • 46°C
9.
Vi 60
et
• 58°C
30 i i
30 40 50 60 70
Figure 5.108. Relation between Phase Angle and Penetration value for 60/70
modified modified with EVA.
219
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
u
90
a
g 80
•a
a," 70 Temperature
"3t ♦ 46°C
3 60
• 58°C
2 50
a 70°C
ft- 40
30
Figure 5.109. Relation between Phase Angle and Penetration value for 80/100
bitumen modified with EVA.
o 90
<u
u
bl
9
•v
«J 80
"bl Temperature
c
< ♦ 46°C
v 70 E
vi
et • 58°C
G
60 a 70°C
(C) y =-0.0092x2 +1.8025x+16.352
R2=0.9308
50
—r— —i—
30 40 50 60 70
Figure 5.110. Relation between Phase Angle and Penetration value for 60/70
bitumen modified with SBS.
220
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
100
4>
e
bi
90 -
•a
Temperature
01
c 80
♦ 46°C
<
Vi
et 70 si 58°C
JS
ft.
a 70°C
60
50 i
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure 5.111. Relation between Phase Angle and Penetration value for 80/100
bitumen modified with SBS.
Figures 5.112-5.117 show the relation between complex modulus and softening
point for binders modified with CR, EVA and SBS. It is observed that the complex
modulus increases with increase in softening point. The variation in complex modulus
is more at 46°C than at 70°C for all the binders, as shown in Figures.5.112-5.117. Also,
the variation is more at higher softening point than lower softening point for the same
221
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
et
vi Temperature
_3
3
♦ 46°C
©
• 58°C
<u
a a 70°C
E
©
—i
50 55 60 65 >
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.112. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Softening Point for
60/70 bitumen modified with CR.
413
(/ i)y 3E-08X61 (B)y = 2E-11x66321
30 • (C)y = 1E-13x76768
K = 0.7965 R2 = 0.8259
R2= 0.8412
♦
et 25 -
2 A
V
3 20 - E
♦ X
3 u
no • * Temperature
o « ON
g 15 - Z.
M
it • 46°C
x
u
c E • 58°C
10 -
E s
©
a 70°C
U B .
5 -
• 1 ' •
C
0 A
A A ^ *
—T 1
•
4! 50 55 60
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.113. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Softening Point for
80/100 bitumen modified with CR.
222
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
50 60 70 80 90
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.114. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Softening Point for
60/70 bitumen modified with EVA.
200 -i 6.7144
(A)y =1E-07x48668 (B) y = 7E-10x
(C)y = 1E-10x
6.7386
R2 = 0.9196 R2 = 0.9136
R2 = 0.9285
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.115. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Softening Point for
y
80/100 bitumen modified with EVA.
223
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
3
•o
o
o Temperature
ft ♦ 46°C
E
©
100
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5. 116. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Softening Point for
60/70 bitumen modified with SBS.
50 60 70 80 90 100
Softening Point, °C
T
Figure 5 117. Relationship between Complex Modulus and Softening Point for
80/100 Bitumen modified with SBS.
224
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
The phase angle of modified 80/100 and 60/70 grades of bitumen decreases as
softening point increases. The variations in phase angle are more at lower softening
point than at higher softening point for all the binders as shown in Figures 5.118 -
5.123. However, in case of binders modified with EVA, the variations in phase angle
are almost consistent as shown in Figures 5.120 and 5.121. However, phase angle
significantly decreases as the softening point increases. The decrease in phase angle
indicates the increase in elastic behaviour of the binders. Whereas increase in phase
angle (say 90°) of binders indicates predominantly viscous behaviour. Further, the
* phase angle decreases as the softening point increases for both 60/70 and 80/100 grades
of bitumen modified with SBS are shown in Figures 5.122 and 5.123. As temperature
increases (70°C), the phase angles for the base bitumens approach 90° and, therefore,
predominantly viscous behaviour. At the same time, polymer begins to significantly
improve the elasticity of the modified binders. It is obvious that the phase angle of
modified bituminous binders depends on temperature, type and percentage of modifier.
s
= -0.0465X2 + 2.9255X + 61.697
bi 90 -
T3
R2 = 0.8949
C Temperature
< 80
eu ♦ 46°C
Vi et
et U
• 58°C
70 •
a 70°C
7
60 —i
45 50 55 60 65
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.118. Relationship between Phase Angle and Softening Point for 60/70
bitumen modified with CR.
225
Chapter 5:Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
o>
w 80
c
< 5 Temperature
04
70
et • 46°C
ft. (C) y =-0.3859x2 +36.221 x - 755 • 58°C
60 -
R2=0.8638
a 70°C
50
45
50
55
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.119. Relationship between Phase Angle and Softening Point for 80/100
bitumen modified with CR.
Si 80
•a
o
Temperature
W 70
B
♦ 46°C
<
£ 60 •
et • 58°C
£ 50 J a 70°C
30 —i—
—r—
40 50 60 70 80 90
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.120. Relationship between Phase Angle and Softening Point for 60/70
bitumen modified with EVA.
226
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
4! 70 • 58°C
a 60
J3
a 70°C
ft.
50
40 H
30
40 50 60 70 80
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.121. Relationship between Phase Angle and Softening Point for 80/100
bitumen modified with EVA.
0<
01 90
s-
bt
01
•a
80 Vi
Ol a
Vj
ox
a
< 70 Temperature
V
Vi
et
• 46°C
60 B
ft.
• 58°C
i5
50 -
(C) y = 0.0083xz -1.7889x + 161.54
a 70°C
R2 = 0.9694
40 i i i i —i
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.122. Relationship between Phase Angle and Softening Point for 60/70
bitumen modified with SBS.
227
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
bl
o>
90 -J 2
9 ^s, C^^v Vi
T3 z ♦
!*
J
OJ
80 - ^J*-^^ ^v--»^ Temperature
c *
< c ♦ 46°C
o
70 •
E
V)
W • 58°C
.a
ft. 60 -
a 70°C
(C) y = 0.0099x2-2.121x +175.54
50 R2 = 0.9765
40
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.123. Relationship between Phase Angle and Softening Point for 80/100
bitumen modified with SBS.
228
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
shown in Figures 5.128 and 5.129. The binders modified with CR and EVA give better
binders modified with CR and EVA are 0.9863 and 0.9897 respectively. However, for
binders modified with SBS, the goodness of fit is not very high as R2 value is 0.8134.
The dynamic viscosity of the binders is changed drastically at high temperatures. With
increasing temperatures, polymer particles may become more soluble and more
-2.4265
(A) y = 47700X (B) y =7E+06x"40349 (C) y =1E+09x56636
R2 = 0.9863 R2 =0.9618 R2 =0.9303
3.5
0>
Vi
I
et 3 -
§2
2.5 -
Vi
O
u 2 -
Vi
> Temperature
a 1.5 • 46°C
E
et • 58°C
c
>-.
a a70°C
0.5 -
—i
50 55 60 65
229
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
3 -i
(A) y = 894.89x14993 (B) y = 635.84x-1.796 (C) y = 341.3x" 1.9732
R = 0.9333 R = 0.8384 R2 = 0.792
Temperature
♦ 46°C
• 58°C
a70°C
70 80 90 100
25
(A) y = 3E+06X-3-4537 (B) y = 1E+07x-4-2347
R2=0.9897 (C) y = 9E+06X"4 5088
R2=0.969
R2=0.9549
Temperature
♦ 46°C
• 58°C
a70°C
70
230
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
2.7542 3.2154
(A)y • 258394X" (B)y = 384314x' (C) y = 72915x"
3.1589
Temperature
♦ 46°C
• 58°C
a70°C
i i i
50 60 70 80 100
Penetration value, dmm
Figure 5.127. Relationship between Dynamic Viscosity and Penetration value at
25°C for 80/100 bitumen modified with EVA.
8 -i
1.5383
(A) y = 1361.1x (B) y=4625.7x"
2.2376 2.7167
(C) y = 7448.3X
7 - R2 = 0.8134 R2 = 0.8729 R2 = 0.8268
o>
6
VI
Vi
5 H
Vi
Vi 4
o
o>
Temperature
M
3 ♦ 46°C
>
• 58°C
a 2
et
C a70°C
>
Q 1 H
231
Chapter 5:Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
1.3326
(A) y = 507.94X
(B) y = 1416.5x" 1.9279
R2 = 0.7348 (C) y = 2512.2X23687
R2= 0.881 R2 = 0.9156
o,
Vi
I
et
Vi
OS
Vi Temperature
Vi a ♦ 46°C
V
©
E
en 2 • 58°C
3
id a 70°C
E
n
c
>'.
30 40
60 70 80 90 100
as shown in Figures 5.134 and 5.135. From softening point temperature, the dynamic
viscosity can be determined by using the regression equations.
3.5
(C) y =0.002X2 - 0.1986x+5.0325
Vi
3
2.5
Temperature
• 46°C
• 58°C
a70°C
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.130. Relationship between Dynamic Viscosity and Softening Point for
60/70 bitumen modified with CR.
233
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.131. Relationship between Dynamic Viscosity and Softening Point for
80/100 bitumen modified with CR.
♦ 46°C
• 58°C
a70°C
r T-
50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Softening Point, °C
Figure
5'132' ?ne«ntiunShip bCtWeen Dynamic Viscosity and Softening Point for
60/70 bitumen modified with EVA.
234
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
Vi
O 10 -
u
Vi
> Temperature
♦ 46°C
E 5 -
• 58°C
a70°C
45 50
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.133. Relationship between Dynamic Viscosity and Softening Point for
80/100 bitumen modified with EVA.
8 i
(A) y =-0.0023X2 +0.4058x - 12.484 (B) y = -0.0005x" +0.0947x - 3.1736
7 • R2=0.8005 R2=0.8451
V) ° i
i
et
© 4
u
Vi
c/5
(C) y =-9E-05X2 +0.0238x - 0.8761 05
R2 = 0.8693
E Temperature
et 2 ♦ 46°C
e
>-. av
a E • 58°C
1
a70°C
i i —r- i -1—
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.134. Relationship between Dynamic Viscosity and Softening Point for
60/70 bitumen modified with SBS.
235
Chapter 5: Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
Vi 3 - a^-^T" ~~~^\*
et
s
V
2.5 - E
3 + / •
£ IS
Vi 2 - it
«
O
u
Z (C) y =-0.0002x2 +0.0269x - 0.8756 Vl
S3
Vi Vj
It is demonstrated that conventional tests are not adequate for polymer modified
binders. However, these tests are still used for assessing properties of modified binders
due to their easy method and low cost in India and other developed countries (Kumar,
2005). Therefore, acomparison has been made between rutting parameter (GVsin 5)
and softening point. The correlation between SHRP rutting parameter at two
temperatures and softening point of different modified binders are shown in Figures
5.136-5.141. The correlation coefficients of 60/70 and 80/100 bitumens modified with
236
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
CR are 0.89 and 0.77 as shown in Figure 5.136. The correlation between G*/sin 8 at
70°C and softening point for the above binders is shown in Figure 5.137 and its
correlation coefficient are 0.79 and 0.73. It indicates the value of R2 decreased as the
test temperature increase in the value of G*/sin 5. Similarly, the correlation coefficients
of binders modified with EVA are shown in Figures 5.138-5.139. However, in the case
ofbinders modified with SBS, the correlation coefficients value increased when rutting
parameter (G*/sin 5) at 70°C is compared to softening point as shown in Figure 5.141.
20
18
(60/70 Bitumen)
16
(80/100 Bitumen)
14 H y = 0.946x- 38.973
et R2 =0.895 y = 1.0007x-42.499
12
R2 = 0.772
to 10
C
Vt
8 -
♦ 80/100 bitumen
modified with CR
6 -
d 60/70 bitumen
4
modified with CR
2
0 i i —i— i
40 45 50 55 60 65
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.136. Relationship between G*/sin5 (at 10 rad/s and 52°C) and Softening
Point for CR modified bitumens
237
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
3.5
3 •
(60/70 Bitumen)
2.5
et
y = 0.2039x -9.5568 (80/100 Bitumen)
R2 =0.7918
t© 2 y = 0.1528x-6.7143
B
• mm
VI R =0.7317
* 15
♦ 80/100 bitumen
modified with CR
a 60/70 bitumen
0.5 modified with CR
40 45 50 55 60 65
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.137. Relationship between G*/sin8 (at 10 rad/s and 70°C) and Softenine
Point for CR modified bitumens
♦ 80/100 bitumen
modified with EVA
Q 60/70 bitumen
modified with EVA
(80/100 Bitumen)
y = 3.8556x-189.45
R2 =0.8248
60 70 80 90
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.138. Relationship between G*/sin8 (at 10 rad/s and 52°C) and Softenine
Point for EVA modified bitumens
238
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
25 i
♦ 80/100 bitumen
modified with EVA
a 60/70 bitumen
modified with EVA
(80/100 Bitumen)
y = 0.4294x-21.342
R" = 0.7038
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.139. Relationship between G*/sin8 (at 10 rad/s and 70°C) and Softening
Point for EVA modified bitumens
45
♦ 80/100 bitumen
40 -
modified with SBS
35 - (60/70 Bitumen)
60/70 bitumen
et modified with
30
y=0.5675x-17.44
ee 25 - R2=0.7917
a
'35
3T 20
o (80/100 Bitumen)
15
y = 0.2655x-5.4074
10 • R2=0.755
5-
0 ^ i 1 1 1—
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.140. Relationship between G*/sin8 (at 10 rad/s and 52°C) and Softening
Point for SBS modified bitumens
239
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
8 -1
7 -
♦ 80/100 bitumen a
0
• 1
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Softening Point, °C
Figure 5.141. Relationship between G*/sin8 (at 10 rad/s and 70°C) and Softening
Point for SBS modified bitumens
240
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
EVA gives a better linear relationship in comparison to bitumens modified with CR and
SBS. The approximate value of complex modulus (G*) of a modified bitumen and its
failure temperature can be predicted by using the above equations, if one of parameter
is known or determined experimentally.
Table 5.23 Failure Temperature of Neat and Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumens
Failure temperature at
Binder
type G*/sin 8 = lkPa G*/sin 8 = 2.2 kPa
(Original Binders) (Aged Binders)
60/70 bitumen 68 64.5
3%CR 72.5 68.5
5%CR 75.5 70
7%CR 76 71
9%CR 80 73
80/100 bitumen 63.5 61.5
3%CR 67.5 63.5
5%CR 69 67
7%CR 71.5 67.5
9%CR 79 66.5
241
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
Failure temperature at
Binder
G*/sin 8 = lkPa G*/sin 8 = 2.2 kPa
type
(Unaged Binders) (Aged Binders)
60/70 bitumen 68 64.5
3%EVA 78 76
5%EVA 83.5 82
7%EVA 89 86.5
9%EVA 95 93
3%SBS 78 72
5%SBS 83 76
7%SBS 89 78
9%SBS 87 73
3%EVA 75 71.5
5%EVA 79 78
7%EVA 85 83.5
9%EVA 91 88.5
3%SBS 72 67.5
5%SBS 77.5 70
9%SBS 76
73
242
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
70
• 80/100 Bitumen
modified with CR
a 60/70 Bitumen
u
modified with CR y = 0.8358x-7.0605
o 60
•**
R2 =0.9647
e
©
2- y = 0.4717x +17.731
bl
s R2 = 0.7611
50
mm*
©
GO
40 —r- —i— —i
60 70 80 90
Failure Temperature, °C
+3 80 -
e
©
y ==1.1805x-29.065 ^5^ *
PL,
bl
70 -
R2 =0.9629 J^^^^
"8
B
^^^^ y=1.0991x-24.373
o 60 -
^s£^ R2 =0.9843
V
50 -
a^asa**
*^^*
40 -
60 70 80 90 100
Failure Temperature, °C
243
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
100
90 -
u
o 80
•mm
c
♦ 80/100 Bitumen
o modified with SBS
70
bl
e a 60/70 Bitumen
a
60 modified with SBS
mm.
a
V,
50
40
30
—i
60 70 80 90 100
Failure Temperature, °C
40
60 70 80
Failure Temperature, °C
244
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
90
80 -
y = 1.1974x-25.424
y = 1.0805x-17.674
R' = 0.9923
o 70 R2 = 0.987
mU
bl
B
•*-*
40 T— —n
60 70 80 90 100
Failure Temperature, °C
Failure Temperature, °C
245
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
246
Chapter 5 : Test Results and Discussion on Bituminous Binders
modified binders. The 60/70 and 80/100 bitumen modified with 3% EVA are meeting
PG 64 for SBS modified with above bitumens and percentage. In case of CR modified
bitumens. It shows that there is less variation in rheological properties by addition low
percentage of CR. From empirical and rheological properties, both EVA and SBS
modified binders can be used in high temperature areas as such as Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Uttar Pradesh and Delhi. However, EVA modified binders will be more suitable at high
temperature and heavy traffic areas like Delhi, Mumbai as it has high rutting resistance
to deformation. The CR and SBS modified binders can be used for cold and moderate
climatic areas like north eastern part of India. But, for very cold and low temperature
areas such as Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir, SBS modified binders can be
used as it shows high ductility value. The complex modulus of SBS modified binder is
247
CHAPTER-6
6.0 CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions are drawn based on the results obtained in the
present study:
SBS modified binder gives higher softening point and better elastic recovery
than EVA and CR modified binders. However, EVA modified binder gives
lower penetration value. The ductility values of CR and EVA modified binders
are drastically reduced as compared to SBS modified binder. Elastic recovery
the binder and will increase the life of pavement at low temperature.
less than +2. For 60/70 bitumen modified with 5 percent SBS and 7 percent
EVA, the values of P.I. are 2.82 and 2.7 respectively, while the P.I. values are
found to be 3.6 and 2.78 for the above percentage in case of 80/100 bitumen.
248
Chapter 6 : Conclusions and Recommendations
At this level, the binder will be less brittle. As per the P.I. criterion in study, 3
percent for SBS, 5 percent for EVA and from 3 to 9 percent for CR can be used
3. The Indian specifications (IRC: 53-2002 and IS 15462: 2004) specify different
grades of modified binders based on empirical tests. Empirical tests provide the
information only at specific temperatures and loading frequencies and are,
therefore, unable to give a complete picture of the rheological performance of
the bituminous binders. Therefore, itis suggested that rheological property such
as G*/sin 8 should be used in India also for development of the performance
grades as per SHRP specifications.
4. Complex modulus (G*), shear modulus (G*/sin 8) and Loss modulus (G*sin 8)
are found to be in important roles to characterize the rheological properties and
predict performance ofmodified bitumens at high temperature.
5. The complex modulus increases with increase in percentage of modifier and
decreases with increase in temperature. However, phase angle decreases with
increase in percentage of modifier and increases with increase in temperature.
The complex modulus are found to be 62.9 kPa, 38.1 kPa and 25.6 kPa at 46°C
for 60/70 bitumen modified with 3% EVA, SBS and CR respectively. At the
same temperature, it is found to be 20.9 kPa for 60/70 bitumen. Phase angle of
modified binders also decrease as compared to neat bitumen. The phase angle is
observed as 80.8° for 60/70 bitumen at 46°C. However, the phase angles of
bitumen modified with 3% EVA, SBS and CR are 65.4, 68.7 and 76.7°
respectively. The increase in complex modulus and decrease in phase angle of
the modified binder indicate higher resistance to deformation as compared to
neat bitumen.
249
Chapter 6 : Conclusions and Recommendations
6. Neat bitumens lost their elasticity at 70°C as their phase angle is more than 90°.
However, all the modified binders still display considerable elasticity at this
temperature. The value of complex modulus at 46°C increased 1.2 and 1.7 times
3% SBS with 60/70 and 80/100 bitumens the value of complex modulus are
increased 1.8 and 2.4 times respectively at 46°C while with the same percentage
modulus of 80/100 bitumen is more pronounced than 60/70 bitumen with the
7. The value of shear modulus at 10 rad/sec and 60°C for 60/70 bitumen modified
with 3% EVA, SBS and CR are found to be 10.02, 9.35 and 4.85 kPa
respectively. With above temperature and same percentage of EVA, SBS and
CR modifier at lower frequency, 1 rad/sec, the shear modulus are found as 1.24,
1.18 and 0.58 kPa. Therefore, EVA modified binders have higher rutting
depends on the temperature range being considered and the loading time. The
than CR and EVA modified binders but EVA modified binders have lower VTS
250
Chapter 6 : Conclusions and Recommendations
exhibit a higher stiffness and elasticity than CR and SBS modified binders at
10. The rheological properties of bituminous binders are changed after ageing.
There is a considerably variation in complex modulus before and after ageing
for EVA modified binders. It is observed that the complex modulus decreases
after ageing at higher polymer content (7% to 9%) for SBS modified 60/70
bitumen. However, it increases up to temperature 58°C and then decreases with
above percentage for SBS modified 80/100 bitumen after ageing. The changes
in rheological property associated with ageing for the polymer modified binders
can be linked to a chemical change and the breakdown of the molecular
structure of the copolymer.
11. Dynamic frequency sweep test indicates that complex modulus increases with
increase in the frequency and percentage of modifier. The variation in complex
modulus is more pronounced at lower frequency as compared to at higher
frequency for the same percentage of modified binder. The phase angle of the
modified binders is lower than that of neat bitumen and it decreases as the
modifier increases but there is an increase in phase angle at the higher
251
Chapter 6 : Conclusions and Recommendations
frequencies for all the binders. The EVA modified binders show lower phase
and SBS modified binders. The variation in dynamic viscosity of the neat
bitumens is very less between lower and higher frequency but a significant
12. Dynamic stress sweep test shows the linear relationship between complex
modulus and phase angle with increase in stress. The modified binders show
lower strain as compared to neat bitumens at the same stresses. It has indicated
modified binders. The correlation of stress and strain is linear within the linear
contents.
13. Complex modulus, phase angle and dynamic viscosity show good curve
softening point. Softening point and failure temperature have also shown a good
propertiesusing empiricalproperties.
14. CRMB is the cheapest binder available in India. However, its rheological
behaviour is not very consistent. But, its elastic recovery is more as comparedto
EVA. So, it can be used in Low Cost Roads with more percentages as compared
15. In the present study, the value of G*(complex modulus), G*/sin 8 (shear
modulus) and G*sin 8 (loss modulus) for EVA binders are found to be higher
252
Chapter 6 : Conclusions and Recommendations
than SBS and CR modified binders. So EVA modified binders can be used in
very high temperature and heavy traffic areas (Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and
Kolkata) but it can not be used at lower temperature as its ductility value is less. >
SBS modified binders can be used in lower as well as higher temperature (all
places of India). CR modified binders will be suitable for moderately high
temperature zone and low cost roads (Rural roads under Pradhan Mantri Gram
16. The properties ofbitumen can be enhanced by adding small amount ofpolymers
and crumb rubber. Therefore, modified bituminous materials can bring real
benefits to highway construction, maintenance, in terms of better and longer
lasting roads, and savings in total road life costings.
6.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
2. Since, in India, specifications for the use of modifiers are not adequately
available, Government of India/ Indian Roads Congress may issue some
guidelines for characterization ofmodified bitumen in the light ofabove results.
253
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APPENDIX-A
Rate Costs
No Items Unit Quantity
(Rs) (Rs)
A. Material costs
Quantity of bitumen @ 5% by wt. of
1 MT 7.35 13200 97020
mix=147x0.05
Quantity of crushed aggregate 147- 7.35 = 139.65
Quantity of Coarse Aggregate
2 m 56.04 530.7 29740.84
= 139.65x0.62x1000/1545
Quantity of Fine aggregate
3 m 29.62 655.6 19420.66
= 139.65x0.35x1000/1650
4 Quantity of Lime = 140x0.03 MT 4.2 1038.26 4360.69
Total cost of materials (Rs) 150542.19
B. Hire Charges of Machinery
Hire of plant on 7 hours working in a day and
1 Per day 1.00 6000 6000
35 MT Per hour and 60 % efficiency
2 Hire charges of tipper Per day 3.54 800 2832
3 Hire charges of loader Per day 1.00 500 500
4 Hire charges of road roaler Per day 3.57 600 2142
Total cost of machinery (Rs) 11474
C. Charges of fuel
Quantity of diesel recquired Litre 998.17 17.06 17029
Carriage of diesel Litre 518.8 1.66 861.21
Mobil oil Litre 1.47 80 117.6
Total cost of fuel (Rs) 18007.81
D.Charges of labour
1 Labour charges Each 16.46 107.47 1769
Total costs of material, machinery, fuel and labour (Rs) 181793
Add water charges @ 1% of the total costs 1817.93
Add for contractors,s profit and overhead @ 10% of the toatal costs 18179.3
Total costs of 61.9 mJ of BC (Rs) 201790.23
Total costs(Rs) per m3 3259.93
Appendix - A
A-2. Providing a 40 mm thick Bituminous Concrete layer with SBS, EVA and CR
Modified Bitumen
Cost of 80/100 bitumen @ 5.0 % by weight of mix = (147 x 0.05) x 13200 - Rs 97020
Cost of polymer (SBS) @ Rs 150 perkg = (7.35 x 0.03) x 1000 x 150 = Rs 33075
Cost of Crumb Rubber (CR) @Rs 25 per kg = (7.35 x 0.09) x 1000 x 25 = Rsl 6537.5