 Small Signal Transistor Equivalent Circuits- Ac input signal voltages and currents are

in the order of +-10% of Q-point voltages and currents

 Transistor Modeling- combination of circuit elements, best approximate the actual
semiconductor device
 re Model- equivalent circuit is derived directly from the operating conditions of the
transistor
 H-parameters- most commonly used equivalent AC circuit for small-signal analysis
 Hybrid parameters- produce more accurate results in the analysis of amplifier ckts
DISADVANTAGES OF H-PARAMETERS:
 The values of h-parameters are not so readily and easily available
 Their values varies considerably with individual transistor even of the same type member
 Their values are limited to a particular set of operating conditions for reasonably accurate
results (they have limitations)
ADVANTAGES OF re MODEL:
 The requires values are easily available
 The procedure followed is simple and easy to understand
 The result obtained are quite accurate for the study of amplifier circuit characteristics
re MODEL
 Common Base (CB) Configuration (dc equivalent ckt)
1. Emitter diode acts like any forward- biased ideal diode
2. Collector diode acts as a current source
 Common Base (CB) Configuration (ac equivalent ckt)
1. In the case of small input AC signals, the emitter diode does not rectify, instead it offers
resistance called AC resistance (rac=re)
For drawing DC equivalent ckts, following procedures should be adopted:
 Short all AC source (reduce them to zero)
 Open all capacitors because the block the DC
For drawing DC equivalent ckts, following procedures should be adopted:
 All DC source are shorted (they treated as Ac ground)
 All coupling capacitors are shorted
 Emitter- diode is replaced by its AC resistance (rac=re)
EFFECT OF SOURCE RESISTANCE RS
 The grater the internal resistance of the AC signal source, the greater the internal voltage
drop and hence, the lesser the value of Vin because
Vin= Vs ----- drop across Rs
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A CC AMPLIFIER
 This circuit is also called EMMITER-FOLLOWER because the emitter signal follows the
signal at the base both in magnitude and phase
 The main usefulness of the Emitter-follower is to step-up the impedance level. It does not
increase the signal voltage.
 The primary application of CC stage is an impedance matching device. It offers higher
impedance of the input terminals and low output impedance (rL)- something opposite of a
typical basic transistor amplifier
SMALL- SIGNAL LOW- FREQUENCY MODEL
 The equivalent T- Model is the easiest to understand because in this model component parts
retain their identity in all configurations leading to rapid appreciation of a given network
 Such model are not in common use today because they do not take into account any gain
between input and output
h-parameters
There are four constants which describe the behavior of a two-port linear network
 Linear Network- is one in which resistor inductances and capacitances remain fixed when
voltage across them is changed
 The letter “h” means hybrid which means mixture of distinctively different terms. These
h-parameters are hybrid because they have different units.
SUMMARY OF h-parameters
 With output shorted
h11= input impedance
h21= forward current gain
(these two constants are known as forward parameters)
 With input open
h12= reverse voltage gain
h22= output admittance
(these two constants are also referred to as reverse parameters)

 The subscript 1 refers to the quantities on the input side and 2 to the quantities on the
output side
 In the double subscripts representation it is implied that the first number is always
divided by the other
THE h-parameter NOTATION FOR TRANSISTOR
Ouput shorted
h11= hi= input impedance
h21= hf= forward current gain
Input open
h12= hr= reverse voltage gain
h22= ho= ouyput admittance

The h-parameters depend on the following factors

1. Transistor type
2. Configuration
3. Operating point
4. Temperature
5. Frequency

 hi and hr are determined from the inout characteristics of the CE transistor

 hf and ho are found from the output characteristics