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A Wideband Space-Time MIMO Channel

Simulator Based on the Geometrical One-Ring
Model

Conference Paper · September 2006

DOI: 10.1109/VTCF.2006.39 · Source: DBLP

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A Wideband Space-Time MIMO Channel Simulator
Based on the Geometrical One-Ring Model
Matthias Pätzold and Bjørn Olav Hogstad
Faculty of Engineering and Science
Agder University College
4898 Grimstad, Norway
Email: {matthias.paetzold, bjorn.o.hogstad}@hia.no
Abstract— In this paper, we extend the geometrical one-ring
multi-input multi-output (MIMO) channel model with respect to
frequency-selectivity. Our approach enables the design of efficient
and accurate simulation models for wideband space-time MIMO
channels under isotropic scattering conditions. Two methods will
be provided to compute the parameters of the simulation model.
Especially, the space, time, and frequency correlation properties
of the proposed wideband space-time MIMO channel simulator
are studied analytically. It is shown that any given discrete or
continuous power delay profile (PDP) can be incorporated in the
simulation model. The high accuracy of the simulation model is
demonstrated by comparing its statistical properties with those
of the underlying reference model. Our procedure provides an
important framework for developers of future wideband mobile
communication systems to test and to verify new high data rate
transmission concepts employing, e.g., space-time coded MIMO
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) techniques.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Currently, a number of standardization bodies supported
by industries and research institutes are trying to establish
new system standards for future high-speed wireless local
area networks (WLANs) and 4th generation wireless systems
employing MIMO-OFDM techniques. One important charac-
teristic feature of future mobile communication systems is that
they have much larger bandwidths than today’s systems. The
channel models that have been developed for the 2nd and 3rd
generation mobile systems may therefore not be applicable in
4th generation systems [1]. For the design, optimization, and
test of future wideband mobile systems, new MIMO channel
reference and simulation models are required that sufficiently
approximate the temporal, spatial, and frequency correlation
properties of realistic frequency-selective space-time MIMO
channels.
Geometrical channel models with a ring of scatterers around
the user [2], [3] or around both the transmitter and the receiver
[4], [5] have received significant attention in the past due to
their simplicity. However, these channel models are frequency-
nonselective, which limits their usefulness to narrowband
MIMO systems.
In this paper, we show how the well-known one-ring model
[2], [3] can be extended with respect to frequency-selectivity.
The wideband extension of the narrowband one-ring model
was also the topic in [6], where the utility of the circular
ring model has been demonstrated by fitting the time of
1-4244-0063-5/06/$2000 (c) 2006 IEEE
arrival distribution and the PDP to empirical data. In our
paper, we propose a new wideband extension of the one-
ring model, which is capable of incorporating any given
specified or measured PDP. Two methods are presented for
the computation of the model parameters of the resulting
simulation model. Closed-form expressions will be provided
for the temporal autocorrelation function (ACF), the two-
dimensional (2D) space cross-correlation function (CCF), and
the frequency correlation function (FCF) of the simulation
model as well as the reference model. This allows us to
access the performance of the simulation model analytically by
comparing its correlation properties with those of the reference
model. It is shown that the designed MIMO channel simulator
matches the underlying reference model exactly with respect
to the FCF and a nearly perfect fitting can be achieved with
respect to the temporal ACF and the 2D space CCF.
The paper is structured as follows. Section II is devoted
to a brief review of a known frequency-nonselective MIMO
channel model derived from the geometrical one-ring model.
Its extension to frequency-selectivity is new and the main topic
of Section III. In Section IV, we will present two methods for
the computation of the model parameters. Section V studies
the temporal, spatial, and frequency correlation properties and
demonstrates the performance of the proposed MIMO channel
simulator. Finally, Section VI draws the conclusion.
II. R EVIEW OF THE O NE -R ING M ODEL
A MIMO narrowband (frequency-nonselective) channel
based on the geometrical one-ring scattering model was first
proposed in [2] and has further been developed in [7] and [3].
In this paper, we show how this model can be extended with
respect to frequency-selectivity. For ease of comprehension,
we redraw the geometrical one-ring model in Fig. 1. It is
assumed that the base station (BS) is the transmitter and
the mobile station (MS) is the receiver. The BS and the MS
are equipped with MBS transmit and MMS receive antennas,
respectively. The antenna element spacings at the BS and
the MS are designated by δBS and δMS , respectively, and the
multielement antenna tilt angles are denoted by αBS and αMS .
The angle of motion is αv and the quantity φBS max designates
one half of the maximum angle of departure seen at the BS.
In [3], it was shown that the time-variant complex channel
gain, denoted by g̃pq (t), which describes the link from the
 y
or, equivalently, its Fourier transform, which is known as the
v
FCF
A1BS
Dn1
Sn L
D1n





αBS φnMS αv AMS
1
r (υ ) =
τ
c2 e −j2πτ υ . (6)
δ BS φBS
φBS
n
max D2n α MS =1
0 BS 0 MS x

Dn2 δMS Here, c and τ
are the (amplitude) attenuation factor and the
AMS
2 propagation delay of the th path, respectively, and L is the
number of different propagation paths. We assume that a PDP
ABS
2
of the form (5) is given according to a specification or obtained
D R from measurement data. This allows us to consider Sτ
(τ
) and
rτ
(υ
) as the PDP and FCF of a reference model, respectively.
Fig. 1. Geometrical model (one-ring model) for an elementary 2 × 2 MIMO The problem is now the extension of the flat fading MIMO
channel with local scatterers around the MS.
channel model in (1) with respect to frequency-selectivity in
such a way that the FCF of the extended model is sufficiently
close to a reference FCF in (6). To solve this problem, we ob-
qth transmit antenna to the pth receive antenna of the under-
serve from Fig. 1 that the minimum and maximum propagation
lying flat fading MBS × MMS MIMO channel model, can be



delays are given by τ̃min = D/c0 and τ̃max = τ̃min + 2R/c0 ,
expressed as
respectively, where c0 is the speed of light. Without loss of



generality, we can set τ̃min to 0, since the minimum delay τ̃min
1

N
g̃pq (t) = √ an,q bn,p e j(2πfn t+θn ) (1) is common to all paths and can thus be neglected. Hence,
N n=1 the (relative) minimum and (relative) maximum propagation
delays of the one-ring model are given by
where
δBS
 

jπ(3−2q) λ cos(αBS )+φBS MS
max sin(αBS ) sin(φn ) τ̃min = 0 (7)
an,q = e (2)


δMS τ̃max = 2R/c0 (8)
= e jπ(3−2p) λ cos(φn −αMS )
MS
bn,p (3)
 
fn = fmax cos φMSn − αv (4) respectively. Obviously, the ring radius R can be chosen such
that τL
= τ̃max


= 2R/c0 holds.
for p = 1, 2, . . . , MMS and q = 1, 2, . . . , MBS . In the above In order to extend the one-ring channel model to the general
equations, N is referred to as the number of exponential case of a frequency-selective channel model, we partition the
functions, λ is the carrier’s wavelength, and fmax is called the ring of scatterers into L pairs of segments I ( = 1, 2, . . . , L)
maximum Doppler frequency. The quantity φMS n denotes the limited by ϕ and ϕ−1 as illustrated in Fig. 2. Note that
angle of arrival (AoA) of the nth incoming wave seen at the
MS. The phases θn in (1) are constants, as they are considered
as outcomes of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) y

random variables with a uniform distribution over [0, 2π). IL−1

.

III. E XTENSION OF THE O NE -R ING M ODEL WITH

..

ϕL−1 IL
R ESPECT TO F REQUENCY-S ELECTIVITY ϕ2
ϕL
I1
In the model described by (1), it was assumed that the prop- I1 x
agation delays τ̃n
of all N incoming waves are approximately ϕ2 −ϕL
equal and small in comparison to the data symbol duration −ϕL−1 IL
.
..

Ts , i.e., τ̃max = max{τ̃n
}N
n=1  Ts . However, in wideband
transmission systems, Ts is much smaller than in narrowband
IL−1
systems. In such cases, the propagation delay differences
cannot be neglected in comparison to the data symbol duration
Ts , and, as a consequence, the channel becomes frequency
selective. Fig. 2. Partition of a ring of scatterers into L segment pairs.
To describe a frequency-selective channel, we refer to the
discrete PDP the number of segment pairs equals the number of different
L propagation paths L. Each pair of segments will be assigned


Sτ
(τ
) = c2 δ(τ
− τ
) (5) to a single discrete propagation delay according to a fixed rule.
=1 To establish this rule, we express the propagation delay τ̃n
of
the nth path as Another possibility to incorporate frequency-selectivity in the
 one-ring model is given when multiple rings of scatterers
R−D+ D2 + R2 + 2DR cos(φMS
n )
τ̃n
= around the MS with different radii are assumed. This as-
c0 sumption is more realistic, especially in combination with
R 
≈ 1 + cos(φMS
n )
clusters of scatterers. Using the techniques described above,
c0 the development of a multiple-ring model with clusters of

1 + cos(φMSn ) scatterers is straightforward and easy to implement.
= τ̃max · (9)
2
where we have used (8) and the inequality D  R. Solving IV. PARAMETER C OMPUTATION M ETHODS
this equation for φMS
n gives
  The model parameters to be determined are the AOAs φMS n .
τ̃n

φMS
n = arccos 2

− 1 . (10) In the following, we present two methods, which can be used
τ̃max to compute φMSn on the assumption of isotropic scattering.
Using this result, we can now establish the relationship be-
tween the given delays τ
in (5) and the angles ϕ limiting A. The Generalized Method of Exact Doppler Spread
the segments I [see Fig. 2] as follows

 The method of exact Doppler spread (MEDS) [8] has
τ recently been developed further in [9]. According to this so-
ϕ = arccos 2
− 1 . (11)
τL called generalized MEDS (GMEDSq ), the model parameters
Recall that the AOAs φMS φMS
n are given by
n can be computed by using a proper
parameter computation method, e.g., such as those described  
qπ 1
in [3], whereas the propagation delays τ
are given according MS
φn = n− + φMS
0 , n = 1, 2, . . . , N (19)
2N 2
to a specification (or measurements). Next, if φMSn is within
the interval I , i.e., where q ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4} and φMS
0 is called the angle of rotation.
ϕ−1 < φMS
n ≤ ϕ , = 2, 3, . . . , L (12) Here, we choose q = 4, so that the scatterers are located
equally spaced on the ring around the MS. To maximize the
then we perform the following assignments: performance of the GMEDS4 , we define the angle of rotation
τ̃n
→ τ
(13) φMS
0 as

an,q → an,q, (14)

n − φn−1
φMS MS
π
bn,p → bn,p, (15) φMS
0 := = . (20)
4 2N
fn → fn, (16) Note that the GMEDS4 provides a simple closed-form solution
θn → θn, (17) to the parameter computation problem. Its excellent perfor-
where n = 1, 2, . . . , N and = 1, 2, . . . , L. This result can be mance will be demonstrated in Section V.
interpreted as follows. All propagation delays τ̃n
of the one-


ring model, which are within the range τ−1 < τ̃n
≤ τ
, are B. The Lp -Norm Method
gathered together and assigned to a single discrete propagation The Lp -norm method (LPNM) is described in detail in
delay τ
for all = 1, 2, . . . , L. Here, τ̃n
(n = 1, 2, . . . , N ) [8]. The application of this method to the determination of
denotes the actual propagation delay given by the nth scatterer the model parameters φMS n requires the minimization of the
Sn , whereas τ
( = 1, 2, . . . , L) denotes the th delay related following error function (L2 -norm)
to the specified discrete channel profile of the reference model.
In this way, we partition the N local scatterers Sn into L pairs  τmax
1/2
1
of segments. Let us denote N as the number of scatterers
L
Ergpq = |rgpq (τ ) − r̃gpq (τ )|2 dτ  (21)
within the th segment pair, then =1 N = N must hold. τmax
0
Obviously, the th segment pair is related to the attenuation
factor c of the discrete PDP. By partitioning the ring of where rgpq (τ ) and r̃gpq (τ ) are the temporal ACF of the
N scatterers into L segment pairs, each consisting of N reference model and the simulation model, respectively, and
scatterers, and performing the assignments listed in (13) – (17), τmax defines the upper limit of the domain [0, τmax ] over which
the complex channel gain g̃pq (t) [see (1)] can be extended to the approximation of rgpq (τ ) is of interest. If all scatterers are
the impulse response of a frequency-selective MBS × MMS located on a ring, then a proper value for τmax is given by
MIMO channel model as follows N/(4fmax ). The expression for the temporal ACFs rgpq (τ )

L
c

N and r̃gpq (τ ) will be provided in Subsection V-A. A (local)
h̃pq (τ
, t) = √ an,q, bn,p, e j(2πfn, t+θn, ) minimum of the error function in (21) can be found by using
=1
N  n=1 numerical optimization techniques. The performance of the
· δ(τ
− τ
) . (18) LPNM will be studied in the next section.
 1
V. C ORRELATION P ROPERTIES Reference model
Simulation model (GMEDS4 , N = 80)
Simulation model (LPNM, N = 80)
In this section, we study the statistical properties of the

Temporal autocorrelation function

proposed space-time MIMO channel simulator. Of special
interest are the temporal ACF, the 2D space CCF, and the 0.5
FCF. Since the proposed simulation model is deterministic, its
correlation properties have to be determined by time averages
instead of ensemble averages.
0
A. The Temporal ACF
The temporal ACF r̃gpq (τ ) of the time-variant complex
channel gain r̃gpq (t) is defined as
−0.5
∗ 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
r̃gpq (τ ) :=< g̃pq (t + τ )g̃pq (t) > (22) Normalized time lag, τ · fmax

where < · > denotes the time average operator1 . Substituting Fig. 3. The temporal ACFs rgpq (τ ) (reference model) and r̃gpq (τ )
(1) in (22) gives (simulation model) for isotropic scattering environments (αv = 0).

1
j2πfn τ
N
r̃gpq (τ ) = e (23)
N n=1 space CCF of the reference model for which the following
equation can be derived
where fn = fn (φMS n ) is given by (4). Note that the above δ
BS cos(α )
result is independent of p ∈ {1, 2, . . . , MMS } and q ∈ ρ(δBS , δMS ) = e j2π λ BS J0 (2π{(φBS δBS /λ)2
max
{1, 2, . . . , MBS }, i.e., the channel gains g̃pq (t) of all links · sin2 (δBS ) + 2φBS 2
max δBS δMS /λ
are described by the same temporal ACF. When using the
· sin(αBS ) sin(αMS ) + (δMS /λ)2 }1/2 ). (27)
GMEDS4 , one can show that in the limit N → ∞, the
temporal ACF r̃gpq (τ ) approaches The above result has been obtained by using [10, Eq. (3.338-
4)] and [11, Eq. (9.6.3)]. If the transmit and receive antennas
lim r̃gpq (τ ) = rgpq (τ ) = J0 (2πfmax τ ) (24)
N →∞ are perpendicular to the x-axis, i.e., αBS = αMS = π/2, then
the expression in (27) reduces to
where rgpq (τ ) denotes the temporal ACF of the reference   
model and J0 (·) is the zero-order Bessel function of the first δBS δMS
ρ(δBS , δMS ) = J0 2π φBS max + . (28)
kind. λ λ
The performance of the GMEDS4 and the LPNM using N = For this special case, the plots of the 2D space CCFs
80 can be studied in Fig. 3, where the resulting temporal ACFs ρ̃(δBS , δMS ) and ρ(δBS , δMS ) are illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5,
r̃gpq (τ ) of the simulation model are shown in comparison respectively. Here, the simulation model has been designed
to the ACF rgpq (τ ) of the reference model. Both methods by using the GMEDS4 with N = 80. Obviously, there is no
enable an excellent fitting in the interval from 0 to τmax = visual difference between ρ̃(δBS , δMS ) and ρ(δBS , δMS ).
N/(4fmax ). In our following studies, we will explicitly use the
GMEDS4 , since this method provides a closed-form solution C. The FCF
which is almost as good as the LPNM. The FCF r̃τ
(υ
) of the wideband MIMO channel simulator
is defined as
B. The 2D Space CCF
The 2D space CCF ρ̃(δBS , δMS ) of g̃11 (t) and g̃22 (t) is r̃τ
(υ
) :=< H̃pq (f
+ υ
, t)H̃pq
∗
(f
, t) > (29)
defined as where H̃pq (f
, t) denotes the simulation model’s time-variant
∗ transfer function, which is the Fourier transform of the impulse
ρ̃(δBS , δMS ) :=< g̃11 (t)g̃22 (t) > . (25)
response h̃pq (τ
, t) with respect to the propagation delays τ
.
Substituting (1) in (25) results in the closed-form expression Taking the Fourier transform of h̃pq (τ
, t) in (18) with respect
to τ
results in
1
2
N
ρ̃(δBS , δMS ) = a (δBS )b2n,1 (δMS ) . (26)
L
c

N



N n=1 n,1 H̃pq
(f
, t) = √ an,q, bn,p, e j[2π(fn, t−τ υ )+θn, ] .
=1
N n=1
When using the GMEDS4 , it can be shown that ρ̃(δBS , δMS ) → (30)
ρ(δBS , δMS ) as N → ∞, where ρ(δBS , δMS ) denotes the 2D Now, substituting (30) in (29) and averaging over time gives
L


 T average of a waveform x(t) is defined as < x(t) > :=
1 The


r̃τ
(υ
) = c2 e −j2πτ υ .
time
(31)
lim 1 x(t)dt.
T →∞ 2T −T =1
 Simulation model
0.14
R e fe re n c e m o d e l
S im u la tio n m o d e l
2D space cross-correlation function

Propagation delay profile, Sτ
(τ
)

0.12
1

0.1
0.5

0.08
0
0.06
−0.5
0 0.04
1 30
20
2 10 0.02
δM S /λ 3 0 δBS /λ
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Fig. 4. The 2D space CCF ρ̃(δBS , δMS ) of the simulation model (GMEDS4 , Propagation delay, τ
(ns)
N = 80, αBS = αMS = π/2, φBS ◦
max = 2 ).

Fig. 6. The PDPs Sτ
(τ  ) (reference model) and S̃τ
(τ  ) (simulation model)

Reference Model
according to the 18-path HIPERLAN/2 model C [12].
2D space cross-correlation function

1
1

Frequency correlation function, |rτ
(υ
)|

0.5 R e fe re n c e m o d e l
0.9
S im u la tio n m o d e l
0.8
0
0.7

−0.5 0.6
0
30 0.5
1
20
2 0.4
10
δM S /λ 3 0 δBS /λ 0.3

0.2
Fig. 5. The 2D space CCF ρ(δBS , δMS ) of the reference model (N → 0.1
∞, αBS = αMS = π/2, φBS ◦
max = 2 ). 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Frequency separation, υ
(MHz)
To obtain the above result, we have to impose on the
simulation model that the identity fn, = fm,k holds iff Fig. 7. Absolute value of the FCFs |rτ
(υ  )| (reference model) and |r̃τ
(υ  )|
(simulation model) according to the 18-path HIPERLAN/2 model C [12].
n = m and = k. This boundary condition is always
fulfilled when the GMEDS4 is used with the angle of rotation
according to (20). It is worth mentioning that the FCF of
the simulation model equals that of the reference model. This wideband MIMO channel simulator. In case of isotropic scat-
statement follows directly from a comparison of (31) and (6). tering, the GMEDS4 provides a closed-form solution, whereas
As a consequence, the simulation model has exactly the same the LPNM requires numerical optimization techniques. Our
discrete PDP as the reference model. An application of our investigations have shown that both methods have nearly the
approach is illustrated in Fig. 6, which shows the PDP of the same performance. Closed-form solutions have also been pre-
18-path HIPERLAN/2 model C [12] corresponding to typical sented for the temporal ACF, 2D space CCF, FCF, and PDP of
large open areas. Figure 7 presents the absolute value of the the proposed simulation model as well as for the corresponding
resulting FCF of both the simulation model and the reference reference model, which is obtained when the number of
model. scatterers approaches infinity. It was shown that the proposed
If the PDP of the reference model is given in a continuous wideband MIMO channel simulator can be designed in such a
form, then we first have to find the discrete PDP, e.g., by way that its PDP equals that of any specified discrete PDP. This
using one of the methods described in [13]. After the discrete fact allows us to conclude that the FCF of the simulation and
PDP has been determined, one can proceed with the techniques reference model are also identical. In addition, the temporal
described above. ACF and the 2D space CCF of the simulation model are
extremely close to the respective correlation functions of the
VI. C ONCLUSION reference model over a domain which increases linearly with
The well-known narrowband one-ring MIMO channel the number of exponential functions (number of scatterers).
model has been extended with respect to frequency-selectivity. The proposed channel simulator is quite useful for studying
Two methods (GMEDS4 and LPNM) have been proposed for the performance of future wideband mobile communication
the computation of the model parameters of the proposed systems employing MIMO techniques.
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