MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF FLOWER
Aufa Zatin Nirwana, Ida Mawadah, M. Herbert Hidayat, Nenes Prastita, and
Sa’diyatul Rizqie Amaliyah Firdaus
Offering H Biology 2017, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, State University of Malang,
Jl. Semarang No. 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the research
Flowers represent the reproductive organ of
flowering plants, and are very important in
identification because they provide typically
characters that are consistently expressed within a
taxon (either at the family, genus, or species level).
This is because floral characters are under strong
genetic control and generally are not affected by
changing environments. Certain floral characters
may remain the same throughout a family or genus,
while other characters are more variable and are
used only to differentiate species. For example,
floral symmetry, usually are used to differentiate
families, while petal color or shape and size of
floral parts are more commonly used to distinguish
species.
Flower is the most important part of the plant.
They are beautiful and fragrant to attract pollinators
(insects, birds or bats) which play an important role
in the reproductive process of pollinating.
Essentially, the main function of the flower is to
perpetuate the species, to produce seeds from
which new plants will grow in the future. A flower,
sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the
reproductive structure found in flowering plants
(plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called
angiosperms). The biological function of a flower
is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a
mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs.
Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of
sperm and eggs from different individuals in a
population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and
egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce
diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy).
Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where
gametophytes develop. Many flowers have evolved
to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be
vectors for the transfer of pollen. After fertilization,
the ovary of the flower develops into fruit
containing seeds.
Purpose of research
1. To know the differentiate of each flowers.
2. To understand the main part of flower, type
of floral symmetry, and also type of
flower’s shape.
3. To categorize flowers based on its type.
CHAPTER III
DATA
The data that we gathered in this research
can be explained below:
REFERRENCE
Flowers arise from the apical portion of a
stem in a region called the receptacle. They may be
borne directly on a main stem axis or rachis
(sessile) or on a slender stalk or stem called a
pedicel. They usually consist of four whorls of parts
that develop in the following series, from the outer
whorl to the inner: sepals, petals, stamens, and
carpels. These parts may develop in discrete cycles,
or be more or less continuous and spirally arranged.
If all four whorls of floral parts are present, the
flower is complete; if one or more whorls is
missing, the flower is incomplete. The symmetry of
flowers usually can be defined as radial
(actinomorphic) or bilateral (zygomorphic). In a
few groups the flowers are termed irregular
(asymmetric) when the petals or sepals are
dissimilar in form or orientation. (Gomez and
Perfectti, 2010)
The variation shown by all parts of a flower
(sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels). (Gomez and
Perfectti)
Those parts can be explain below :
Peduncle: The stalk of a flower.
Receptacle: The part of a flower stalk where the
parts of the flower are attached.
Sepal: The outer parts of the flower (often green
and leaf-like) that enclose a developing bud.
Petal: The parts of a flower that are often
conspicuously colored.
Stamen: The pollen producing part of a flower,
usually with a slender filament supporting the
anther.
Anther: The part of the stamen where pollen is
produced.
Pistil: The ovule producing part of a flower. The
ovary often supports a long style, topped by a
stigma. The mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature
ovule is a seed.
Stigma: The part of the pistil where pollen
germinates.
Ovary: The enlarged basal portion of the pistil
where ovules are produced.
The flowers also have typically characters
that can be seen from its shape or size and
symmetry. The type of flower’s symmetry can be
shown below:
This kind of
symmetrical shape is
called radial or