Relevant Cost Notes

Chapter
13
Relevant Costs for
Decision Making
13-2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Distinguish between relevant and irrelevant
costs in decisions.
2. Prepare an analysis showing whether to keep
or replace old equipment.
3. Prepare an analysis showing whether a
product line or other organizational segment
should be dropped or retained.
4. Prepare a well-organized make or buy
analysis.
© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

13-3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
5. Prepare an analysis showing whether a
special order should be accepted.
6. Determine the most profitable use of a
constrained resource.
7. Prepare an analysis showing whether joint
products should be sold at the split-off point
or processed further.

13-4
Cost Concepts for Decision Making
A relevant cost is a cost that differs

between alternatives.
2
1

13-5
Identifying Relevant Costs
Costs that can be eliminated (in whole or in

part) by choosing one alternative over
another are avoidable costs. Avoidable
costs are relevant costs.
Unavoidable costs are never relevant and
include:
!Sunk costs.
"Future costs that do not differ between
the alternatives.

13-6
Sunk cost -- a cost that has already

been incurred and that cannot be
avoided regardless of what a manager
decides to do.

13-7
Well, I’ve assembled

all the costs associated
with the alternatives
we are considering.

13-8

Great! The first
thing we need to
do is eliminate all
the sunk costs.

13-9
Now that we have eliminated the

sunk costs, we need to eliminate
the future costs that don’t differ
between alternatives.

13-10
The decision will be

easier now. All we
have left are the
avoidable costs.

13-11
Sunk Costs are not Relevant Costs

Let’s look at
the White
Company
example.

13-12

A manager at White Co. wants to replace an old
machine with a new, more efficient machine.
New
New machine:
machine:
List
List price
price $$ 90,000
90,000
Annual
Annual variable
variable expenses
expenses 80,000
80,000
Expected
Expected life
life in
in years
years 55
Old
Old machine:
machine:
Original
Original cost
cost $$ 72,000
72,000
Remaining
Remaining bookbook value
value 60,000
60,000
Disposal
Disposal value
value now now 15,000
15,000
Annual
Annual variable
variable expenses
expenses 100,000
100,000
Remaining
Remaining lifelife in
in years
years 55
13-13

# White’s sales are $200,000 per year.
# Fixed expenses, other than amortization, are
$70,000 per year.
Should the manager purchase the new

machine?

13-14
Incorrect Analysis
The manager recommends that the
company not purchase the new
machine since disposal of the old
machine would result in a loss:
Re m a ining book va lue $ 60,000

Disposa l va lue (15,000)
Loss from disposa l $ 45,000

13-15
Correct Analysis
Look at the comparative cost and revenue for the next
five years.
Purchase
Keep Old New
For Five Years Machine Machine Difference
Sales $ 1,000,000
Variable expenses (500,000)
Other fixed expenses
Amortization - new
Amortization - old
Disposal of old machine
Total net income
$200,000
$200,000 per
per year
year ×× 55 years
years
$100,000
$100,000 per
per year
year ×× 55 years
years
13-16
Correct Analysis
five years.
Purchase
Keep Old New
Sales $ 1,000,000
Other fixed expenses (350,000)
Amortization - new
Amortization - old
Total net income
$70,000
$70,000 per
per year
year ×× 55 years
years

13-17
Correct Analysis
five years.
Purchase
Keep Old New
Sales $ 1,000,000
Amortization - new
Amortization - old (60,000)
Total net income $ 90,000
The
Theremaining
remaining book
book
value
valueof
ofthe
theold
oldmachine.
machine.
13-18
Correct Analysis
five years.
Purchase
Keep Old New
Sales $ 1,000,000 $ 1,000,000 $ -
Variable expenses (500,000) (400,000) 100,000
Amortization - new
$80,000
$80,000 per
per year
year ×× 55 years
years

13-19
Correct Analysis
five years.
Purchase
Keep Old New
Sales $ 1,000,000 $ 1,000,000 $ -
Other fixed expenses (350,000) (350,000) -
Amortization - new (90,000) (90,000)
The
The total
total cost
cost will
will be
be amortized
amortized
over
over the
the five
five year
year period.
period.

13-20
Correct Analysis
five years.
Purchase
Keep Old New
Sales $ 1,000,000 $ 1,000,000 $ -
Amortization - old (60,000) (60,000) -
Disposal of old machine 15,000 15,000
Total net income $ 90,000 $ 115,000 $ 25,000
The remaining book value of the old

machine is a sunk cost and is not
relevant to the decision.

13-21
Correct Analysis
five years.
Purchase
Keep Old New
Sales $ 1,000,000 $ 1,000,000 $ -
Amortization - old (60,000) (60,000) -
Disposal of old machine 15,000 15,000
Total net income $ 90,000 $ 115,000 $ 25,000
Would you recommend purchasing the new

machine even though we will show a $45,000
loss on the old machine?
13-22
Correct Analysis
Let’s look at a
more efficient
way to analyze
this decision.

13-23
Correct Analysis
Relevant Cost Analysis

Savings in variable expenses
provided by the new machine
($20,000 × 5 yrs.) $ 100,000
Net effect
$100,000 - $80,000 = $20,000 variable cost savings

13-24
Correct Analysis
Relevant Cost Analysis

Savings in variable expenses
provided by the new machine
($20,000 × 5 yrs.) $ 100,000
Cost of the new machine (90,000)
Disposal value of old machine 15,000
Net effect $ 25,000

13-25
Adding/Dropping Segments
One of the most important decisions

managers make is whether to add or
drop a business segment such as a
product or a store.
Let’s see how relevant costs

should be used in this decision.

13-26
Due to the declining popularity of digital

watches, Lovell Company’s digital watch
line has not reported a profit for several
years. An income statement for last year
is shown on the next screen.

13-27
Segment Income Statement
Digital Watches
Sales $ 500,000
Less: variable expenses
Variable mfg. costs $ 120,000
Variable shipping costs 5,000
Commissions 75,000 200,000
Contribution margin $ 300,000
Less: fixed expenses
General factory overhead $ 60,000
Salary of line manager 90,000
Amortization of equipment 50,000
Advertising - direct 100,000
Rent - factory space 70,000
General admin. expenses 30,000 400,000
Net loss $ (100,000)

13-28
Digital Watches
Sales $ 500,000
IfIf the
Less: the digital
digital
variable watch
watch line
expenses line is
is dropped,
dropped, thethe
fixed
fixed
Variablegeneral
mfg. factory
general factory overhead
costs overhead and
and general
$ 120,000 general
Variable shippingexpenses
administrative costs will 5,000
administrative expenses will be
be allocated
allocated
Commissions 75,000 200,000
to other product
to othermargin
Contribution
lines because they
product lines because they$ 300,000
Less: fixed expensesare
are not
not avoidable.
avoidable.
Rent - factory space 70,000
Net loss $ (100,000)

13-29
Digital Watches
Sales $ 500,000
Less: variable expenses
Variable mfg. costs $ 120,000
The
The equipment used to manufacture
equipment used to manufacture
Variable shipping costs 5,000
digital
digital watches
Commissions watches has
has no
no resale
resale
75,000 200,000
value or
or alternative
valuemargin
Contribution alternative use.
use. $ 300,000
Less: fixed expenses
Advertising - direct
Should Lovell
Should Lovell retain or drop
100,000 retain or drop
Rent - factory space the
the digital
digital watch
watch segment?
70,000 segment?
Net loss $ (100,000)

13-30
A Contribution Margin Approach
DECISION RULE
Lovell should drop the digital watch
segment only if its fixed cost savings
exceed lost contribution margin.
Let’s look at this solution.

13-31
A Contribution Margin Approach

Contribution Margin
Solution
Contribution margin lost if digital
watches are dropped $ (300,000)
Less fixed costs that can be avoided
Salary of the line manager $ 90,000
Rent - factory space 70,000 260,000
Net disadvantage $ (40,000)
Remember,
Remember, amortization
amortization onon equipment
equipment with
with no no resale
resale
value
value is
is not
not relevant
relevant to
to the
the decision
decision since
since itit is
is aa sunk
sunk
cost
cost and
and is
is not
not avoidable.
avoidable.

13-32
Comparative Income Approach
The Lovell solution can also be obtained by

preparing comparative income
statements showing results with and
without the digital watch segment.
Let’s look at this second approach.

13-33
Comparative Income Approach

Solution
Keep Drop
Digital Digital
Watches Watches Difference
Sales $ 500,000 $ - $ (500,000)
Less variable expenses: -
Mfg. expenses 120,000 - 120,000
Freight out 5,000 - 5,000
Commissions 75,000 - 75,000
Total variable expenses 200,000 - 200,000
Contribution margin 300,000 - (300,000)
Less fixed expenses:
General factory overhead 60,000 60,000 -
Salary of line manager 90,000 - 90,000
Amortization 50,000 50,000 -
Advertising - direct 100,000 - 100,000
Rent - factory space 70,000 - 70,000
General admin. expenses 30,000 30,000 -
Total fixed expenses 400,000 140,000 260,000
Net loss $ (100,000) $ (140,000) $ (40,000)

13-34
Beware of Allocated Fixed Costs

Why should we keep
the digital watch
segment when it’s
showing a loss?

13-35

Part of the answer lies
in the way we allocate
common fixed costs
to our products.

13-36

Our allocations can
make a segment
look less profitable
than it really is.

13-37
The Make or Buy Decision
A decision concerning whether an item

should be produced internally or
purchased from an outside supplier is
called a “make or buy” decision.
Let’s look at the Essex Company example.

13-38

# Essex manufactures part 4A that is currently
used in one of its products.
# The unit cost to make this part is:
Direct
Direct materials
materials $$ 99
Direct
Direct labour
labour 55
Variable
Variable overhead
overhead 11
Amortization
Amortization of of special
special equip.
equip. 33
Supervisor's
Supervisor'ssalary
salary 22
General
General factory
factory overhead
overhead 10
10
Total
Total cost
cost per
per unit
unit $$ 30
30

13-39

# The special equipment used to manufacture
part 4A has no resale value.
# General factory overhead is allocated on the
basis of direct labour hours.
# The $30 total unit cost is based on 20,000 parts
produced each year.
# An outside supplier has offered to provide the
20,000 parts at a cost of $25 per part.
Should we accept the supplier’s offer?

13-40

Cost
Per
Unit Cost of 20,000 Units
Make Buy
Outside purchase price $ 25 $ 500,000
Direct materials $ 9 180,000

Direct labour 5 100,000
Variable overhead 1 20,000
Amortization of equip. 3 -
Supervisor's salary 2 40,000
General factory overhead 10 -
Total cost $ 30 $ 340,000 $ 500,000
20,000 × $9 per unit = $180,000

13-41

Cos t
Pe r
Un it Cost of 20,000 Units
Make Buy

Total cost $ 30 $ 340,000 $ 500,000
The
The special
special equipment
equipment hashas no
no resale
resale
value
value and
and is
is aa sunk
sunk cost.
cost.

13-42

Cos t
Pe r
Make Buy

Total cost $ 30 $ 340,000 $ 500,000
Not
Not avoidable
avoidable and and is
is irrelevant.
irrelevant. IfIf the
the product
product is
is
dropped,
dropped, itit will
will be
be reallocated
reallocated toto other
other products.
products.

13-43

Cos t
Pe r
Make Buy

Total cost $ 30 $ 340,000 $ 500,000
Should we make or buy part 4A?

13-44
DECISION
DECISION RULERULE
In
In deciding
deciding whether
whether to
to accept
accept the
the outside
outside
supplier’s
supplier’s offer,
offer, Essex
Essex isolated
isolated the
the relevant
relevant
costs
costs of
of making
making the
the part
part by
by eliminating:
eliminating
eliminating:
$
$The
The sunk
sunk costs.
costs.
$
$The
The future
future costs
costs that
that will
will not
not differ
differ between
between
making
making or
or buying
buying the
the parts.
parts.

13-45
The Matter of Opportunity Cost
The economic benefits that are foregone as a

result of pursuing some course of action.
Opportunity costs are not actual dollar
outlays and are not recorded in the
accounts of an organization.

13-46
Special Orders
# Jet, Inc. receives a one-time order that is not
considered part of its normal ongoing business.
# Jet, Inc. makes a single product with a unit
variable cost of $8. Normal selling price is $20
per unit.
# A foreign distributor offers to purchase 3,000
units for $10 per unit.
# Annual capacity is 10,000 units, and annual
fixed costs total $48,000, but Jet, Inc. is
currently producing and selling only 5,000 units.
Should Jet accept the offer?
13-47
Special Orders
Jet, Inc.
Contribution Income Statement
Revenue (5,000 × $20) $ 100,000
Variable costs:
Direct materials $ 20,000
Direct labour 5,000
Manufacturing overhead 10,000
Marketing costs 5,000
Total variable costs 40,000
Contribution margin 60,000
Fixed costs:
Manufacturing overhead $ 28,000
Marketing costs 20,000
Total fixed costs 48,000
Net income $ 12,000

13-48
Special Orders
If Jet accepts the offer, net income will

increase by $6,000.
Increase in revenue (3,000 × $10) $30,000

Increase in costs (3,000 × $8 variable cost) 24,000
Increase in net income $ 6,000
We can reach the same results more quickly like this:
Special order contribution margin = $10 – $8 = $2

Change in income = $2 × 3,000 units = $6,000.

13-49
Utilization of a Constrained Resource
# Firms often face the problem of deciding how

to best utilize a constrained resource.
# Usually, fixed costs are not affected by this
particular decision, so management can focus
on maximizing total contribution margin.
Let’s look at the Ensign Company example.

13-50

Ensign Company produces two products and
selected data is shown below:
Product
1 2
Selling price per unit $ 60 $ 50
Less variable expenses per unit 36 35
Contribution margin per unit $ 24 $ 15
Current demand per week (units) 2,000 2,200
Contribution margin ratio 40% 30%
Processing time required
on machine A1 per unit 1.00 min. 0.50 min.

13-51
# Machine A1 is the constrained resource.

There is excess capacity on all other
machines. Machine A1 is being used at
100% of its capacity, and has a capacity of
2,400 minutes per week.
Should Ensign focus its efforts on

Product 1 or 2?

13-52

Let’s calculate the contribution margin per unit of
the constrained resource, machine A1.
Product
1 2
Time required to produce one unit ÷ 1.00 min. ÷ 0.50 min.
Contribution margin per minute $ 24 min. $ 30 min.
Product 2 should be emphasized. Provides more

valuable use of the constrained resource machine A1,
yielding a contribution margin of $30 per minute as
opposed to $24 for Product 1.

13-53

Let’s calculate the contribution margin per unit of
the scarce resource, machine A1.
Product
1 2
Time required to produce one unit ÷ 1.00 min. ÷ 0.50 min.
Contribution margin per minute $ 24 min. $ 30 min.
If
If there
there are
are no
no other
other considerations,
considerations, the
the best
best
plan
plan would
would be
be to
to produce
produce toto meet
meet current
current
demand
demand for
for Product
Product 22 and
and then
then use
use
remaining
remaining capacity
capacity to
to make
make Product
Product 1.
1.

13-54

Let’s see how this plan would work.
Alloting
AllotingOur
Our Constrained
ConstrainedRecource
Recource(Machine
(MachineA1)
A1)
Weekly
Weeklydemand
demandfor
for Product
Product 22 2,200
2,200 units
units
Time
Timerequired
requiredper
per unit
unit ×× 0.50
0.50 min.
min.
Total
Totaltime
timerequired
requiredtotomake
make
Product
Product22 1,100
1,100 min.
min.

13-55

Alloting
AllotingOur
Our Constrained
ConstrainedRecource
Recource(Machine
(MachineA1)
A1)
Weekly
Weeklydemand
demandfor
for Product
Product 22 2,200
2,200 units
units
Time
Timerequired
requiredper
per unit
unit ×× 0.50
0.50 min.
min.
Total
Totaltime
timerequired
requiredtotomake
make
Product
Product22 1,100
1,100 min.
min.
Total
Totaltime
timeavailable
available 2,400
2,400 min.
min.
Time
Timeused
usedtotomake
makeProduct
Product 22 1,100
1,100 min.
min.
Time
Timeavailable
availablefor
for Product
Product11 1,300
1,300 min.
min.

13-56

Alloting
AllotingOur
Our Constrained
ConstrainedRecource
Recource(Machine
(MachineA1)
A1)
Weekly
Weeklydemand
demandfor
for Product
Product 22 2,200
2,200 units
units
Time
Timerequired
requiredper
per unit
unit ×× 0.50
0.50 min.
min.
Total
Totaltime
timerequired
requiredtotomake
make
Product
Product22 1,100
1,100 min.
min.
Total
Totaltime
timeavailable
available 2,400
2,400 min.
min.
Time
Timeused
usedtotomake
makeProduct
Product 22 1,100
1,100 min.
min.
Time
Timeavailable
availablefor
for Product
Product11 1,300
1,300 min.
min.
Time
Timerequired
requiredper
per unit
unit ÷÷ 1.00
1.00 min.
min.
Production
Productionof ofProduct
Product11 1,300
1,300 units
units

13-57
According to the plan, we will produce

2,200 units of Product 2 and 1,300 of
Product 1. Our contribution margin looks
like this.
Product 1 Product 2
Production and sales (units) 1,300 2,200
Total contribution margin $ 31,200 $ 33,000
The total contribution margin for Ensign is $64,200.

13-58
Managing Constraints
Produce only
what can be sold.
Finding ways to At the bottleneck itself:
process more units
through a resource •Improve the process
bottleneck • Add overtime or another shift
• Hire new workers or acquire
more machines
• Subcontract production
Eliminate waste.
Streamline production process.

13-59
Joint Product Costs

# In some industries, a number of end
products are produced from a single raw
material input.
# Two or more products produced from a
common input are called joint products.
products
# The point in the manufacturing process
where each joint product can be recognized
as a separate product is called the split-off
point.
point

13-60
Joint Products
Joint
Costs Oil
Common
Joint
Production Gasoline
Input
Process
Chemicals
Split-Off
Point

13-61
Joint Products
Joint
Separate Final
Costs Oil
Processing Sale
Common
Joint Final
Production Gasoline
Input Sale
Process
Separate Final
Chemicals
Processing Sale
Split-Off Separate
Point Product
Costs
13-62
The Pitfalls of Allocation

Joint costs are really
common costs incurred to
simultaneously produce a
variety of end products.
Joint costs are often

allocated to end products on
the basis of the relative
sales value of each product
or on some other basis.

13-63
Sell or Process Further

It will always be profitable to continue
processing a joint product after the split-off
point so long as the incremental revenue
exceeds the incremental processing costs
incurred after the split-off point.
Let’s look at the Sawmill, Inc. example.

13-64

# Sawmill, Inc. cuts logs from which
unfinished lumber and sawdust are the
immediate joint products.
# Unfinished lumber is sold “as is” or can be
processed further into finished lumber.
# Sawdust can also be sold “as is” to
gardening wholesalers or processed further
into “presto-logs.”

13-65

Data about Sawmill’s joint products includes:
Per Log
Lumber Sawdust
Sales value at the split-off point $ 140 $ 40
Sales value after further processing 270 50
Allocated joint product costs 176 24
Cost of further processing 50 20

13-66

Analysis of Sell or Process Further
Per Log
Lumber Sawdust
Sales value after further processing $ 270 $ 50
Sales value at the split-off point 140 40
Incremental revenue 130 10

13-67

Per Log
Lumber Sawdust
Profit (loss) from further processing $ 80 $ (10)

13-68

Per Log
Lumber Sawdust
Profit (loss) from further processing $ 80 $ (10)
Should
Should we
we process
process thethe lumber
lumber
further
further and
and sell
sell the
the sawdust
sawdust “as
“as is”?
is”?

13-69
End of Chapter 13

Relevant Cost Notes

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Chapter

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Cost Concepts for Decision Making

A relevant cost is a cost that differs

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Identifying Relevant Costs

Costs that can be eliminated (in whole or in

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Identifying Relevant Costs

Sunk cost -- a cost that has already

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Identifying Relevant Costs

Well, I’ve assembled

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Identifying Relevant Costs

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Identifying Relevant Costs

Now that we have eliminated the

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Identifying Relevant Costs

The decision will be

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Sunk Costs are not Relevant Costs

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Sunk Costs are not Relevant Costs

Sunk Costs are not Relevant Costs

Should the manager purchase the new

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Re m a ining book va lue $ 60,000

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

The remaining book value of the old

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Would you recommend purchasing the new

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Relevant Cost Analysis

$100,000 - $80,000 = $20,000 variable cost savings

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Relevant Cost Analysis

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

One of the most important decisions

Let’s see how relevant costs

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Due to the declining popularity of digital

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

A Contribution Margin Approach

Let’s look at this solution.

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

A Contribution Margin Approach

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Comparative Income Approach

The Lovell solution can also be obtained by

Let’s look at this second approach.

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Comparative Income Approach

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001

Beware of Allocated Fixed Costs

© McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited., 2001