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Indian National Movements (1905 – 1916) – Swadeshi Movement, Rise of Extremism & Minto- Morley
Reforms
Calcutta Corporation Act, (1899) reducing the Indian control of this local body
Universities Act (1904) reduced the elected members in the University bodies & reduced the autonomy of the universities and made them
government departments
Sedition Act and the Official Secrets Act (1904) reduced the freedoms of people & press
His worst measure was the Partition of Bengal (1905)
Partition of Bengal
Partition of Bengal in 1905 provided a spark for the rise of extremism in the Indian National Movement. The official reason given for the
decision was that Bengal with a population of 78 million (about a quarter of the population of British India) had become too big to be
administered.
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This was true to some extent but Curzon’s real motives were -
To break the growing strength of Bengali nationalism since Bengal was the base of Indian nationalism.
To divide the Hindus and Muslims in Bengal.
To show the enormous power of the British Government in doing whatever it liked
The Swadeshi Movement had its genesis, in the anti-partition movement which was started to oppose the British decision to partition Bengal.
The Indian National Congress, meeting in 1905 under the presidency of Gokhale, resolved to
The militant nationalists led by Tilak, Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh wanted the movement to be taken outside Bengal to
other parts of the country and go beyond a boycott of foreign goods to become a full-fledged political mass struggle with the goal of attaining
swaraj. But the Moderates, dominating the Congress at that time, were not willing to go that far.
However, aggressive nationalists forced Dadabhai Naoroji to speak of Swaraj (which was not a Moderate demand) in the Calcutta Session of
Congress in 1906
The Extremist emboldened by Dadabhai Naoroji’s declaration gave a call for passive resistance in addition to swadeshi and boycott of foreign
goods
This included boycott of government schools and colleges, government service, courts, legislative councils, municipalities, government titles,
etc.
The Moderate Congressmen were unhappy as they wanted Swaraj to be achieved through constitutional methods.
The Moderate-Extremist dispute over techniques led to a split in the Congress at the Surat session in 1907, popularly known as the famous
Surat Split.
Extremists came out of the Congress led by Tilak and others
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Government Measures
Noteworthy Points
Some of the Muslims participated—Barrister Abdul Rasul, Liaqat Hussain, Guznavi, Maulana Azad
But most of the upper and middle class Muslims stayed away or, led by Nawab Salimullah of Dacca
They supported the partition on the plea that it would give them a Muslim-majority East Bengal
To further government interests, the All India Muslim League was propped up in 1907 as an anti-Congress front
Muslim delegates from all over India met at Dacca for the Muslim Educational Conference.
Taking advantage of this occasion, Nawab Salimullah of Dacca proposed the setting up of an organisation to look after the Muslim interests.
The proposal was accepted & All-India Muslim League was finally set up on December 30, 1906.
Like the Indian National Congress, they conducted annual sessions and put their demands to the British government.
st
Their 1 achievement was the separate electorates for Muslims in the Minto-Morley reforms.
By 1908, the open phase (as different from the underground revolutionary phase) of the movement was almost over due to many reasons viz.
There was severe government repression.
The movement failed to create an effective organisation or a party structure.
The movement was rendered leaderless with most of the leaders either arrested or deported by 1908
Aurobindo-Ghosh and Bipin Chandra Pal retired from active politics.
Internal squabbles among leaders, magnified by the Surat split (1907), did much harm to the movement.
The movement aroused the people but did not know how to tap the newly released energy or how to find new forms to give expression to
popular resentment.
The movement largely remained confined to the upper and middle classes and zamindars, and failed to reach the masses—especially the
peasantry.
Non-cooperation and passive resistance remained mere ideas.
It was difficult to sustain a mass-based movement at a high pitch for too long.
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Bipin Chandra Pal Began his career as a moderate and turned an extremist.
Preached nationalism through the nook and corner of Indians by his powerful speeches and writings
Aurobindo Ghosh Another extremist leader who actively participated in Swadeshi Movement & imprisoned.
After his release he settled in the French territory of Pondicherry and concentrated on spiritual activities
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st
1 to organize an all-India political movement, viz. the Swadeshi Movement
In 1906, a group of Muslim elites called the Shimla deputation, led by the Agha Khan, met Lord Minto & demanded separate electorates for the
Muslims. The same group quickly took over the Muslim League, initially floated by Nawab Salimullah of Dacca. Muslim League intended to
preach loyalty to the empire and to keep the Muslim intelligentsia away from the Congress. The important provisions of this Act were –
The number of elected members in the Imperial Legislative Council and the Provincial Legislative Councils was increased
The elected members were to be indirectly elected.
The local bodies were to elect an electoral college, which in turn would elect members of provincial legislatures, who in turn would elect
members of the central legislature.
Separate electorates for the Muslims, representation in excess of the strength of their population
Powers of legislatures both at the center and in provinces were enlarged
The legislatures could now pass resolutions (which may not be accepted), ask questions & supplementaries, vote separate items in the budget
but the budget as a whole could not be voted upon.
One Indian was to be appointed to the viceroy’s executive council (Satyendra Sinha was the first to be appointed in 1909)
Two Indians were also appointed to the India Council [in England]
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