Types of Movement

 Abduction is movement away from the center, as spreading the toes or

fingers apart.
 Adduction is movement toward the midline of the body, as bringing the
fingers and toes together. (Adduction and abduction always refer to
movements of the appendicular skeleton).
 Angular motion is comprised of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction.
Each is based on reference to a certain anatomical position.
 Circumduction is a special type of angular motion, described as making
circular movements as moving the arm in a loop.
 Dorsiflexion / Plantar flexion refers to movements of the foot. Dorsiflexion is
the movement of the ankle while elevating the sole, as if digging in the heel.
Plantar flexion is the opposite movement, extending the ankle and elevating
the heel, as if standing on tiptoes.
 Elevation / Depression occurs when a structure moves in a superior or
inferior direction, as the mandible is depressed when the mouth is opened
and elevated when the mouth is closed.
 Extension occurs in the same plane as flexion, except that it increases the
angle between articulating elements. Extension reverses the movement of
flexion. Hyperextension is a continuation of movement past the anatomical
position, which can cause injury.
 Flexion is movement in the anterior-posterior plane that reduces the angle
between the articulating elements as in bringing the head toward the chest;
that is, flexing the intervertebral joints of the neck.
 Gliding occurs when two opposing surfaces slide past each other as between
articulating carpals and tarsals and between the clavicles and sternum.
 Opposition is a special movement of the thumb which enables it to grasp and
hold an object.
  Pronation / Supination refers to the rotation of the distal end of the radius
across the anterior surface of the ulna. This rotation moves the wrist and hand
from palm-facing-front (supination) to palm-facing-back (pronation).
 Protraction entails moving a part of the body anteriorly in the horizontal
plane, as in jutting the face forward to gain distance at a finish line.
 Retraction is the reverse movement of protraction as in pulling the jaw back
towards the spine.
 Rotation involves turning the body or a limb around the longitudinal axis, as
rotating the arm to screw in a lightbulb.

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