Chemistry Notes- Grade- 8 Acids, Bases and Salts By- Ishtiaq

Acids and Bases:

Acids:

Any substance with sour taste which can give Hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution is called
Acids.

Substances with a pH of less than 7 are acids. The stronger the acid, the lower the pH number.
Acids turn blue litmus paper red. They turn universal indicator red if they are strong, and orange
or yellow if they are weak.

What are the Chemical Reactions of Acids?

All acids will react with

1) Any alkali or base, called neutralization reactions.

2) Any metal above hydrogen in the reactivity series.

The metal will fizz, giving off hydrogen gas, and leaving the metal salt in solution.

Zn + 2HCl→ ZnCl2 + H2
any metal carbonate or metal hydrogen carbonate when react with acids will bubble giving off
carbon dioxide gas, leaving the metal salt and water.

For example: CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

Any chloride or sulfate can be made by reacting the appropriate metal carbonate or hydrogen
carbonate
with hydrochloric acid to make the chloride or sulfuric acid to make the sulfate.

For Examples:

Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

CaCO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2O + CO2

Bases:

Those substance with bitter taste which can give (OH-) in aqueous solution is called base.

Substances that can react with acids and neutralize them to make a salt and water are called
bases. The pH value base is greater than 7. They are usually metal oxides or metal hydroxides.
For example, copper oxide and sodium hydroxide are bases.
Chemistry Notes- Grade- 8 Acids, Bases and Salts By- Ishtiaq

For examples:

 NaOH,

 KOH

 Ca(OH)2

Reaction of Acids and bases:

When acids and bases react together it produce salt and water these reaction are called
neutralization reactions.

For examples:

HCl + NaOH→ NaCl + H2O

HCl + KOH → KCl + H2O

H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

H2SO4+ 2KOH→ K2SO4 + 2H2O

HNO3 + NaOH →Na2CO3 + H2O

Indicators:

Indicators are substances that change colour when they are added to acidic or alkaline solutions.

Indicators that are commonly used in the laboratory.

 Litmus,

 phenolphthalein,

 and methyl orange

 Universal Indicator

Litmus:

Litmus is a weak acid. Litmus indicator solution turns red in acidic solutions, blue in alkaline
solutions, and purple in neutral solutions.

Litmus paper comes as red litmus paper and blue litmus paper.
Chemistry Notes- Grade- 8 Acids, Bases and Salts By- Ishtiaq

The table shows the colour changes it can make:

Solution Red Litmus Paper Blue Litmus Paper

Acidic Solution Stays Red Turns Red

Alkaline Solution Turns Blue Stays Blue

Neutral Solution Stays Red Stays Blue

Methyl orange

Methyl orange is one of the indicators commonly used in titrations. In an alkaline solution,
methyl orange the colour changes when you add an acid.

In alkaline solution the colour of methyl orange indicator turns to yellow. In acidic solution it
will be red. Solution having pH 3.7 - near neutral the colour will be mixture of yellow and red
which is an orange colour

Phenolphthalein:

Phenolphthalein is another commonly used indicator for titrations, and is another weak acid.

In acidic solution the colour of Phenolphthalein is colourless. Basic solution turns the indicator
pink. While in neutral solution or at pH 9.3 the colur will be mixture of colourless and pink
which is a paler pink.

Universal indicator:

Universal indicator is a mixture of indicator dyes. Universal indicator is very useful because it
gives a range of colours depending upon the strength of acids and bases.

Solution of different acids produce different colours in universal indicator.

Even solution of same acids with different concentrations give different colours.

The more acidic solution turns universal indicator bright red. A less acidic solution will only
turns it orange red.

Different alkaline solution also produces different colours the most alkaline solution gives violet
colour
Chemistry Notes- Grade- 8 Acids, Bases and Salts By- Ishtiaq

Relative acidity and alkalinity in terms of pH measured using Universal indicator:

"pH". Means "Potential of Hydrogen". It is the measurement used to determine the relative
alkalinity, acidity or neutrality of a solution. Acidity or alkalinity of a solution is measured by
concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) versus hydroxyl ions (OH-) and is expressed as pH level, an
exponential scale that ranges from 0 to 14

For identification of the pH according to a certain colour. You can use universal indicator (UI)
to check a substance's pH.

 Neutral: pH 7, turns UI green.

 Acid: low pH (less than 7), turns UI red-yellow.

 Alkali: high pH (greater than 7), turns UI blue-purple.

Chemistry Notes- Grade- 8 Acids, Bases and Salts By- Ishtiaq

Describe and explain the importance of controlling acidity in soil.

Soil is used to grow crops, so it is important for it to be neutral. If it happens to be too alkaline
or acidic, the crops tend to grow poorly. Acidity is usually the problem for soil, so a base can
help neutralize it. Bases include limestone, slaked lime, or quick lime is added to soil to
neutralize the soil for better plant growth.

Q. Given Hydrochloric acid and Ethanoic acid of the same concentration, how could you prove
that Hydrochloric acid is strong acid

Ans. Tested with universal indicator Hydrochloric acid gave red colour (pH 0-2) ethanoic acid
gave orange colour (pH 4-6).

Q. Given sulphoric acid and phosphoric acid of the same concentration how could prove that
phosphoric acid is a weak acid

Ans. Tested with universal indicator sulphoric acid gave red colour (pH 0-2) phosphoric acid
gave orange colour (pH 4-6).

Q. Given sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia of the same concentration, how could you
prove that ammonia is weak base

Ans. Tested with universal indicator sodium hydroxide gave purple colour (pH 12-14) ammonia
gave blue colour (pH 9-11).

Lowry and Bronsted concept of acid and base:

According to Lowry& Bronsted concept:

Acids: Acids are compound or species that donate, tends to donate proton in a chemical reaction.
e.g HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH etc

Base: Bases are those species, which accepts, tends to accept proton in a chemical reaction. e,.g
NH3, OH-, F- etc.

Examples:

CH3COOH + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + CH3COO-

In the above reaction CH3COOH is an acid because it donated proton (H+) in this reaction while
H2O is a base because it accepted proton (H+) in this reaction

NH3 + HCl ⇌ NH4+ + Cl-

In the above reaction HCl is an acid because it donated proton (H+) in this reaction while NH3 is
a base because it accepted proton (H+) in this reaction
Chemistry Notes- Grade- 8 Acids, Bases and Salts By- Ishtiaq

Q. Identify which one is acid and which one is base in the following reaction (Home Work)

HNO3 + H2O → H3O+ + NO3-

HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-

H2SO4 + NH3 → NH4+ + HSO4-

Difference between Base and Alkali:

Base: A substance that will neutralize an acid, but does not dissolve in water, is called a base.
For example: copper(II) oxide (CuO), iron(II) oxide(Fe2O3) and zinc carbonate ZnCO3 are
bases, they do not dissolve in water

Alkali: Any base that dissolves in water is called an alkali.

For example, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3) are alkalis.

Weak and strong acids and bases:

Strong Acid: A strong acid is a species that dissociates completely into its constituent ions in
aqueous solution and give a high concentration of proton (H+) to the other reactant.

Example: Nitric acid is an example of a strong acid. It dissociates completely in water and give
proton (H+) to water to form hydronium, H3O+. After the reaction occurs, there are no
undissociated HNO3.

HNO3 + H2O → H3O+ + NO3-

Other examples:

HCl: HCl is a strong acid because it completely dissociate in water and give H3O+ and Cl-

HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-

H2SO4: H2SO4 is strong acid it completely dissociate in water and give H3O+ and HSO4-

H2SO4 + H2O → H3O+ + HSO4-

Weak acid:

Weak acid does not dissociate completely into its constituent ions. An example of a weak acid is
acetic acid, CH3COOH which is present in vinegar. Acetic acid dissociates partially in water and
gives Proton (H+) in very low concentration to water to form hydronium ion and acetate ions.

CH3COOH(aq)+H2O(l)⇌H3O+(aq)+CH3COO−
Chemistry Notes- Grade- 8 Acids, Bases and Salts By- Ishtiaq

Soluble and insoluble salts:

Soluble Insoluble

All nitrates None

Lead sulfate, barium sulfate and calcium

Most sulfates
sulfate

Silver chloride, lead chloride, silver

Most chlorides, bromides and iodides bromide, lead bromide, silver iodide, , , lead
iodide

Sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate,

Most other carbonates
ammonium carbonate

Preparation of Soluble Salts

The methods of preparing soluble salts are categorised into:

1. Solution + Solid:

A solid and solution are reacted together to form soluble salt.

Examples of such reactions:

 Reacting Acid + Metal

Zn(s)+H2SO4(aq)→ZnSO4(aq)+H2(g)

In the above reaction ZnSO4 salt is produced which is soluble salt

 Reacting Acid + Carbonate

CaCO3(s)+2HCl(aq)→CaCl2(aq)+CO2(g)+H2O(l)

In the above reaction CaCl2 salt is produced which is soluble salt

 Reacting Acid + Base

Examples of such reactions:

CuO(s)+H2SO4(aq)→CuSO4(aq)+H2O(l)

In the above reaction CuSO4 salt is produced which is soluble salt

Chemistry Notes- Grade- 8 Acids, Bases and Salts By- Ishtiaq

2. Solution + Solution

A solution and another solution are reacted together to form soluble salt.

 Reacting Acid + Alkali

H2SO4(aq)+2NaOH(aq)→Na2SO4(aq)+2H2O(l)

In the above reaction Na2SO4 salt is produced which is soluble salt

 Reacting Acid + Carbonate (aqueous)

K2CO3(aq)+2HNO3(aq)→2KNO3(aq)+H2O(l)+CO2(g)

in the above reaction KNO3 salt is produced which is soluble salt

Q. Explain methods for the preparation of following soluble salts?

a) Lithium Nitrate LiNO3, B) Iron Sulfate Fe2(So4)3

Ans. There are three methods for the preparation of soluble salts

1. Reacting Acid + Metal

2. Reacting Acid + Carbonate

3. Reacting Acid + Base

a) Preparation of Lithium Nitrate LiNO3:

. 1. Reacting Acid + Metal: HNO3 + Li → LiNO3 + H2

2. Reacting Acid + Carbonate: HNO3 + Li2CO3 → LiNO3+ CO2+ H2O

3. Reacting Acid + Base: HNO3 + LiOH → LiNO3+ H2O

B) Preparation of Iron Sulfate Fe2(So4)3 :

1. Reacting Acid + Metal: H2SO4 + Fe → Fe2(So4)3 + H2

2. Reacting Acid + Carbonate: H2SO4 + FeCO3 → Fe2(So4)3 + CO2+ H2O

3. Reacting Acid + Base: Fe2O3 + 3 H2So4 → Fe2 (So4)3 + 3 H2O

Chemistry Notes- Grade- 8 Acids, Bases and Salts By- Ishtiaq

Q. How you will prepare soluble salt Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) in laboratory

Ans: Equation: H2SO4 + Mg → MgSO4 + H2

When excess magnesium is added to certain amount of sulfuric acid in a conical flask by this
reaction we will get soluble salt Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)

Q. What do you mean by the term excess?

Ans: Excess means more than needed for the reaction

Q. Why is excess Mg added?

Ans: To make sure that all sulfuric acid got reacted

Q. Write observation on this reaction

Ans: Bubbles of a colorless, odorless gas.

Name of the gas: Hydrogen gas

Q. How you will know that the reaction is completed?

Ans : When no more bubbles are produced

Q. How will you obtain pure, dry crystals of MgSO4

Ans : The solution saturated by heating. The point of crystallization is checked by a cold glass
rod. The solution is the cooled slowly to obtain pure crystals.

Q. Name the residue and Filtrate

Ans: residue: unreacted Mg

Filtrate: MgSO4 solution

Q. How will you prepare NaCl soluble Salts by Titration

Ans: Acid + Alkali (Titration) → Salt + Water

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

Procedure:

 Pipette out 25 cm3 of NaOH into a conical flask

 Add two drops of phenolpthaline. Solution will turns pink

 Titrated HCl acid till the solution was colorless

Chemistry Notes- Grade- 8 Acids, Bases and Salts By- Ishtiaq

 Volume of acid was noted

 Note: This method is suitable for the hydroxide of group I only

Q. How you will prepare soluble salts from metal Carbonates?

Ans: Soluble salts can be prepared by the reaction of metal carbonate with acid e.g Formation of
Copper Sulphate:

H2SO4 + CuCO3 → CuSO4 + CO2 + H2O

Excess copper carbonate is added to a certain volume of sulfuric acid

Q. How you will prepare Copper sulfate soluble salts from copper oxide?

Ans: Excess copper oxide is added to a certain volume of sulfuric acid

H2SO4 + CuO → CuSO4 + H2O

Q. How you will prepare lead nitrate soluble salts?

Ans: Certain volume of Nitric acid is taken in a beaker and warmed

Excess Lead oxide is added to it. The mixture is filter the filtrate is Lead nitrate solution.

HNO3 + PbO → Pb(NO3)2 + H2O

Q. How you will prepare soluble salts Rubidium Sulfate using titration method?

Ans: Rubidium hydroxide + Sulfuric acid → Rubidium sulfate + water

Procedure:

 Pipette out 25 cm3 of RbOH into a conical flask

 Add two drops of phenophtaline. Solution will turns pink

 Titrated HCl acid till the solution was colorless

 Volume of acid was noted

 Repeat the experiment without adding any indicator. Heat the solution to dryness
until Rubidium sulfate salt is obtained

 Note: This method is suitable for the hydroxide of group I only

Chemistry Notes- Grade- 8 Acids, Bases and Salts By- Ishtiaq

Q. Explain with steps methods for the preparation of soluble salt zinc nitrate from
insoluble base?

Ans: Certain volume of Nitric acid is taken in a beaker and warmed

Excess zinc oxide is added to it. The mixture is filter the filtrate is zinc nitrate solution. Heat the
solution to dryness until zinc nitrate salt is obtained

HNO3 + ZnO → Zn(NO3)2 + H2O

Q. How you will prepare insoluble salts?

Ans: Preparation of Insoluble Salts

Precipitation (solution + solution):

Soluble salt + Soluble salt → Insoluble salt

Preparation of lead sulphate (insoluble salt):

PbNO3(aq)+KSO4(aq)→PbSO4(aq)+KNO3

KNO3 form as insoluble salt which can be separated by filtration

Preparation of Silver Chloride (insoluble salt):

NaCl(aq)+AgNO3(aq)→NaNO3(aq)+AgCl

AgCl form as insoluble salt which can be separated by filtration

Preparation of Barium Carbonate (insoluble salt):

CaCO3(aq)+BaNO3(aq)→CaNO3(aq)+BaCO3

BaCO3 form as insoluble salt which can be separated by filtration

Preparation of Calcium Sulfate (insoluble salt):

CaNO3(aq)+LiSO4(aq)→CaSO4+LiNO3(aq)

Preparation of silver iodide (insoluble salt):

AgNO3(aq)+KIaq)→AgI +KNO3(aq)

Preparation of silver bromide (insoluble salt):

AgNO3(aq)+RbBr(aq)→AgBr+RbNO3(aq)
Chemistry Notes- Grade- 8 Acids, Bases and Salts By- Ishtiaq

Oxides:

Oxides are binary compounds formed by the reaction of oxygen with other elements. Oxygen is
highly reactive in nature. They react with metals and non-metal to form oxides.

Classification of oxides:

Depending upon the nature and the properties exhibited by compounds, they are classified into

 Acidic oxides

 Basic oxides

 Amphoteric oxides

 Neutral oxides

Basic oxides:

Metals react with oxygen to give basic compounds of oxygen. These compounds are usually
ionic in nature.

Properties:
1. Do not react with bases.
2. React with acids to form salt & water.
3. Basic Oxides are usually insoluble in water. Those that dissolve in water forms alkaline
solutions.
Examples: Na2O, CaO, MgO, FeO, CuO

Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH

Acidic oxides:

Non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic compounds of oxides which are held together by
covalent bonds.

Properties:
1. Do not react with acids.
2. React with bases and alkalis to form salt & water.
3. Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions.
4. Usually gases at room temp.
Examples: SO2, SO3, CO2, NO2

SO3 + H2O → H2SO4

B2O3 + H2O → 2H3BO3

Chemistry Notes- Grade- 8 Acids, Bases and Salts By- Ishtiaq

Amphoteric oxides:

Compounds of oxygen which exhibits both acidic as well as basic characteristics.

Examples: ZnO, Al2O3, PbO

Neutral Oxides:
Some compounds react with oxygen to form oxides which does not exhibit acidic nor basic
characteristics.
Example: NO, CO. N2O

Properties:
1. Neutral pH

Written by:

Ishtiaq Khan

M.Phil in Chemistry +M.Ed

Teacher in Al-Reeyada
International School KSA