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STATES OF MATTER
Solved Numericals:
1.A balloon is filled with hydrogen at room temperature. It will burst if pressure exceeds 0.2 bar. If at 1
bar pressure the gas occupies 2.27 L volume, upto what volume can the balloon be expanded?
P1 = 1 bar, V1 = 2.27L, P2 = 0.2 bar.
According to Boyle’s Law P1V1 = P2V2
then V2 = P1V1/P2
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2. On a ship sailing in pacific ocean where temperature is 23.4 °C , a balloon is filled with 2 L air. What
will be the volume of the balloon when the ship reaches Indian ocean, where temperature is 26.1°C ?
V1 = 2L, T1 = (23.4 + 273)K = 296.4 K, T2 = 26.1 + 273 = 299.1 K, V2 =?
From Charles law V1/T1 = V2/T2
V2 = (V1T2)/T1
V2 = 2L × 299.1K = 2L × 1.009 = 2.018L
296.4K
3. At 25°C and 760 mm of Hg pressure a gas occupies 600 mL volume. What will be its pressure at a
height where temperature is 10°C and volume of the gas is 640 mL.
P1 = 760 mm Hg, V1= 600 mL, T1 = 25 + 273 = 298 K, V2 = 640 mL, T2 = 10 + 273 = 283K, P2 =?
According to Combined gas law, P1 V1 = P2 V2
T1 T2
P2 = P1 V1T2 = (760 mm Hg)×(600 ml)×(283 K) = 676.6 mm Hg
V 2T 1 (640 ml)×(298 K)
EXERCISES
1) What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm3 of air at 1 bar to 200 dm3 at 30°C?
2) A vessel of 120 mL capacity contains a certain amount of gas at 35 °C and 1.2 bar pressure. The gas is
transferred to another vessel of volume 180 mL at 35 °C. What would be its pressure?
3) At 0°C, the density of a certain oxide of a gas at 2 bar is same as that of dinitrogen at 5 bar. What is the
molecular mass of the oxide?
4) Pressure of 1 g of an ideal gas A at 27°C is found to be 2 bar. When 2 g of another ideal gas B is introduced
in the same flask at same temperature the pressure becomes 3 bar. Find a relationship between their molecular
masses.
5) What will be the pressure exerted by a mixture of 3.2 g of methane and 4.4 g of carbon dioxide contained in
a 9 dm3 flask at 27 °C ?
6) What will be the pressure of the gaseous mixture when 0.5 L of H2 at 0.8 bar and 2.0 L of dioxygen at 0.7
bar are introduced in a 1L vessel at 27°C?
7) Density of a gas is found to be 5.46 g/dm3 at 27 °C at 2 bar pressure. What will be its density at STP?
8) 34.05 mL of phosphorus vapour weighs 0.0625 g at 546 °C and 0.1 bar pressure. What is the molar mass of
phosphorus?
9) Calculate the temperature of 4.0 mol of a gas occupying 5 dm3 at 3.32 bar. (R = 0.083 bar dm3 K-1 mol-1).
10) Calculate the total pressure in a mixture of 8 g of dioxygen and 4 g of dihydrogen confined in a vessel of 1
dm3 at 27°C. R = 0.083 bar dm3 K-1 mol-1.
11) Calculate the volume occupied by 8.8 g of CO2 at 31.1°C and 1 bar pressure. R = 0.083 bar L K-1 mol-1.
12) 2.9 g of a gas at 95 °C occupied the same volume as 0.184 g of dihydrogen at 17 °C, at the same pressure.
What is the molar mass of the gas?
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EQUILIBRIUM
Numericals:
1. The concentration of H+ ion in a sample of soft drink is 3.8 x 10-3 M. what is its pH?
2. The pH of a sample of vinegar is 3.76. Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ion.
3. Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the pH of the following solutions:
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(a) 0.003 M HCl (b) 0.005 M NaOH (c) 0.002 M HBr (d) 0.002 M KOH
4. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration in the following biological fluids whose pH are given below:
(a) Human muscle-fluid, 6.83 (b) Human stomach fluid, 1.2 (c) Human blood, 7.38 (d) Human saliva, 6.4.
5. The pH of milk, black coffee, tomato juice, lemon juice and egg white are 6.8, 5.0, 4.2, 2.2 and 7.8
resp. Calculate corresponding hydrogen ion concentration in each.
6. Calculate the solubility of A2X3 in pure water, assuming that neither kind of ion reacts with
water. The solubility product of A2X3, Ksp = 1.1 x 10-23.
A2X3 → 2A3+ + 3X2-
S = (Ksp / xx . y y)1 / x + y = [ 1.1 x 10-23/ 22 x 33 ]1/2+3 = [1.1 x 10-23/ 4 x 27 ]1/5
=[ 1.1 x 10-23/ 108 ]1/5 = [1 x 10-25] 1/5 = 1.0 x 10-5 mol/L.
7. The values of Ksp of two sparingly soluble salts Ni(OH)2 and AgCN are 2.0 x 10-15 and
6 x 0-17 respectively. Which salt is more soluble? Explain.
8. The pKa of acetic acid and pKb of ammonium hydroxide are 4.76 and 4.75 respectively. Calculate
the pH of ammonium acetate solution.
pH = 7 + ½[pKa - pKb] = 7 + ½[4.76 - 4.75] = 7 + ½[0.01] = 7 + 0.005 = 7.005
9. A sample of pure PCl5 was introduced into an evacuated vessel at 473 K. After equilibrium was
attained, concentration of PCl5 was found to be 0.5 x 10-1 mol L-1. If value of Kc is 8.3 x 10-3, what are the
concentrations of PCl3 and Cl2 at equilibrium?
10. The following concentrations were obtained for the formation of NH3 from N2 and H2 at eqlm at
500K. [N2] = 1.5 x10-2M. [H2] = 3.0 x10-2 M and [NH3] = 1.2 x 10-2M. Calculate eqlm constant.
11. At equilibrium, the concentrations of N2=3.0 x10–-3M, O2 = 4.2 x 10-3M and NO= 2.8 x10-3M in a
sealed vessel at 800K. What will be Kc for the reaction
Kc = [NO]2/[N2][O2] = (2.8 x 10-3)2/(3.0×10-3M)(4.2×10-3M) = 0.622
12. PCl5, PCl3 and Cl2 are at equilibrium at 500 K and having concentration 1.59M PCl3, 1.59M
Cl2 and 1.41 M PCl5. Calculate Kc for the reaction,
Kc = [PCl5][Cl2]/[PCl5] = (1.59)2/(1.41) = 1.79
Kp = Kc(RT)Δn Δn = (2+1) – 2 = 1
-6
Kp = 3.75 x 10 (0.0831 x 1069) = 0.033
14. The value of Kc for the reaction is 2 x 10-3. At a given time, the composition of
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reaction mixture is [A] = [B] = [C] = 3 x 10 M. In which direction the reaction will proceed?
Qc = [B][C]/ [A]2 as [A] = [B] = [C] = 3 x10-4M
-4 -4 -4 2
Qc = (3 x 10 )(3 x 10 ) / (3 x 10 ) = 1 as Qc > Kc so the reaction will proceed in the reverse direction.
15. What is Kc for the following equilibrium when the equilibrium concentration of each substance is:
17. A mixture of 1.57 mol of N2, 1.92 mol of H2 and 8.13 mol of NH3 is introduced into a 20 L reaction
vessel at 500 K. At this temperature, Kc for the reaction is 1.7 x 102. Is
the reaction mixture at equilibrium? If not, what is the direction of the net reaction?
18. The equilibrium constant expression for a gas reaction is, Kc = [ NH3 ]4[ O2]5/[ NO]4 [H2O]6
Write the balanced chemical equation corresponding to this expression.
Appication questions
20. What is meant by the conjugate acid-base pair? Find the conjugate acid/base for the following
species:HNO2, CN-, HClO4, F-, OH-, CO32-, and S2-
21. Which of the followings are Lewis acids? H2O, NH3, BF3, H+, and NH4+
22. What will be the conjugate bases for the Brönsted acids: HF, H2SO4 and HCO3-?
23. Write the conjugate acids for the following Brönsted bases: NH2-, NH3 and HCOO-.
24. The species: H2O, HCO3-, HSO4- and NH3 can act both as Brönsted acids and bases. For each case
give the corresponding conjugate acid and base.
25. Classify the following species into Lewis acids and Lewis bases and show how these act as Lewis
acid/base: (a) OH- (b) F- (c) H+ (d) BCl3 (e)H2O (f) NH3.
26. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc for each of the following reactions:
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30. Which of the following reactions will get affected by increasing the pressure? Also, mention whether
change will cause the reaction to go into forward or backward direction.
31. Dihydrogen gas is obtained from natural gas by partial oxidation with steam as per following
endothermic reaction:
(a) Write as expression for Kp for the above reaction.
(b) How will the values of Kp and composition of equilibrium mixture be affected by
(i) increasing the pressure (ii) increasing the temperature (iii) using a catalyst ?
32. Describe the effect of :
a) addition of H2 b) addition of CH3OH c) removal of CO d) removal of CH3OH
on the equilibrium of the reaction:
33. At 473 K, equilibrium constant Kcfor decomposition of PCl5 is 8.3 x 10-3. If decomposition is depicted
as
a) write an expression for Kc for the reaction.
b) what is the value of Kc for the reverse reaction at the same temperature ?
c) what would be the effect on Kc if (i) more PCl5 is added (ii) pressure is increased (iii) the temperature
is increased ?
34. Predict which of the following reaction will have appreciable concentration of reactants and products: