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UNIT 2 - STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Numericals
1.The Vividh Bharati station of All India Radio, Delhi, broadcasts on a frequency of 1,368 kHz (kilo
hertz). Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by transmitter. Which part of the
electromagnetic spectrum does it belong to?
2. The wavelength range of the visible spectrum extends from violet (400 nm) to red (750 nm). Express
these wavelengths in frequencies (Hz). (1nm = 10–9 m)
3. Calculate (a) wavenumber and (b) frequency of yellow radiation having wavelength 5800 Å.
4. Cal energy of one mole of photons of radiation whose frequency is 5 x1014 Hz.
5. A 100 watt bulb emits monochromatic light of wavelength 400 nm. Calculate the number of photons
emitted per second by the bulb.
6. The threshold frequency υ0 for a metal is 7.0 x1014 s–1. Calculate the kinetic energy of an electron
emitted when radiation of frequency υ=1.0 x1015 s–1 hits the metal.
7. What are the frequency and wavelength of a photon emitted during a transition from n = 5 state to the
n = 2 state in the hydrogen atom?
8. Calculate the energy associated with the first orbit of He+. What is the radius of this orbit?
9. What will be the wavelength of a ball of mass 0.1 kg moving with a velocity of 10 m s–1 ?
10. The mass of an electron is 9.1x10–31 kg. If its K.E. is 3.0x10–25 J, calculate its wavelength.
11. Calculate the mass of a photon with wavelength 3.6 Å.
12. A microscope using suitable photons is employed to locate an electron in an atom within a distance of
0.1 Å. What is the uncertainty involved in the measurement of its velocity?
13. A golf ball has a mass of 40g, and a speed of 45 m/s. If the speed can be measured within accuracy of
2%, calculate the uncertainty in the position.
14. What is the total number of orbitals associated with the principal quantum number n = 3 ?
15. Using s, p, d, f notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers (a) n = 2, l = 1,
(b) n = 4, l = 0, (c) n = 5, l = 3, (d) n = 3, l = 2
16. Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength of 580 nm. Calculate the frequency and
wavenumber of the yellow light.
17. Find energy of each of the photons which (i) correspond to light of frequency 3×1015 Hz. (ii) have
wavelength of 0.50 Å.
18. Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wave number of a light wave whose period is 2.0 × 10–10 s.
19. What is the number of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000 pm that provide 1J of energy?
20. What is the wavelength of light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes transition
from an energy level with n = 4 to an energy level with n = 2?
21. (i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is –2.18 × 10–18 J atom–1. What is
the energy associated with the fifth orbit?(ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.
22. Cal the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 x107 m s–1. (me= 9.1 x10-31)

STATES OF MATTER
Solved Numericals:
1.A balloon is filled with hydrogen at room temperature. It will burst if pressure exceeds 0.2 bar. If at 1
bar pressure the gas occupies 2.27 L volume, upto what volume can the balloon be expanded?
P1 = 1 bar, V1 = 2.27L, P2 = 0.2 bar.
According to Boyle’s Law P1V1 = P2V2
then V2 = P1V1/P2
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⇒V2 = 1 bar×2.27L = 11.35L

0.2bar
Since balloon bursts at 0.2 bar pressure,the volume of balloon should be less than 11.35 L.

2. On a ship sailing in pacific ocean where temperature is 23.4 °C , a balloon is filled with 2 L air. What
will be the volume of the balloon when the ship reaches Indian ocean, where temperature is 26.1°C ?
V1 = 2L, T1 = (23.4 + 273)K = 296.4 K, T2 = 26.1 + 273 = 299.1 K, V2 =?
From Charles law V1/T1 = V2/T2
V2 = (V1T2)/T1
V2 = 2L × 299.1K = 2L × 1.009 = 2.018L
296.4K

3. At 25°C and 760 mm of Hg pressure a gas occupies 600 mL volume. What will be its pressure at a
height where temperature is 10°C and volume of the gas is 640 mL.
P1 = 760 mm Hg, V1= 600 mL, T1 = 25 + 273 = 298 K, V2 = 640 mL, T2 = 10 + 273 = 283K, P2 =?
According to Combined gas law, P1 V1 = P2 V2
T1 T2
P2 = P1 V1T2 = (760 mm Hg)×(600 ml)×(283 K) = 676.6 mm Hg
V 2T 1 (640 ml)×(298 K)

EXERCISES
1) What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm3 of air at 1 bar to 200 dm3 at 30°C?

2) A vessel of 120 mL capacity contains a certain amount of gas at 35 °C and 1.2 bar pressure. The gas is
transferred to another vessel of volume 180 mL at 35 °C. What would be its pressure?

3) At 0°C, the density of a certain oxide of a gas at 2 bar is same as that of dinitrogen at 5 bar. What is the
molecular mass of the oxide?

4) Pressure of 1 g of an ideal gas A at 27°C is found to be 2 bar. When 2 g of another ideal gas B is introduced
in the same flask at same temperature the pressure becomes 3 bar. Find a relationship between their molecular
masses.

5) What will be the pressure exerted by a mixture of 3.2 g of methane and 4.4 g of carbon dioxide contained in
a 9 dm3 flask at 27 °C ?

6) What will be the pressure of the gaseous mixture when 0.5 L of H2 at 0.8 bar and 2.0 L of dioxygen at 0.7
bar are introduced in a 1L vessel at 27°C?

7) Density of a gas is found to be 5.46 g/dm3 at 27 °C at 2 bar pressure. What will be its density at STP?

8) 34.05 mL of phosphorus vapour weighs 0.0625 g at 546 °C and 0.1 bar pressure. What is the molar mass of
phosphorus?

9) Calculate the temperature of 4.0 mol of a gas occupying 5 dm3 at 3.32 bar. (R = 0.083 bar dm3 K-1 mol-1).

10) Calculate the total pressure in a mixture of 8 g of dioxygen and 4 g of dihydrogen confined in a vessel of 1
dm3 at 27°C. R = 0.083 bar dm3 K-1 mol-1.

11) Calculate the volume occupied by 8.8 g of CO2 at 31.1°C and 1 bar pressure. R = 0.083 bar L K-1 mol-1.

12) 2.9 g of a gas at 95 °C occupied the same volume as 0.184 g of dihydrogen at 17 °C, at the same pressure.
What is the molar mass of the gas?
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SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

1. Calculate molecular mass of molecule (i) H2O (ii) CO2 (iii) CH4 (iv) glucose (C6H12O6)
2. What is the percentage of C, H and O in ethanol (C2H5OH)
3. Calculate the mass percent of different elements present in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
4. A solution is prepared by adding 2g of a substance to 18g of water. Cal. the mass % of the solute.
5. Cal. the molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving its 4g in water to form 250ml of the
solution.
6. Cal the mass of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) required to make 500ml of 0.375molar aqueous solution.
Molar mass of sodium acetate is 82g mol-1
7. What is the concentration of sugar (C12H22O11) in mol L-1 if its 20g are dissolved in enough water to
make a final volume upto 2L?
8. Cal the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density 1.41 gml-1 and
the mass percent of nitric acid in it being 69%.
9. In three moles of ethane (C2H6), calculate the following (i) Number of moles of carbon atoms.
(ii) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms (iii) Number of molecules of ethane.
10. Cal the amount of water (g) produced by the combustion of 16g of methane.
11. How many moles of methane are required to produce 22g of CO2 (g) after combustion?
12. Cal the amount of CO2 that could be produced when (i) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in air
(ii) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in 16g of dioxygen (iii) 2 moles of carbon are burnt in 16g of dioxygen.
13. In a reaction A + B2 → AB2, Identify the limiting reagent, if any, in the following reaction mixture
(i)300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B (ii) 2 mol A + 3 mol B
(iii)100 atoms of A + 100 molecules of B (iv) 5 mol A + 2.5 mol B (v) 2.5 mol A + 5 mol B
14. 50 kg of N2 and 10 kg of H2 are mixed to produce NH3. Calculate the NH3 fotmed. identify the
limiting reagent in the production of NH3 in this situation.
15. N2 + H2 → NH3 (i) Calculate the mass of NH3 produced if 2x103 g N2 reacts with 1x103g of H2
(ii) Will any of the two reactants remain unreacted? (iii) If yes, which one and what would be its mass?
16. 3g of H2 reacts with 29g of O2 to form water. Which is the limiting reagent ? Cal the amount of water
formed and also calculate the amount of unreacted substance.
17. How much MgS can be obtained from 2g of Mg and 2g of S by the reaction, Mg + S→ MgS. Which
is the limiting reagent? Cal the amount of the reactants which remain unreacted.
18. If 10 volumes of H2 gas reacts with 5 volumes of O2 gas, how many volumes of water vapour would
be produced?
19. Calculate the number of atoms (i) 52 moles of Ar (ii) 52u of He (iii) 52g of He.
20. A compound contains 4.07% H, 24.27% C and 71.65 % Cl. Its molar mass is 98.96g. What are its
empirical and molecular formula?
21. Determine molecular formula of an oxide of iron which has 69.9% iron and 30.1% dioxygen by mass.
22. An organic compound C,H and O with % composition 40.69%C, 5.09%H and the rest is O. Molecular
mass of the compound is 118 g/mol. Cal the molecular formula of the compound.

EQUILIBRIUM
Numericals:
1. The concentration of H+ ion in a sample of soft drink is 3.8 x 10-3 M. what is its pH?
2. The pH of a sample of vinegar is 3.76. Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ion.
3. Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the pH of the following solutions:
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(a) 0.003 M HCl (b) 0.005 M NaOH (c) 0.002 M HBr (d) 0.002 M KOH
4. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration in the following biological fluids whose pH are given below:
(a) Human muscle-fluid, 6.83 (b) Human stomach fluid, 1.2 (c) Human blood, 7.38 (d) Human saliva, 6.4.
5. The pH of milk, black coffee, tomato juice, lemon juice and egg white are 6.8, 5.0, 4.2, 2.2 and 7.8
resp. Calculate corresponding hydrogen ion concentration in each.
6. Calculate the solubility of A2X3 in pure water, assuming that neither kind of ion reacts with
water. The solubility product of A2X3, Ksp = 1.1 x 10-23.
A2X3 → 2A3+ + 3X2-
S = (Ksp / xx . y y)1 / x + y = [ 1.1 x 10-23/ 22 x 33 ]1/2+3 = [1.1 x 10-23/ 4 x 27 ]1/5
=[ 1.1 x 10-23/ 108 ]1/5 = [1 x 10-25] 1/5 = 1.0 x 10-5 mol/L.

7. The values of Ksp of two sparingly soluble salts Ni(OH)2 and AgCN are 2.0 x 10-15 and
6 x 0-17 respectively. Which salt is more soluble? Explain.

S = [6 x 10-17/ 1x1]1/2 = 7.746 x 10-9

S = (Ksp / xx . y y)1 / x + y = [ 2 x 10-15/1x 2 2 ]1/1+2 = 7.938 x 10-6

Ni(OH)2 is more soluble than AgCN.

8. The pKa of acetic acid and pKb of ammonium hydroxide are 4.76 and 4.75 respectively. Calculate
the pH of ammonium acetate solution.
pH = 7 + ½[pKa - pKb] = 7 + ½[4.76 - 4.75] = 7 + ½[0.01] = 7 + 0.005 = 7.005

9. A sample of pure PCl5 was introduced into an evacuated vessel at 473 K. After equilibrium was
attained, concentration of PCl5 was found to be 0.5 x 10-1 mol L-1. If value of Kc is 8.3 x 10-3, what are the
concentrations of PCl3 and Cl2 at equilibrium?

10. The following concentrations were obtained for the formation of NH3 from N2 and H2 at eqlm at
500K. [N2] = 1.5 x10-2M. [H2] = 3.0 x10-2 M and [NH3] = 1.2 x 10-2M. Calculate eqlm constant.

Kc = [NH3(g)]2/[N2(g)][H2(g)]3= (1.2 x 10-2)2/(1.5×10-2)(3.0×10-2)3 = 0.106 x 104 = 1.06 x 103

11. At equilibrium, the concentrations of N2=3.0 x10–-3M, O2 = 4.2 x 10-3M and NO= 2.8 x10-3M in a
sealed vessel at 800K. What will be Kc for the reaction
Kc = [NO]2/[N2][O2] = (2.8 x 10-3)2/(3.0×10-3M)(4.2×10-3M) = 0.622

12. PCl5, PCl3 and Cl2 are at equilibrium at 500 K and having concentration 1.59M PCl3, 1.59M
Cl2 and 1.41 M PCl5. Calculate Kc for the reaction,
Kc = [PCl5][Cl2]/[PCl5] = (1.59)2/(1.41) = 1.79

13. the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc is 3.75 x 10-6 at

1069 K. Calculate the Kp for the reaction at this temperature
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Kp = Kc(RT)Δn Δn = (2+1) – 2 = 1
-6
Kp = 3.75 x 10 (0.0831 x 1069) = 0.033

14. The value of Kc for the reaction is 2 x 10-3. At a given time, the composition of
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reaction mixture is [A] = [B] = [C] = 3 x 10 M. In which direction the reaction will proceed?
Qc = [B][C]/ [A]2 as [A] = [B] = [C] = 3 x10-4M
-4 -4 -4 2
Qc = (3 x 10 )(3 x 10 ) / (3 x 10 ) = 1 as Qc > Kc so the reaction will proceed in the reverse direction.

15. What is Kc for the following equilibrium when the equilibrium concentration of each substance is:

[SO2]= 0.60M, [O2] = 0.82M and [SO3] = 1.90M ?

16. Find out the value of Kc for each of the following equilibria from the value of Kp:

17. A mixture of 1.57 mol of N2, 1.92 mol of H2 and 8.13 mol of NH3 is introduced into a 20 L reaction
vessel at 500 K. At this temperature, Kc for the reaction is 1.7 x 102. Is
the reaction mixture at equilibrium? If not, what is the direction of the net reaction?
18. The equilibrium constant expression for a gas reaction is, Kc = [ NH3 ]4[ O2]5/[ NO]4 [H2O]6
Write the balanced chemical equation corresponding to this expression.

19. Equilibrium constant, Kc for the reaction at 500 K is 0.061

At a particular time, the analysis shows that composition of the reaction mixture is 3.0 mol L-1 N2, 2.0 mol
L-1 H2 and 0.5 mol L-1 NH3. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not in which direction does the reaction tend
to proceed to reach equilibrium?

Appication questions
20. What is meant by the conjugate acid-base pair? Find the conjugate acid/base for the following
species:HNO2, CN-, HClO4, F-, OH-, CO32-, and S2-
21. Which of the followings are Lewis acids? H2O, NH3, BF3, H+, and NH4+
22. What will be the conjugate bases for the Brönsted acids: HF, H2SO4 and HCO3-?
23. Write the conjugate acids for the following Brönsted bases: NH2-, NH3 and HCOO-.
24. The species: H2O, HCO3-, HSO4- and NH3 can act both as Brönsted acids and bases. For each case
give the corresponding conjugate acid and base.
25. Classify the following species into Lewis acids and Lewis bases and show how these act as Lewis
acid/base: (a) OH- (b) F- (c) H+ (d) BCl3 (e)H2O (f) NH3.
26. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc for each of the following reactions:
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27. For the following equilibrium, Kc= 6.3 x 1014 at 1000 K

What is Kc, for the reverse reaction?
28. Explain why pure liquids and solids can be ignored while writing the equilibrium constant
expression?
29. Does the number of moles of reaction products increase, decrease or remain same when each of the
following equilibria is subjected to a decrease in pressure by increasing the volume?

30. Which of the following reactions will get affected by increasing the pressure? Also, mention whether
change will cause the reaction to go into forward or backward direction.

31. Dihydrogen gas is obtained from natural gas by partial oxidation with steam as per following

endothermic reaction:
(a) Write as expression for Kp for the above reaction.
(b) How will the values of Kp and composition of equilibrium mixture be affected by
(i) increasing the pressure (ii) increasing the temperature (iii) using a catalyst ?
32. Describe the effect of :
a) addition of H2 b) addition of CH3OH c) removal of CO d) removal of CH3OH
on the equilibrium of the reaction:
33. At 473 K, equilibrium constant Kcfor decomposition of PCl5 is 8.3 x 10-3. If decomposition is depicted

as
a) write an expression for Kc for the reaction.
b) what is the value of Kc for the reverse reaction at the same temperature ?
c) what would be the effect on Kc if (i) more PCl5 is added (ii) pressure is increased (iii) the temperature
is increased ?
34. Predict which of the following reaction will have appreciable concentration of reactants and products: