2.2.

3 Test method:
Several different method have been developed in characterizing SCC characteristics ,
however, because SCC is developing and developing simultaneously under multiple
agencies .This has led to the development of unified standardization organization to
develop their own testing equipment of different dimensions .
This becomes a problem, but is currently being handled by organization such as
ASTEM C09 on concrete and concrete aggregate has begun work toward development
standard for SCC.
So far, there is no way or set of ways that has achieved overall approval.
A single method was founded distinguishing all relevant operability aspects .Each
design should be tested for the mix by more than one test method for the operability
parameters.
For the first SCC mix design, all three operability parameter must be evaluated to ensure
that all aspect is met. To monitor the quality of the site, two testing methods are
generally adequate to monitor the quality of production. It may be the only test method
run by trained and experienced technicians.
Workability tests can be divided into three categories: fill capacity tests, possibility
tests, and separation resistance tests. Each test fits most of these categories. Method of
testing three parameters in Table (2.3).

2.2.4 Acceptance Criteria:

In the table (2.4) the standard acceptance criteria for SCC (IFNARC, TEVICSTA, FASHON,
SPY) with a maximum aggregate size of up to 20 mm. these typical requirements are explained
against each test method to existing knowledge and practices .

Value outside these ranges may be acceptable if the product can show satisfactory performance
under specified conditions, for example, large areas between reinforcement, thickness less than
500mm, short distance of flow from the discharge point.

Care should be taken not to separate the mix in this time. There is no simple and reliable test
that gives information about the resistance to separation of SCC.

3 Mix Design method

2.3.1 Introduction

The basic component of the blend arrangement of SCC are the same as those utilized as a part
of customary cement. Be that as it may, to acquire the asked for properties of crisp cement in
SCC, a higher extent of ultrafine materials and the fuse of synthetic admixtures, in especially
a powerful super plasticizer, are vital. Along these lines, self-compact ability can be largely
influenced by the attributes of materials and blend extent.

There is no full standard method for determining the proportions of the mixture for SCC,
However ,many different border ratios are include in different publication .Therefore , a
rational mix of SCC using a diverse set of materials is essential . The SCC design mix,
including in the filling fill expressions, must be met .Multiple instructions on SCC mixture
ratios, summarized in

2.3.2 Mechanism for achieving self-compact ability:

According to the above explanation, its method of achieving self-compliance not only involves
resistance to insulation between coarse aggregate and mortars .Concrete does flow through the
confined area of reinforcement bars.

Okamura and Ozawa employed the following methods for achieving self-compact ability {Fig.
(2.4)}:

Limited aggregate content

Low water-powder ratio

Use of super plasticizer

They said that collisions and contact between total particles can increase with the relative
distance decrease between particles and then can increase internal stress when concrete
distortion especially nears the obstacles. Researchers also found that the energy required flow
consumes increased internal pressure, resulting in clogging particle college .Reducing the
content of coarse aggregates, which consume particularly dense energy. To a lower than normal
level is effective in avoiding this type of block Fig. 2.4– Methods to achieve ability of SC On
the other hand.

High viscosity paste also required to avoid blockage of coarse aggregate when concrete flows
through the obstacles (Figure2.5).when concrete is deformed , a paste with high viscosity also
prevent local increase in internal stress due to the approach of particle debris. High deformation
can only be achieved by using superconducting plasticizers and maintaining the proportion of
water powder to its very low value.

2.3.3 Okamura and Ozawa Method:

Okamura and Ozawa proposed the system of proportionality is simple . The coarse and fine
aggregate contents are fixed so that self-compact ability can be achieved easily by adjusting
the water-powder ratio and super plasticizer dosage only:

 The coarse aggregate content is fixed in the concrete by 50% of the solid volume .
 The exact macro content is installed 40 % of the mortar size.
 Presumably of the size of 0.9 to 0.1 depending on the characteristics of the powder .
  The plasticizer dosage is determined by super –water –powder ratio to ensure final self
– compacting ability .

In the blend proportioning of ordinary cement, the water-concrete proportion is chosen to

acquire the required quality. Okamura and Ozawa expressed that with SCC the water-powder
proportion must be chosen considering self-smaller capacity since self-conservative capacity
is extremely delicate to this proportion. They expressed likewise, by and large, the required
quality does not oversee the water-concrete proportion in light of the fact that the water-powder
proportion is sufficiently little to obtain the required quality for common structures unless the
vast majority of the powder being used is not receptive. The attributes of the powder and super
plasticizer generally influence the mortar property, thus the best possible water-powder
proportion and super plasticizer measurement can't be fixe without trial blending at this stage.

The characteristics of the powder and super plasticizer largely affect the mortar property, and
so the proper water-powder ratio and super plasticizer dosage cannot be fixe without trial
mixing at this stage.

2.3.4 EFNARC Approaches

EFRANC stated that in designing the mix, it is very useful to consider the relative proportions
of the main components by size rather than mass. This institute adopted two approaches to the
design of SCC.

EFNARC’s Requirements

First Approach:

 Absolute volume of coarse aggregate (VG) = (28-35)% by volume of concrete.

 Total absolute volume of powder (VC+VL) = (0.16-0.24) by volume of concrete.

Second approach

This approach is based on the method developed by Ocamura. Sequencing is determined as

follows:

 Definition of the required air content (mostly 2%) The air content may generally be
determined at 2 per cent or higher at the specific . freezing of the soluble concrete.
 Determination of the volume of coarse aggregate: The size of rough aggregate is known
as the dense density. The rough aggregate content should generally be between 50 per
cent and 60 per cent. when the amount of rough aggregate in the concrete exceeds a
certain limit , its chances increase .Collision or communication between particles of
 coarse debris is rapid , there is an increased risk of clogging when passing through
concrete distances between steel bars .The content of coarse aggregate depends on the
following parameters :
 The maximum size of the total.
 The lower the maximum size of the total , and the high proportion of coarse aggregate
.
 Crushed or rounded aggregate . As for round aggregate , higher content can be used
from powder aggregate .
 Determination of sand content:

The individuals using material used for SCC . The commonplace materials utilized as a part
of SCC are as per the following: coarse aggregate , fine cement , mineral added substances
and concoction added substances (plasticizer super). GIBBS expressed that the SCC can be
planned and assembled utilizing a wide gathering of consistent solid materials, which is
Necessary for the SCC get well known property

 Design of paste composition:

The ratio of powder to zero flow (βp) is determined in paste with a selected percentage of
cement and additive. Flow cone tests with water /powder ratio by size. For example 1.1, 1.2,
1.3and 1.4 they are performed with a specific powder formation See (2.6) the intersection
point is determined with the y-axis of the βp. This βp value is the adsorbed water on the
powder surface along with those. Needed to fill the voids in the powder system and provide a
dispersion of the powder system and provide a dispersion of the powder. Is mainly used to
monitor the quality of water demand for new collection of cement.

 Determine the optimum water volume /The proportion of super plasticizer powder
in the mortar;
 Tests with stream cone and V-Funnel for mortar are performed at different
water/powder proportions in the scope of [0.8 – 0.9] βp and measurements of super
plasticizer. The super plasticizer is utilized to adjust the rheology of the glue. The
volume substance of sand in the mortar continues as before as decided previously.
2.4 Influences of SCC Constituents:
 2.4.1 Introduction

Those who use traditional concrete use the materials used for SCC. The typical materials
used in SCC are as follows: coarse aggregate, fine cement, mineral additives and chemical
additives (plasticizer super). GIBBS stated that the SCC can be designed and built using a
wide group of regular concrete materials, which is Necessary for the SCC get popular.

The component materials used in production must be generally in conformity with the
requirement of international standard. Materials suitable for concrete use should not contain
concrete and do not contain harmful components in quantities that may damage the quality or
durability of the concrete, or cause corrosion of the reinforcement.
Many researchers have worked out that concrete properties and components have significant
effects on rheological behavior, stability, obstruction, Tc. of a particular SCC.

 2.4.2 Cement
EFNARC [6] stated that the general suitability (for producing SCC) cement has been
established to conform to EN 197-1. According to Raga’s (2003) [26] there are no significant
differences between Iraqi and European cement standards with respect to the most physical and
chemical properties and tests results. Therefore, it can be said that the General suitability (for
producing SCC) is established for cement conforming to IOS No. 5:1984 [27] also.

Emborg (2000) [28] that the impact of contrast in cement on SCC is, not yet documented ,but
some observation made during the production of this new concrete . Emborg doled out a case,
in Sweden major issues of accomplishing target consistency amid a hour and a half have
emerged amid winter/spring 2000. The principle reasons have been the varieties of gypsum
expansion at the concrete assembling and the varieties of other creation minutes that prompt
the outstanding issue of false set and quick set to which the SCC is more sensitive

2.4.3 water Mix:

EFNARC stated that its suitability for mixing water is the same as in conventional concrete. It
is know that the quantity of water in the concrete is of particular importance for the
characteristics of the new phase is the operability. By nature of the concrete properties of
cement water. As for SCC, the quantity of water is more important, and in the mix design
method of this family of concrete, water is treated in several relationship such as water/total
fines (powder +fine rubble) and water –to –powder ratio. Figure (2.7) illustrates some of the
data from literature where it is considered that the quantity of water here is: the ratio of water
to total fines is limited to the SCC without the factor for the wife.

2.4.5 Chemical Admixtures

Two types of materials chemical added uses usually in the production of SCC materials: super
plasticizer and viscosity modification agent what is in recently final, shrinkage reduce mixing
has been used as a sort new. Plasticizer super necessary to create a SCC .In resent final, has
become the evolution of plasticizer super-fast and result in ever to improve the materials
chemical synthetic admixture .I will continue to this product and later in the development of
improvement; right now, plasticizer super the most recent poly carboxyl type late.
Conventional Super plasticizers, such as those based on sulphonated melamine and
naphthalene formaldehyde condensates, at the time of mixing, are absorbed onto the surface of
the cement particles. This absorption takes place at a very early stage in the hydration process.
The euphonic groups of the polymer chains increase the negative charge on the surface of the
cement particle and dispersion of the cement occurs by electrostatic repulsion. Poly carboxyl
late Super plasticizer is differentiated from the conventional Super plasticizer in that it is based
on a unique carboxylic ether polymer with long lateral chains. This greatly improves cement
dispersion. At the start of the mixing process, the same electrostatic dispersion occurs, as
described previously, but the presence of the lateral chains, linked to the polymer backbone,
generates a steric hindrance, which stabilizes the cement particles capacity to separate and
disperse. This mechanism provides flow able concrete with greatly reduced water demand
{Degussa; Gallium 51 (2002) [36]}.

Okamura and Masahiro summarize the requirements for superconducting in the SCC as
follows:

o Maintain dispersion effect for at least two hours after mixing

o Less sensitivity to temperature changes

The job of super plasticizer is to impart a high degree of flow ability and deformability;
however, the higher dosages (when compared to conventional concrete) generally associated
with SCC can lead to a high degree of segregation. When a super plasticizer is only used,
concrete tends to segregate due to the loss in yield stress of the concrete coupled with the fact
that materials with different specific gravities reside within the mixture. One of the main
characteristics of SCC is segregation avoidance, also referred to as “stability” of SCC.

There are three ways to increase his viscosity concrete, and these will be referred to in the
following approach:

- VMA Approach
- High Fines Approach
- Combination Approach

All method use super plasticizer to increase the mixture liquidity. The difference between the
three approaches lies in the method used to combat the separation that will occur when using
super plastic materials .The desired mixture should lead to a mixture of liquids that are viscous
enough to avoid separation. The VMA Approach uses a chemical admixture to increase the
viscosity of the mixture. Addition of another chemical admixture (besides the super plasticizer)
further increases the complexity of the mixture chemistry.

According to Peterson, up to 10 % of filler can be replaced by using a viscosity, modifying

agent; but this cannot replace the filler. His findings also showed that when VMA is used, the
workability over time decreases compared with mixtures with only fillers, and that this is a
difficulty when VMA is used for SCC. The recommendations of the project also showed that
with modern super plasticizers and filler, no VMA is normally necessary; and only for special
applications a VMA should be used. He also stated that when a VMA is used the early-age
strength considerably decreases. Hodgson stated that the use of increased amounts of fine
material (the High Fines Approach) appears to be the most suitable.

2.4.6 Mineral admixtures

The mineral additives, additions, or solvents have provided long-term means to improve the
properties of new and solid concrete, while at same time reducing the cost of concrete materials.
Mendes and young knew mineral additives as soft ground solid materials added to improve the
capacity of fresh concrete and strong endurance, and this group of materials was divided into:
 - Materials of low reactivity.
- Cementations materials.
- Pozzolanic materials.

Mehta defined mineral admixtures as "finely divided siliceous materials added to concrete in
relatively large amounts, generally in the range 20 to 100 percent by w* Cementations like
ground granulated blast-furnace slag.

 Cementations and pozzolanic like high-calcium fly ash.

 Highly active pozzolanas like condensed silica fume & rice husk ash.
 Normal pozzolanas like low-calcium fly ash & natural materials.
 Weak pozzolanas are like slowly cooled blast-furnace slag & field burnt rice husk ash.

Neville used the term fertilization material for all powder materials and identified pozolanas as
natural or synthetic materials containing silica in an interactive form. He also defined the filler
materials as very fine materials of the same smoothness as Portland cement because of their
physical properties, which have a beneficial effect on some cement characteristics such as the
ability to operate and density.

BS EN places little restriction on the use of additions, simply stating that additions of Type I
and Type II may be used in concrete in quantities as used in the ‘initial tests’. Initial tests are
defined in BS EN 206–1 Annex A, as those required to demonstrate that all the specified
requirements for the fresh and hardened concrete are satisfied. These initial tests may consist
of laboratory work or long-term experience.

Aitkin (1998) , and Bentur (2002) [stated that the overall composition of mineral admixtures is
defined within the ternary diagram CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 shown in Fig. (2.9).

.4.6.2 Mineral Admixtures in SCC:

Collepardi stated that the most basic principle of the flow and cohesion of concrete including
SCC is its use of super plasticizer along with a relatively high proportion of powder material
in terms of Portland cement , mineral additives , earth filing and very fine sand Ransburg and
Neal (2003 stated that the successful production of SCC is dependent on arriving at an
appropriate balance between the yield stress and the viscosity of the paste. Extraordinarily
planned high range water reducers are utilized to lessen the yield worry to an indicate permit
the coveted free streaming qualities of the solid. In any case, this by itself may bring about
isolation if the consistency of the glue is not adequate to bolster the total particles in suspension.
To accomplish the coveted consistency, it is standard to utilize either high bond substance,
VMA, or both. A substitute approach is to utilize a supplementary cementations material that
can expand the union or thickness of the glue and additionally give the coveted early quality.