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Section
1:
Key
Ideas
• Stresses
on
the
Earth’s
crust
produce
compression,
tension
and
shearing
in
rock.
• Faults
are
cracks
in
the
Earth’s
crust
that
result
from
stress.
• Faulting
and
folding
of
the
crust
cause
mountains
and
other
features
to
form
on
the
surface.
• Earthquake-‐-‐-‐is
when
the
earth’s
crust
moves
• Deformation-‐-‐-‐is
when
the
shape
of
the
crust
is
changed
• Fault-‐-‐-‐is
a
break
in
the
crust.
Earthquakes
happen
because
there
is
friction
in
the
fault
that
builds
up
energy
and
that
energy
creates
a
shock
wave
when
released.
• Strike
slip
fault-‐-‐-‐is
when
the
two
parts
of
the
fault
are
moving
past
each
other.
This
is
how
the
dextral
transform
movement
of
the
San
Andreas
fault
happens.
• Normal
fault-‐-‐-‐-‐composed
of
a
hanging
wall,
which
moves
below
and
the
footwall
that
is
above
the
fault
line…these
two
walls
move
apart
from
each
other.
This
is
a
divergent
movement
as
well.
• Reverse
fault-‐-‐-‐it
is
when
the
hanging
wall
and
footwall
move
in
the
opposite
direction
so
that
the
footwall
moves
downward
and
towards
the
hanging
wall
and
the
hanging
wall
moves
upwards
and
toward
the
footwall.
This
is
a
convergent
movement
as
well.
• Fault-‐block
mountain-‐-‐-‐when
two
normal
fault
blocks
move
away
to
create
a
mountain.
• Folds-‐-‐-‐when
the
rock
is
bent
by
the
motion
of
the
crust.
Mountains
and
other
rock
formations
can
be
created
by
the
folding
action.
• Syncline-‐-‐-‐when
the
rock
is
bent
into
a
downward
arch
• Anticline-‐-‐-‐when
the
rock
is
bent
into
an
upward
arch
• Plateau-‐-‐-‐-‐a
high
flat
area
which
is
created
by
the
crust
being
pushed
upward.
Section
2:
Key
ideas
• As
seismic
waves
travel
through
the
Earth,
they
carry
the
energy
of
an
earthquake
from
the
focus
to
the
surface.
• Earthquakes
produce
two
types
of
seismic
waves,
P
waves
and
S
waves
that
travel
out
in
all
directions
from
the
focus
of
an
earthquake.
• Today,
the
moment
of
magnitude
scale
is
used
to
determine
the
magnitude
of
an
earthquake.
Other
scales
that
geologists
have
used
to
rate
earthquakes
include
the
Mercalli
scale
and
the
Richter
scale.
• Seismograph-‐-‐-‐device
used
to
monitor
earthquakes.
By
using
the
network
of
seismographs
world
wide
scientists
are
able
to
determine
the
size
and
location
of
earthquakes.
The
drum
is
rolling
and
as
the
earth
moves
it
shakes
the
pendulum
which
has
a
pen
to
mark
the
paper.
This
shows
the
seismic
wave
pattern.
• Magnitude-‐-‐-‐how
power
the
earthquake
is
based
on
the
strength
of
the
seismic
waves
• Moment
magnitude
scale-‐-‐-‐a
modified
scale
used
to
measure
all
types
of
earthquakes
and
earthquakes
both
near
and
far.
• Mercalli
Scale-‐-‐-‐-‐12
step
scale
based
on
the
earthquake’s
effect
on
people,
buildings
and
landscape.
• Richter
scale-‐-‐-‐based
on
the
readings
from
seismographs.
Good
for
small
earthquakes
and
earthquakes
near
the
seismographs.
• P
waves-‐-‐-‐also
known
as
primary
waves
which
move
by
contracting
and
expanding.
Basically
a
back
and
forth
motion.
Travels
in
both
solids
and
liquids.
(also
known
as
longitudinal
waves)
• S
waves-‐-‐-‐also
known
as
secondary
waves…moves
in
an
up
and
down
or
side
to
side
motion.
Travels
only
in
solids.
(also
known
as
transverse
waves)
• Surface
waves
are
waves
which
reach
the
surface
and
can
cause
major
ground
movements.
• By
using
triangulation,
scientists
are
able
to
locate
the
epicenter
of
an
earthquake.
• Sometimes
the
actual
earthquake
is
deep
within
the
earth.
• Focus-‐-‐-‐-‐is
the
point
where
the
crust
is
moving.
• Epicenter-‐-‐-‐-‐where
the
earthquake
appears
on
the
surface.
• Seismic
waves-‐-‐-‐-‐the
vibrations
caused
by
the
earthquake.
Section
3:
Key
Ideas
• Earthquakes
can
damage
structures
through
tsunamis,
landslides
or
avalanches,
and
shaking
or
liquefaction
of
the
ground.
• New
buildings
can
be
designed
to
with
standard
earthquakes;
old
buildings
can
be
modified
to
make
them
more
earthquake
resistant.
• For
personal
safety
indoors
during
an
earthquake,
use
the
triangle
of
life
method
which
means
stay
against
a
load
bearing
wall
or
other
support
structure
that
can
provide
a
relatively
safe
space
should
the
ceiling
collapse.
Three
ways
an
earthquake
can
cause
damage:
1. Sliding:
house
slides
off
foundation
2. Racking:
cripple
walls
buckle
and
collapse
3. Overturning:
house
lifts
off
foundation
• Landslides
are
when
the
layers
of
soil
and
rock
are
moved.
• Aftershock-‐-‐-‐is
an
earthquake
that
happens
after
a
major
earthquake.
They
can
happen
anytime
after
the
earthquake
from
hours
to
even
months
later.
• Aftershocks
can
cause
more
damage
than
the
original
earthquake
because
the
structures
have
been
compromised
by
the
original
earthquake.
• Tsunamis-‐-‐-‐-‐comes
from
the
Japanese
words
for
bay
wave.
Tsunamis
are
dangerous
because
the
waves
can
move
incredible
amounts
of
water
inland.
Long
and
shallow
areas
allow
waves
to
build
up.
Narrow
areas
can
also
cause
the
waves
to
build
up.
Section
4:
Key
Ideas
• Geologists
use
instruments
to
measure
deformation
and
stress
along
faults.
• Scientists
determine
earthquake
risk
by
monitoring
active
faults
and
by
studying
faults
where
past
earthquakes
have
occurred.
• The
creep
meter
measures
how
much
the
fault
moves.
• Laser
Ranging
Devices
use
lasers
to
measure
movement
.
• Tilt
Meters
monitor
faults
by
the
change
in
water
tilt.
• Satellite
monitors
can
also
be
used
to
track
changes
in
the
fault
through
satellite
imaging.
• Earthquake
Risk
Map-‐-‐-‐areas
near
fault
lines
are
move
at
risk
than
other
areas.
• Earthquakes
are
more
likely
to
happen
if
you
are
near
a
fault
or
other
geologically
active
area
like
a
volcano.
• Loose
soil
areas
are
more
dangerous
than
solid
rock
areas
when
an
earthquake
happens
because
of
liquefaction
which
is
when
the
“solid”
soil
acts
like
a
liquid
and
actually
flows.
This
flow
can
easily
destroy
buildings
and
kill
people