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Here the units used are radians and sin x = sin(x radians). Recall that sin x and cos x are defined and
continuous everywhere and
sin x 1 1 cos x
tan x = , sec x = , csc x = , cot x = ,
cos x cos x sin x sin x
are continuous on their domains (all values of x where the denominator is non-zero). The graphs of the
above functions are shown at the end of this lecture to help refresh your memory: Before we calculate
the derivatives of these functions, we will calculate two very important limits.
First Important Limit
sin θ
lim = 1.
θ→0 θ
See the end of this lecture for a geometric proof of the inequality,
1.2
0.8
D
0.6 B
O !
–1 – 0.5 0.5 1 1.5
C A
– 0.2
– 0.4
– 0.6
– 0.8
–1
– 1.2
– 1.6
sin θ
cos θ < <1
θ
and we can use the squeeze theorem to prove that the limit shown above is 1.
1
Another Important Limit
From the above limit, we can derive that :
cos θ − 1
lim =0
θ→0 θ
d
2. We can also show that cos x = − sin(x) :
dx
2
cos(x)[cos(h) − 1] sin(x) sin(h)
= lim − lim
h→0 h h→0 h
[cos(h) − 1] sin(h)
= cos(x) lim − sin(x) lim = − sin(x).
h→0 h h→0 h
d
3. Using the derivatives of sin(x) and cos(x) and the quotient rule, we can deduce that tan x = sec2 (x) :
dx
Higher Derivatives
We see that the higher derivatives of sin x and cos x form a pattern in that they repeat with a cycle of
four. For example, if f (x) = sin x, then
f 0 (x) = cos x, f 00 (x) = − sin x, f (3) (x) = − cos x, f (4) (x) = sin x, f (5) (x) = cos x, . . .
3
A mass on a spring released at some point other than its equilibrium position will follow a pattern of
simple harmonic motion (x(t) = A sin(Cx + D) or equivalently x(t) = A cos(Cx + D) ), when there is
no friction or other forces to dampen the effect. The values of A, C and D depend on the elasticity of
the spring, the mass and the point at which the mass is released. You will be able to prove this easily
later when you learn about differential equations.
Example An object at the end of a vertical spring is stretched 5cm beyond its rest position and
released at time t = 0. Its position at time t is given by x(t) with the positive direction as shown in a
downward direction, where
x(t) = 5 cos(t).
(b) Find the position, velocity and acceleration of the mass at time t = π4 . In which direction is it
moving at that time?
4
The following is a summary of the derivatives of the trigonometric functions. You should be able to
verify all of the formulas easily.
d d d
sin x = cos x, cos x = − sin x, tan x = sec2 x
dx dx dx
d d d
csc x = − csc x cot x, sec x = sec x tan x, cot x = − csc2 x
dx dx dx
Example The graph below shows the variations in day length for various degrees of Lattitude.
At 60o North, at what times of the year is the length of the day changing most rapidly?
Extras
Example (Preparation for Related Rates) A police car is parked 40 feet from the road at the
point P in the diagram below. Your vehicle is approaching on the road as in the diagram below and the
police are pointing a radar gun at your car. Let x denote the distance from your car to the police car
and let θ be the angle between the line of sight of the radar gun and the road. How fast is x changing
with respect to θ when θ = π4 ? (Please attempt this problem before looking at the solution on the
following page.)
x
40ft
5
Solution We have that the variables x and θ are related in the following way:
40
= sin(θ).
x
Therefore
40
=x
sin(θ)
and h − cos(θ) i
dx
= 40 .
dθ sin2 (θ)
When θ = π4 ,
√
dx h − cos( π ) i
4 −1/ 2 √
π = 40 = 40 = −40 2 feet per radian.
dθ θ= 4 sin2 ( π4 ) 1/2 18
16
14
18 18 12
16
Graphs of Trigonometric functions 16
10
14 14
8
12 12
6
10
10
4
h(x) = tan(x)
8
8
2
6
6
– 4! – 3! – 2! –! 18 ! 2! 3! 4!
4
4
f(x) = sin(x) –2
16
18 2
182 g(x) = cos(x)
–4
14
16
16
– 4! – 3! – 2! –! ! 2! 3! 4!
– 4! – 3! – 2! –! ! 2! 3! 4!
–6
14 12
–2 14
–2
–8
12 10
–4 12
–4
10 – 10
10 8
–6
–6
8 – 12
8 6
–8
–8
6 6
– 10 4– 14
– 10
1
1
4 1 r(x) = t(x) =
s(x) = 4
cos(x) tan(x)
– 12 sin(x) 2– 16
– 12
2 2
– 14 – 18
– 14 – 4! – 3! – 2! –! ! 2! 3! 4!
– 4! – 3! – 2! –! ! 2! 3! – 4! – 3! – 2! –! ! 2! 3! 4!
– 16 –2
–2 ––16
2
– 18 –4
–4 ––18
4
–6
–6 –6
–8 –8
–8
– 10 – 10
– 10
– 12
– 12 – 12
– 14
– 14 – 14
– 16
– 16
– 16
– 18
– 18
– 18
6
Inequality
Let θ be an angle close to 0, and between 0 and π2 . Note that since sin θ = − sin(−θ), we have
sin θ
θ
= sin(−θ)
−θ
and limθ→0+ sinθ θ = limθ→0− sinθ θ . Because of this, we need only consider the right hand
limit, limθ→0+ sinθ θ with θ > 0.
In the picture below, we see that θ, which is the length of the arc of the unit circle from A to B in
larger than the length of the line segment from A to B. The line segment from A to B is larger than
sin θ since it is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with a side of length sin θ.
1.4
1.2
0.8
B
0.6
0.4
1
sin !
0.2
O !
–1 – 0.5 0.5 1
A
– 0.2
– 0.4
– 0.6
– 0.8
–1
– 1.2
sin θ
< 1.
θ
Now consider the picture below. We can see intuitively that the length of the arc of the unit circle
from A to B is smaller than the sum of the lengths of the line segments |AE| + |EB|. Because the line
segment EB is a side of a right triangle with hypotenuse ED, we see that |EB| < |ED|. Thus we have
θ < |AE| + |EB| < |AE| + |ED| = |AD|
|AD|
Note now that |OA|
= tan θ and |AD| = |OA| tan θ = tan θ.
1.4
1.2
0.8
D
0.6 B
0.4
1
E
sin ! !
0.2
O !
–1 – 0.5 0.5 1
C A
– 0.2
– 0.4
– 0.6
– 0.8
–1
– 1.2
sin θ sin θ
θ < tan θ = giving cos θ <
cos θ θ
since cos θ > 0 (when we multiply by positive numbers, inequalities are preserved).
Putting both inequalities together we get
sin θ
cos θ < <1
θ
7
Extra Problems
1. Calculate
sin(x3 )
lim .
x→o x
2. Calculate
lim 7x cot(3x).
x→0
8
Extra Problems : Solutions
1. Calculate
sin(x3 )
lim .
x→o x
sin(x3 ) sin(x3 ) sin(x3 )
limx→o x
= limx→0 x·x2
· x2 = limx→0 x3
· limx→0 x2 = 1 · 0 = 0.
2. Calculate
lim 7x cot(3x).
x→0
cos(3x) 3x cos(3x)
lim 7x cot(3x) = lim 7x = lim 7x · · =
x→0 x→0 sin(3x) x→0 3x sin(3x)
(3x) cos(3x)
lim 7 lim lim =7·1·0=0
x→0 x→0 sin(3x) x→0 3
3. If g(x) = cos(x), what is g (42) (x)?
g 0 (x) = − sin x, g 00 (x) = − cos x, g (3) (x) = sin x, g (4) (x) = cos x, . . .
Therefore g (40) (x) = cos x and g (42) (x) = − cos x.
4. Find f 0 (x) if f (x) = x2 cos(x) sin(x).
Using the product rule, we get
d
f 0 (x) = (cos x · sin x)2x + x2 (cos x · sin x)
dx
using the quotient rule a second time, we get
f 0 (x) = 2x(cos x · sin x) + x2 (sin x(− sin x) + cos x cos x) = 2x(cos x · sin x) + x2 (cos2 x − sin2 x).