Experiment Name: Buck and Boost converter using PSPICE

AIM:- To simulate the Buck and Boost converter using PSPICE software and
obtain the variation of output voltage with duty cycle variation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
1. PC installed with PSPICE Software
2. VDC (voltage source)
3. VPULSE (voltage source)
4. IRF150 (Switch)
5. R (Resistance)
6. L (Inductance)
7. C (Capacitance)
8. DIN4002 (Diode)
9. GND_SIGNAL/CAPSYM
THEORY:-
BOOST Converter:- A process that changes one DC voltage to a different DC
voltage is called DC to DC conversion. A boost converter is sometimes called a
step-up converter since it “steps up” the source voltage. A switch is shown, for
which a device belonging to transistor family like Thyristor, IGBT, MOSFET
etc. are generally used. Also, a diode is used in series with the load.
A boost converter (step-up converter) is a power converter with an output DC
voltage greater than its input DC voltage. It is a class of switching-mode power
supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductor switches (a diode and a
transistor) and at least one energy storage element. Filters made of capacitors
(sometimes in combination with inductors) are normally added to the output
of the converter to reduce output voltage ripple.
The basic principle of a Boost converter consists of 2 distinct states :

 in the On-state, the switch S is closed, resulting in an increase in the

inductor current;
 in the Off-state, the switch is open and the only path offered to inductor
current is through the flyback diode D, the capacitor C and the load R.
This results in transferring the energy accumulated during the On-state
into the capacitor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Waveforms of current and voltage in a boost converter operating in continuous

mode.
PSPICE Simulation Diagram :

L1 D 1
1 2

40uH
V2 D 1N 4002
M2 C 1 R 1

5v dc IR F 1 5 0 1 2 .8 u 10
V1 = 0 V1
V2 = 5
TD = 0
T R = .0 1 u s
P W = .0 0 4 m s
T F = .0 1 u s
P E R = .0 2 m s 0
dutycycle = PW/PER
fswitch = 50khz
ripple = 0.01
inductance = {dutycycle)/(resistance*ripple*fswitch)}
capacitance =
{(dutycycle*(1-dutycycle)*(1-dutycycle)*resistance)/(2*fswitch)}
PLOT NO-1 DUTY CYCLE=0.3

PLOT NO-2 DUTY CYCLE=0.5

BUCK CONVERTER :
THEORY:-

A buck converter is a step-down DC to DC converter. Its design is similar to the

step-up boost converter, and like the boost converter it is a switched-mode
power supply that uses two switches (a transistor and a diode), an inductor and a
capacitor.

The simplest way to reduce the voltage of a DC supply is to use a linear

regulator (such as a 7805), but linear regulators waste energy as they operate by
dissipating excess power as heat. Buck converters, on the other hand, can be
remarkably efficient (95% or higher for integrated circuits), making them useful
for tasks such as converting the 12–24 V typical battery voltage in a laptop
down to the few volts needed by the processor.

The operation of the buck converter is fairly simple, with an inductor and two
switches (usually a transistor and a diode) that control the inductor. It alternates
between connecting the inductor to source voltage to store energy in the
inductor and discharging the inductor into the load.

A buck converter operates in continuous mode if the current through the

inductor (IL) never falls to zero during the commutation cycle. In this mode, the
operating principle is described by the chronogram in figure 4:

 When the switch pictured above is closed , the voltage across the inductor
is VL = Vi − Vo. The current through the inductor rises linearly. As the
diode is reverse-biased by the voltage source V, no current flows through
it;
 When the switch is opened , the diode is forward biased. The voltage
across the inductor is VL = − Vo (neglecting diode drop). Current IL
decreases.

As can be seen on figure 4, and . D is a scalar called the

duty cycle with a value between 0 and 1. This yields :
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Fig-4Evolution of the voltages and currents with time in an ideal buck converter
operating in continuous mode.
PSPICE Simulation Diagram :

M 1
IR F 1 5 0 L4
1 2
50uH

V1 R 2
20Vdc D 1 C 1
V2 10
D 1N 4002 50u

0
V1 = 0
V2 = 5 dutycycle = PW/PER
TD = 0us fswitch = 50khz
T R = .0 1 u s ripple = 0.01
T F = .0 1 u s
inductance = {(1-dutycycle)*resistance/(2*fswitch)}
P E R = .0 2 m s
P W = .0 1 m s capacitance =
{(1-dutycycle)/(8*inductance*ripple*fswitch*fswitch)}

PLOT NO-1 VOLTAGE & CURRENT ACROSS CAPACITOR

PLOT NO-2 DUTY CYCLE=0.7

PLOT NO-3 DUTY CYCLE=0.5

PLOT NO-4 DUTY CYCLE=0.4

CONCLUSION:-
The plot of various Duty Cycle for Buck and Boost Converter shows that output
voltage can be varied by changing the duty cycle. Hence the ‘step up’ and ‘step
down’ version of source voltage can be obtained at the output.