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ANOD SIZE DETERMINATION - ANOD
THEORETICAL MANUAL
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
Table of Contents
1. Introduction .................................................................... 1
4. Calculation Procedure...................................................... 7
6. Module Output................................................................. 9
7. References..................................................................... 10
1. Introduction
Each program module can be used as a stand alone design module or can be
combined with other modules to form part of an integrated design system. This
manual describes the calculations carried out by the module ANOD.
For operation and validation of the ANOD module the user is directed to the
ANOD validation manual.
2. Module Overview
2.1. Objective
The ANOD module is used to select suitable anode dimensions and spacing to
satisfy the above criteria.
2.3. Limitations
The calculations are based on the geometry of a half-shell bracelet anode. Other
types of anode such as stand-off anodes are not applicable, although segmented
bracelet anodes may be modelled by using a suitable value for the ‘gap between
half-shells’ input variable.
3. Theoretical Basis
This section is split into three sections covering ‘current output’ requirements,
‘mass’ requirements, and calculation of an optimised solution.
The pipeline coating deteriorates with time, exposing an increasing area of bare
metal, so that the maximum current to be delivered by the CP system occurs at
the end of the design life of the system. This final current If is,
I f = C f bf Apipeline (3.1.1)
where
Cf = the final current density for protection of bare steel
bf = the final coating breakdown factor
Apipeline = the area of coated steel, i.e.,
where
D = pipe outer diameter
Lpipeline = the length of the pipeline
(V p − V a )
If = N (3.1.3)
Ra
where
Vp = the design protection potential
Va = the design closed circuit anode potential
N = the number of anodes along the pipeline
Ra = the anode resistance
For bracelet type anodes, DnV RP B401 (1993) recommends the use of McCoy’s
formula for anode resistance,
0.315 ζ
Ra = (3.1.4)
A
where ζ is the resistivity of the anode surroundings, and A is the exposed anode
surface at the end of the design life.
Combining equations (3.1.1) to (3.1.4) gives the following formula for the spacing
required to satisfy the current output requirement:
(V p − V a ) A
SI = (3.1.5)
0.315 ζ C f b f πD
A = ( π ( Do + 2 ( 1 − u ) t ) − 2 x ) l a (3.1.6)
and where
Do = inner diameter of the anode (i.e. the outer pipe diameter over
coatings (except concrete)
u = design utilisation factor
t = anode thickness
x = the gap between anode half-shells
la = length of the anode
I m = C m b m Apipeline (3.2.1)
The total mass of anode material required to satisfy the above current demand
over the design life is,
ImT
W = (3.2.2)
εu
where T is the design life, and ε is the design electrochemical efficiency of the
anode material.
Combining the previous two equations gives the following formula for the spacing
required to satisfy the mass requirement:
wεu
SM = (3.2.3)
π DC m b m T
π
(
)
w = (D o + 2t ) − D o − 2 x t l a ρ
2 2
(3.2.4)
4
Equations (3.1.5) and (3.2.3) define the anode spacing required to satisfy current
output and mass requirements respectively, in terms of the anode thickness t and
length la. Assuming the anode thickness is known, then the spacings SI and SM
are functions of a single variable la, and it is possible to plot a graph of spacing
versus length as shown in Figure 3.1.
Anode Requirements
Anode thickness = .04 (m)
15
12
Anode spacing (joints)
Weight of material is
minimised if chosen
9 solution lies between
these points
3
Feasible Solution Area
0
0 .3 .6 .9 1.2 1.5
Anode Length (m)
The chosen combination of spacing and length must lie on or below both the
curved (final current requirement) and straight (mass requirement) lines, and left
of the vertical line (maximum length allowed by manufacturer).
If the solution lies on the straight line, the chosen solution is governed by the
mass requirement, and the total mass of anode material is being minimised.
Although this is desirable, it may not be practical in some cases, or in other cases
the designer may wish to choose as large a spacing as possible to minimise
fabrication/installation costs: in such cases the chosen solution lies on the curved
line and the solution is then governed by the final current requirement.
In the latter case, there is more mass of anode material than required to satisfy
the mass requirement. Therefore at the end of the design life, the anode will not
be utilised to its full design utilisation (e.g. 80%), but will only be used by, say,
70%. The actual final surface area will therefore be larger than calculated using
the design utilisation factor. For such cases, the ANOD module has an option to
allow calculation of the final anode surface area using the effective anode
utilisation factor, ueff, calculated as follows:
ImT
u eff = (3.3.1)
ε W eff
where Weff is the actual total mass of anode material based on the chosen
dimensions and spacing of the anodes. The calculations for the current and mass
requirements presented in the previous two sections are then repeated, using the
effective utilisation factor, until equations (3.1.5), (3.2.3), and (3.3.1) are
simultaneously satisfied.
4. Calculation Procedure
5. If both the anode length and spacing are input variables, the actual final
output current and total mass of material are calculated and checked
against the required values.
5. Module Operation
If only the thickness is input, suitable combinations of length and spacing are
calculated.
If the thickness and length are input, the required spacing is calculated.
If the thickness and spacing are input, the required length is calculated.
If all three variables are input, the validity of the chosen solution is checked.
Of the three possible input variables - thickness, length, and spacing - only the
thickness is obligatory. Although the thickness may not be known in advance, it
is the most easily estimated of the three unknowns (typical values range from 40
mm to 80 mm). Sometimes the thickness is known, for example, in cases where
the pipe is concrete coated the anode thickness is usually taken equal to the
concrete thickness. Where the thickness is not known in advance, subsequent
runs with different values of thickness, allow the selection of an optimum
thickness.
6. Module Output
3. The mass per anode, and the total number of anodes required.
4. The required and actual final current output, and total mass of anode
material.
The graphical output consists of a plot of anode length versus spacing, showing
the length/spacing combinations required to satisfy current output and mass
requirements. The chosen/calculated combination of length and spacing is
highlighted.
7. References