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Objective:
To investigate the relationship between shear stress and shear strain for rubber and
to determine the modulus of rigidity of the material.
Apparatus:
A rubber block is bounded to two aluminum alloy plates. One plate is screwed to
a wall, whilst the other has a shear load applied by a loaded hanger. A dial gauge
measures the deflection of the block.
Theory:
Shear stress:
The intensity of force acting tangent to area is called the shear stress. Here we
have shear stress components. It is denoted byτ(tau). It can be single or double.
Mathematically,
𝐏
𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 = 𝛕 =
𝐥∙𝐭
Units of stress:
N
Newton per square meter (m2 )= Pascal (Pa) or pounds per square inch (psi)
Shear strain:
Shear strain is defined as the strain accompanying a shearing action. It is the angle
in radian measure through which the body gets distorted when subjected to an external
shearing action. It is denoted by 𝛄.
Mathematically,
𝛅𝐬
𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 = 𝛄 =
𝐰
Modulus of Rigidity:
The constant of proportionality relating shear stress and shear strain in modulus
of rigidity. It is represented by G.
shear stress
G=
shear strain
𝛕
𝐆=
𝛄
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 ≈ 𝛄
Let us consider the deformation of a rectangular block
where the forces acting on the block are known to be
shearing stress as shown in the figure (b). The change of
angle at the corner of an originally rectangular element is
defined as the shear strain.
Cc=Dd=ẟS=shear deformation
𝐃𝐝 𝛅𝐬
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛄 = =
𝐁𝐃 𝐰
𝛅𝐬
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛄 = 𝛄 = 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 =
𝐰
So;
𝛕
𝐆=
𝐲
Or
𝐏𝐬 𝐰
𝐆 = ( )( )
𝛅𝐬 𝐥 ∙ 𝐭
Shear stress and shear strain curve:
Procedure:
Set the dial indicator so that its anvil rests on the top of the loading plate.
Set the dial indicator at zero.
With the hanger in position apply a load to the hanger and read the vertical
displacement of the loading plate relative to the fixed plate from the dial
indicator. (ẟs)
Repeat the experiment for increasing load and record the vertical displacement
of the loading plate in each case.
Unload and note the corresponding readings with the load decreasing.
Calculate the “Modulus of rigidity (G)” of the rubber material.
Observations and calculations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Results:
Comments: