Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Rheology
James A. Olson, P.Eng.
Pulp and Paper Centre
Mechanical Engineering Dept.
604.822-5705
olson@mech.ubc.ca
General Questions
• What is pulp?
• How do we characterize a pulp suspension?
• What are the key consistency ranges?
• What is the crowding factor?
• What are the regimes of pipe flow?
• How does pulp affect piping head losses?
Why mix pulp fibres with water?
• Pulping process
• Conveying/cleaning media
• Fibre mat
• Hydrogen bonding
M
C
V
C = consistency M = Mass if dry fibres
V = Mass of Suspension (Water + Fibres)
Range of Consistencies
< 0.1% highly dilute - low fibre interaction (whitewater)
0.1 - 1% dilute suspension - free motion (cleaners, headboxes)
1 - 5% thin stock - substantial flocculation (screening)
5 - 15% medium consistency - semi-solid (storage)
15 - 30% high consistency - wet solid (formed paper)
30 - 70% wet web - damp solid (pressed paper)
70 - 100% paper
Fibre Length
Normalized Fraction
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5
Length (mm)
– Number average n i
i
Lw i
coarseness) n l
i
i i
– Weight weighted
coarseness (assumes
coarseness proportional n l i i
3
Lww i
to length) n l
i
i i
2
Coarseness
M
• Definition: Mass per unit length
w
• The lower the coarseness L
– The more fibres per gram
– The thinner the wall thickness / diameter
– The more area available for bonding
– Smoother stronger paper
d2
f l
Coarseness w Mass / Length 4
l
4w
fd2
4w N f 3
Cm
l22
Cm l 2
Nf
w 6
Crowding Factor
NF < 1 chance collisions
1 < NF < 60 forced collisions
60 < NF continuous contact
NF 4 nC2
nC contacts per fibre
Western Red Cedar
NF = 4, 26, 78, 130
Cm = .02, .1, .3, .5 %
Aspen
NF = 1, 3, 17, 34
Cm = .02, .1, .5, 1.0 %
Types of Flocculation
• Chemical flocculation (colloidal)
• Mechanical flocculation
mechanical forces
elastic fibre bending
Mechanical Forces
PLUG FLOW
INCIPIENT
FLOW
FLOW
Refloculation Times
CM (%) Velocity (m/s) Time (s)
BINGHAM PLASTIC
Shear stress
dV
dy
NEWTONIAN
dV
dy
Velocity gradient
Modes of Flow
A Yield stress
A-B Plug flow with
B H wall contact
PULP
B-C Plug flow with
D water annulus
C
C-D Annulus becomes
turbulent
A WATER D-H True mixed flow
Velocity, V
How do we design a pump and pipe
systems for such a complex flow?
• Standardized method for pipe design
– TAPPI TIS 0410-14
– “Generalized method for determining the pipe
friction loss of a flowing pulp suspension”
P V2 P V2
z z h friction hpump hturbine
g 2 g in g 2 g out
h = head loss/gain (in units of meters)
Tank A contains 1% (Cm) consistency softwood, kraft pulp at 725 CSF at 35 degrees C. The
tank is full to a height of 10m. It is draining through a 100mm diameter smooth stainless steel
pipe into a second tank B. The height of the pulp in Tank B is 2m and both are open to the
atmosphere. If the mean velocity of the pulp in the pipe is 1 m/s and you neglect minor losses,
how long is the pipe connecting the two tanks?
Tank A
1%
SWK
Pulp
10m Tank B
100 mm
2m
The End