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CHAPTER 2
ORGANIZATIONS AND
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
SUPPORT
2 Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 2 Organizations and Information Technology Support
Learning Objectives
Discuss major information systems concepts
such as architecture and infrastructure.
Describe the hierarchical structure of
organizations and the corresponding
information systems.
Define various information systems and their
evolution, and categorize specific systems.
Describe the support provided to different
types of employees in an organization.
Describe how information resources are
managed.
3 Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 2 Organizations and Information Technology Support
Chapter Overview
Information
Systems Evolution and IT Support at Managing
Infrastructure Organizations: Types of Different Information
and Structure and Information Organizational Technology in
Architecture Support Systems Levels Organizations
• Information • Organizational • Transaction • Managers • Which resources
Infrastructure Structure Processing • Knowledge are managed by
• Information • Corresponding Systems Workers whom?
Architecture Information • Management • Clerical • What is the role
• Traditional System Information Staff of the information
Architectures Systems systems department?
• New • Support • Who runs the ISD
Architectures Systems and to whom does
the department report?
• What are the
relationships between
ISD and end users?
4 Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 2 Organizations and Information Technology Support
Case (continued…)
The Solution
a corporate computer-based communication system
networks to a main processor
transfers sales data by satellite technology
executes routine transactions on the headquarters’
computer
feeds information from the corporate databases into
spreadsheets or word processors on desktop computers
for end-user computing and decision support
The Results
dramatic decrease in communication problems
steady increase in sales volume and profits
6 Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 2 Organizations and Information Technology Support
Case (continued…)
What have we learned from this case??
Characteristics of a networked corporate
information system that are usually found
in organizations
» several different information systems exist in one
organization
» some of these systems may be completely independent, but
most are interconnected
» information systems are connected by means of electronic
networks
» the information system is composed of large and small
computers and other hardware connected by different types
of networks
» many information systems use client/server architecture
7 Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 2 Organizations and Information Technology Support
New Architectures
client/server architecture
» several computers share resources and are able to
communicate with many other computers
» a client - a computer such as a PC attached to the
network, which is used to access shared network
resources
» a server - a machine that is attached to the same
network and provides clients with these services
» purpose : optimize the use of computer resources
11 Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 2 Organizations and Information Technology Support
Information Systems Architecture
(continued …)
Enterprisewide Architectures
access to data, applications, services, and real-time
flows of data in different LANs or databases
use client/server architecture to create a cohesive,
flexible, and powerful computing environment
provide total integration of departmental and
corporate IS resources
increase the availability of information and
thereby maximize the value of an organization
12 Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 2 Organizations and Information Technology Support
Information Systems Architecture
(continued …)
Internet-based Architectures
based on the concepts of client/server architecture
and enterprisewide computing
the Internet is the basis for a network connection
from the outside world to the company, as well as
with the organization’s web site
organization’s internal private Internet (intranet) -
useful for distributing information throughout the
organization
Market
Distributors
Professional
Non-Company Associations, large
Retailers Corporate suppliers, competitors
Corporate Toy Industry
Extranet Intranet Extranet
Non-Company
Manufacturers
Toys Inc Head Quarter
Suppliers Other
Manufacturing Retail Stores
(Purchasing) Extranets
Employees
Liquidators
contractors EDI, VAN
Organizations : Structure
Organizational Structure
departmental functional structure
» specialize in the delivery of a certain function
» typical departments in an organization:
» Accounting
» Finance
» Marketing and Sales
» Production or Operations Management (POM)
» Human Resources Management (HRM)
» Information Systems and Technology
16 Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 2 Organizations and Information Technology Support
Organizations : Structure
Hierarchical Structure
Headquarters
Organizations : IT Support
The Evolution
Computer Based Information Systems
1940 Scientific, military applications
1950 Routine business applications, TPS
1960 MIS, office automation
1970 DSS, LANs
Client/server executive information system,
1980 PC’s, AI, Groupware
Integration, intelligent systems
1990 the Web, intranets, extranets, ERP software
IT Support at Different
Organizational Levels
Strategic
Top Managers
Systems
Knowledge Workers
People who create information and knowledge and integrate
it into the business
Engineers, financial and marketing analysts, production
planners, lawyers, and accountants
Responsible for finding or developing new knowledge for the
organization and integrating it with existing knowledge
Act as advisors and consultants to the members of the
organization
Act as change agents by introducing new procedures,
technologies, or processes
60 to 80 percent of all workers are knowledge workers
Supported by a large variety of information systems from
Internet search engines to expert systems, to computer-aided
design, and by knowledge bases
26 Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 2 Organizations and Information Technology Support
Clerical Staff
Support managers at all levels
Data workers - use, manipulate, or disseminate
information
bookkeepers, secretaries who work with word
processors, electronic file clerks, and insurance
claim processors
Supported by office automation and groupware,
including document management, workflow, e-
mail, and other personal productivity software
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Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 2 Organizations and Information Technology Support
IT Support at Different
Organizational Levels : A Summary
Employees Detailed
System Supported Discussion in
Office automation Office workers Chapter 7, 9
Communication All employees Chapter 6, 8
Group support People working in Chapter 10
system groups
Decision support Decision makers, Chapter 10
system managers
Executive information Executives, top Chapter 10
managers
TPS Line managers and Chapter 9
employees
MIS Middle management Chapter 9
Intelligent systems Knowledge workers Chapter 11
28 Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 2 Organizations and Information Technology Support
Managing IT Resources
IT resources are scattered throughout the organization
Information systems have enormous strategic value
Some IT resources change frequently. It may be rather
difficult to manage IT resources
It is essential to manage information systems properly
The responsibility for the management of information
resources is divided between a usually centralized
information systems department (ISD) and the end users
Which resources are managed by whom?
Generally speaking, ISD is responsible for corporate-level and
shared resources, and the end users are responsible for
departmental resources
29 Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 2 Organizations and Information Technology Support