Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurements

1. Physical quantity: Kuantiti fizik

A quantity that can be measured or derived from other quantities.

2. Basic quantity: Kuantiti asas

A quantity which cannot be derived from any other quantities.

3. Derived quantity: Kuantiti terbitan

A quantity which is derived from the combination of several basic quantities by
multiplication, division, differentiation or integration.

4. Scalar quantity: Kuantiti skalar

A quantity which has only magnitude.

5. Vector quantity: Kuantiti vektor

A quantity which has both magnitude and direction.

6. Scalar product: Hasil darab skalar

Multiplication of a vector by the same or other vector, as a result of which produced a
scalar.

7. Vector product: Hasil darab vektor

Multiplication of a vector by other vector, as a result of which produces a new vector.

8. Significant figures: Angka bererti

The number of digits in a reading that indicate the accuracy of reading.

9. Systematic errors: Ralat sistematik

The uncertainties in the measurement of a physical quantity due to the instruments,
physical conditions of the surrounding or physical limitations of the observer.

10. Random errors: Ralat rawak

The errors in measurement due mainly to the action of the observer.

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Chapter 2: Kinematics of Linear Motion
1. Distance: Jarak (unit: m)
The actual path between two points.

2. Displacement, s: Sesaran (unit: m)

The shortest distance from initial to the final position of an object.

3. Speed: Kelajuan (unit: m s-1)

The rate of change of distance.

4. Velocity, v: Halaju (unit: m s-1)

The rate of change of displacement of an object.

5. Average velocity: Halaju purata (unit: m s-1)

The total displacement divided by elapsed time.

6. Instantaneous velocity: Halaju seketika (unit: m s-1)

The velocity of an object at a particular instant or time.

7. Uniform velocity: Halaju seragam/ malar (unit: m s-1)

The magnitude and direction of the velocity of an object remain unchanged at each instant
of time.

8. Acceleration, a: Pecutan (unit: m s-1)

The rate of change of velocity of an object.

9. Average acceleration: Pecutan purata (unit: m s-1)

The total velocity divided by elapsed time.

10. Instantaneous acceleration: Pecutan seketika (unit: m s-1)

The acceleration of an object at a particular instant or time.

11. Uniform acceleration: Pecutan seragam/ malar (unit: m s-1)

Object moving with the same acceleration at each instant of time

12. Free fall: Jatuh bebas

The vertical motion of a body at constant acceleration, g under gravitational field without
air resistance.

13. Projectile motion: Gerakan projektil

The motion of an object that given an initial velocity and moves in space freely under the
influence of gravity.

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Chapter 3: Momentum and Impulse
1. Momentum, p: Momentum (unit: kg m s-1)
The product of mass and velocity of an object.

2. Principle of conservation of momentum: Prinsip keabadian momentum

Total momentum is conserved in a closed system.

3. Impulse, J: Impuls (unit: kg m s-1)

The change of momentum of an object.

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Chapter 4: Forces
1. Force, F: Daya (unit: kg m s-2 @ N)
The agency that tends to change the momentum of a massive body @ a quantity which
causes changes of motion or shape of an object.

2. Friction, f: Geseran (unit: N)

The force that opposes the relative motion of two surface in contact.

3. Inertia: Inersia
The property of matter that causes it to resist any change in its motion.

4. Newton’s First Law: Hukum Newton Pertama

A body continues in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless it is acted
upon by external forces.

5. Newton’s Second Law: Hukum Newton Kedua

The rate of change of momentum of a moving body is proportional to and in the same
direction as the force acting on it.

6. Newton’s Third Law: Hukum Newton Ketiga

If one body exerts a force on another, there is an equal and opposite force called reaction,
exerted on the first body by the second.

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Chapter 5: Work, Energy and Power
1. Work, W: Kerja (unit: kg m2 s-2 @ J)
The scalar product of force and displacement.

2. Potential energy, U: Tenaga keupayaan (unit: kg m2 s-2 @ J)

The energy stored in an object (or system) due to its position from a reference point.

3. Kinetic energy, K: Tenaga kinetik (unit: kg m2 s-2 @ J)

The energy possessed by a moving object (or a system).

4. Principle of conservation of energy: Prinsip keabadian tenaga

In a closed system, the total energy of the system is conserved

5. Power, P: Kuasa (unit: : kg m2 s-1 @ W)

The rate at which work is done @ the rate at which energy is transferred

6. Average power, Pave: Kuasa purata (unit: kg m2 s-1 @ W)

The ratio of total work done to the total time it takes to complete the work.

7. Instantaneous power: Kuasa seketika (unit: kg m2 s-1 @ W)

The power of an object at a particular instant or time.

8. Mechanical efficiency, ƞ: Kecekapan sawat (unit: -)

The ratio of the useful output work done to the input energy supplied into a system.

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Chapter 6: Circular Motion
1. Frequency, f: Frekuensi (unit: s-1 @ Hz)
The number of revolutions made in a unit of time.

2. Period, T: Tempoh (unit: s)

The time it takes for an object to make 1 complete revolution.

3. Centripetal acceleration, ac: Pecutan memusat (unit: m s-2)

The acceleration in a circular motion of an object due to the change of the directin of
velocity.

4. Centripetal force, Fc: Daya memusat (unit: kg m s-2 @ N)

The resultant force necessary to cause an object to move in a circle.

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Chapter 7: Gravitation
1. Gravitational Field: Medan graviti
The region of space around a body with mass where any other body that has mass will
experience a force of attraction.

2. Newton’s law of gravitation: Hukum kegravitian Newton

Two objects of masses m and M attract each other with forces directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
their centre of gravity.

3. Gravitational field strength, ag: Kekuatan medan graviti (unit: m s-2)

The gravitational force that experienced by a unit mass placed in a gravitational field.

4. Gravitational potential, V: Keupayaan graviti (unit: N kg-1)

The work done per unit mass to bring a body from infinity to a certain point.

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Chapter 8: Rotational of Rigid Body
1. Torque, τ: Tork (unit: kg m2 s-2 @ N m)
The vector product of a force and its perpendicular distance from a point about which it
causes rotation.

2. Angular displacement, θ: Sesaran sudut (unit: rad)

The angle through which a point has been rotated about a specific axis.

3. Average angular velocity, ωave: Halaju sudut purata (unit: rad s-1)
The angular displacement divided by the time interval during which the displacement
occurred.

4. Instantaneous angular velocity, ω: Halaju sudut seketika (unit: rad s-1)

The angular velocity of an object at a particular instant or time.

5. Average angular acceleration, αave: Pecutan sudut purata (unit: rad s-2)
Total (resultant) angular velocity divided by total time taken by a body.

6. Instantaneous angular acceleration, α: Halaju sudut seketika (unit: rad s-2)

The angular acceleration of an object at a particular instant or time.

7. Moment of inertia, I: Momen inersia (unit: kg m2)

The resistance of a body to change its rotational motion.

8. Angular momentum, L: Momentum sudut (unit: kg m2 s-2)

The product of the angular velocity of a body and its moment of inertia about the axis of
rotation.

9. Principle of conservation of angular momentum: Prinsip keabadian momentum sudut

In a closed system, the total angular momentum of the system is conserved

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Chapter 9: Simple Harmonic Motion

1. Simple harmonic motion: Gerakan harmonik ringkas

A periodic motion without loss of energy in which the acceleration of a body is directly
proportional to its displacement from the equilibrium position (fixed point) and is directed
towards the equilibrium position but in opposite direction of the displacement.

2. Amplitude, A: Amplitud (unit: m)

The maximum displacement of the body from the fixed central point.

3. Frequency, f: Frekuensi (unit: s-1 @ Hz)

The number of complete oscillation in 1 sceond.

4. Angular frequency, ω: Frekuensi sudut (unit: rad s-1)

A quantity corresponding to the frequency of a periodic phenomenon but having the
dimensions of angular velocity.

5. Period, T: Tempoh (unit: s)

Time taken for 1 complete oscillation.

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Chapter 10: Mechanical Waves
1. Wavelength, λ: Jarak gelombang (unit: m)
The distance between successive points of equal phase in the wave.

2. Wave number, k: Nombor gelombang (unit: rad m-1)

The number of cycles of wave per unit length.

3. Progressive wave: Gelombang maju

A wave that moves continuously in a medium or without any medium.

4. Principle of superposition: Prinsip superposisi

Whenever two or more waves are travelling in the same region, the resultant displacement
at any point is the vector sum of their individual displacement at that point.

5. Stationary (standing) wave: Gelombang pegun

A wave that remain stationary which produced by superposition between 2 coherent
waves which travel in the opposite direction.

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Chapter 11: Sound Wave
1. Sound intensity, I: Keamatan bunyi (unit: W m-2)
The energy transported per unit time across a unit area which is perpendicular to the
direction of wave propagation.

2. Beat: Rentak
A wave that produced by superposition of 2 waves travel in the same direction but have a
small difference in frequency resulting in the periodic rise and fall in the intensity of the
sound.

3. Fundamental frequency: Frekuensi asas (unit: Hz)

The lowest of the natural frequencies of the vibrating system.

4. Overtone frequency: Frekuensi lampau (unit: Hz)

Frequencies which are multiple of fundamental frequency of a vibrating system.

5. Doppler effect: Kesan Doppler

The change in the frequency of the sound when there is a relative motion between the
source of sound and the observer

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Chapter 12: Elastic Properties of Matter
1. Stress, σ: Tegasan (unit: N m-2)
The distorting force acting on a unit cross section area of an object.

2. Strain, ε: Terikan (unit: - )

The extension (elongation) per unit original length of an object when there is a distorting
force applied on it.

3. Young modulus, Y: Modulus Young (unit: N m-2)

The ratio between longitudinal stress and strain of an elastic linear object.

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Chapter 13: Heat
1. Heat, Q: Haba (unit: J @ kg m2 s-2)
An energy which is transferred due to difference in temperature between 2 bodies.

2. Temperature, T: Suhu (unit: °C @ K)

A relative measurement of hotness or coldness.

3. Coefficient of linear expansion, α: Pekali pengembangan linear (unit: °C-1 @ K-1 )

The ratio of the change of length per unit original length per unit difference of
temperature.

4. Coefficient of area expansion, β: Pekali pengembangan luas (unit: °C-1 @ K-1 )

The ratio of the change of area per unit original area per unit difference of temperature.

5. Coefficient of volume expansion, γ: Pekali pengembangan isipadu (unit: °C-1 @ K-1 )

The ratio of the change of volume per unit original volume per unit difference of
temperature.

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Chapter 14: Kinetic Theory of Gases
1. Boyle’s law: Hukum Boyle
At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

2. Charles’ law: Hukum Charle

At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature.

3. Pressure’s law: Hukum tekanan

At constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature.

4. Degree of freedom, f: Darjah kebebasan

The number of independent ways by which a molecule can take up energy.

5. Principle of equipartition of energy: Prinsip pemetakan sama tenaga

When a certain amount of energy is supplied to a system, each of the possible degree of
freedom will receive an equal share of the total energy supplied.

6. Internal energy of gas: Tenaga dalam gas

The sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of all the molecules of the gas.

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Chapter 15: Thermodynamics
1. Thermodynamics: Termodinamik
The study of the laws governing the conversion of energy from one form to another, the
direction of heat flow, and the availability of energy to do work.

2. First law of thermodynamics: Hukum termodinamik pertama

The total energy in a closed system is constant (the heat is distributed into the change of
internal energy and the energy to do work.

3. Isothermal: Isoterma
A thermodynamics process that occurs at constant temperature.

4. Isovolumetric (Isochoric): Isokorik

A thermodynamics process that occurs at constant volume.

5. Isobaric: Isobarik
A thermodynamics process that occurs at constant pressure.

6. Adiabatic: Adiabatik
A thermodynamics process that occurs at constant heat.

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