Introduction:

• Transducer is defined as a device receives energy from one system and transmits it to
another different form
• It is a device capable of being actuated by an energizing input from one or more
transmission media and inturn generating a related signal to one or more transmission
systems
• It provides a usable output in response to specified input measurand
• The measurand may be physical or mechanical quantity or conditions
• The energy transmitted by these systems are electrical , mechanical or accoustical
• Electrical transducer is a sensing device by which physical, mechanical or optical
quantity to be measured is transferred by suitable mechanism

Parameters of electrical Transducer:

• Linearity : Relationship between physical parameters & resulting electrical signal must
be linear
• Sensitivity: Electrical output per unit change in the physical parameter
is called sensitivity (V/0 C for temperature sensor)
• Dynamic range: Operating range of transducer must be wide.
• Repeatability: Input and output relationship for transducer should be predictable over
long period of time
• Physical Size: Minimal weight and less volume & should not disturb the existing
conditions

Advantages of electrical Transducer:

• Electrical amplifications and attenuation can be easily done
• Mass- Inertia effects are minimized
• Effects of friction are minimized
• The signal can be conditioned & electrical and electronic system controlled with small
power level
• The processing and transmission of electrical signal for the measurement purpose is
easy
 Electrical Transducer can classified into two categories:
Active and Passive Transducers
• Active Transducer generates an electrical signal directly inresponse to the physical
parameter and does not requires an external power source
• Active Transducers are self generating devices, which operate under energy conversion
principle
• Example: Piezoelectric sensors and Photovoltaic cells
• Passive Transducer operates under energy controlling principles
• External power source is used , output depends upon change in an electrical
parameter(R,L & C)
• Example: Strain gauges and thermistors.

• Electrical transducers are used to measure the non electrical quantity

• A detector or sensing element converts the physical quantity into a displacement
• A secondary transducer actuated by displacement generates the electrical signal output
such as current, voltage or frequency
• A electrical transducer consists of sensing element and transduction element
• The sensing element responds to change in physical phenomenon
• The transduction element transforms the output of sensing element into an electrical
output
The following are some transducers employs different electrical phenomenon
1. Resistive 6.Photo emissive
2. Inductive 7. Photo resistive
3. Capacitive 8.Potentiometric
4. Electro magnetic 9. Thermoelectric
5. Piezoelectric 10. Frequency generating