LAB 7 – HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

Human physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical and biochemical functions

within living creatures. It is a sub-discipline of biology, focus in how organisms, organ

systems and biomolecule carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living

system. In this experiment, we were going to examine our blood pressure using the blood

pressure sensor provided. Through a complex multiple control system, the cell of our body

and brain can influence the circulatory pattern of blood. So, we will compared our blood

pressure taken in different condition. The second part, we were going to examine our

respiratory volumes using spirometer provided. The total capacity of lungs are divided into

various volumes and capacities according to its function in the intake or exhalation of air.

OBJECTIVE

 To examine our blood pressure in different condition and compare it values

 To examine our respiratory volumes using spirometer

METHODOLOGY

Part A

1. Firstly, sit quietly and remain calm in a chair with my arm resting on table.

2. The blood pressure and heart rate stated in the blood pressure sensor were taken and

recorded.

3. Next, I layed down on my back and check the blood pressure and heart rate.

4. After that, I climbed up and down the stairs for several times. Then my blood pressure

and heart rate were taken immediately and every 1 minutes for 5 times.

5. Lastly, I placed my hand that not attached with the sensor into a beaker of cold water.

6. The reading were recorded every 30 seconds.

Part B

1. Firstly, set the spirometer dial at zero (0). Then, take normal inspiration, place our

mouth over the mouth-piece and exhale a normal inspiration into it. The value taken

and recorded.

2. Next, as usual set the spirometer dial at zero (0). After we take normal inspiration,

place our mouth over the mouth-piece and forcefully exhale as much air as possible.

The value taken and recorded.

3. For the third step, also set the spirometer dial at zero (0). We need to inhale deeply and

placed our mouth over the mouth-piece, hold our nose and exhale into spirometer with

a maximal effort. We need to repeat this step 3 times and record the largest volume.

4. From the previous volume measurement, we calculated the IRV and IC.
 RESULT

Part A

Table 1 : blood pressure and heart rate readings

Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Mean arterial pressure Heart rate

(mmHg) (mmHg) (mmHg) (beats/min)
Sitting on chair 100 67 78 85
Supine 123 61 82 80

Table 2 : blood pressure and heart readings response to exercises

Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Mean arterial pressure Heart rate

(mmHg) (mmHg) (mmHg) (beats/min)

Min 0 136 89 105 130

Min 1 118 74 89 100
Min 2 104 71 82 94
Min 3 108 71 83 99
Min 4 99 69 79 92
Min 5 103 71 82 97

Table 3 : blood pressure and heart rate readings response to cold water

Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Mean arterial pressure Heart rate

(mmHg) (mmHg) (beats/min)
(mmHg)

0 sec 136 104 115 95

30 sec 124 84 97 95
60 sec 121 83 96 95
90 sec 120 84 96 97
120 sec 118 83 95 95
150 sec 123 76 92 92
Part B

Respiratory volumes VALUE

Tidal volumes (TV) 800

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 700

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 1100

Residual volume (RV) 1.1 L

Total lung capacity (TLC) 2601.1

Vital capacity (VC) 2600

Functional residual capacity (FRC) 1101.1

Inspiratory capacity (IC) 1500

 Graph 1 : mean artial pressure response to exercises

mean artial pressure vs time

120

100
mean artial pressure (mmHg)

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
time (min)

Graph 2 : heart rates response to exercises

heart rate vs time

140

120
heart pressure (beats/min)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
time (min)
 Graph 3 : mean artial pressure response to cold water

mean artial pressure vs time

140

120
mean artial pressure (mmHg)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 30 60 90 120 150
time (sec)

Graph 4 : heart rates response to cold water

heart rates vs time

98
97
96
heart rate (beats/min)

95
94
93
92
91
90
89
0 30 60 90 120 150
time (sec)
DISCUSSION

Blood pressure is the force of arterial blood pushing against the vessel wall in

response to the cardiac cycle. Blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day due to body

posture and also activities.. Blood pressure are recorded as 2 separate values which is systolic

blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure and measured in (mmHg). The systolic blood

pressure occurs when the ventricles contract and eject blood into the arteries. While diastolic

blood pressure occurs when the ventricles relax and filled with blood from the atrium. The

normal reading of blood pressure is less than 120 mmHg (systolic BP) and 80 mmHg

(diastolic BP).

From my result, when I sit on chair, my blood pressure is 100/67 mmHg which is

normal. For the supine blood pressure, it is 123/61 mmHg which is in elevated category. My

blood pressure after exercise is 136/89 mmHg which is in high blood pressure categories

(hypertension stage 1). Eventually, it decreased after a few minutes whlie resting. Lastly, after

exposure to cold, my blood presure increase to 136/104 mmHg which is concluded as high

blood pressure (hypertension stage 2). Both the graph plotted is inversely proportional to time.

When our blood pressure changes outside of the normal range, our body will

senses these changes and initiates a response to bring it back to normal. blood pressure can

decreases momentarily, especially when we stand up quickly after lying down. The sudden

posture change from a supine to stand up posture might cause a feeling of dizziness and

faintness.

Next, respiratory volumes are the amount of air inhaled, exhaled and stored within

the lungs at any given time. The amount of air contained in the lungs during ventilation can

change depending on what muscles are driving air flow and how the contract. The different

amounts of air drawn into or out of our lungs are called primary lung volumes. There are 4
primary lungs volume which is TV,IRV,ERV,RV. There are also 4 lung capacities which is

TLC,VC, IC, FRC. All the values I got did not meets the normal adult values. Except for

ERV, the amount of extra air exhaled during a forceful breath out, I got 1100 mL when the

normal value is 700-1200 mL. The total lung capacity (TLC) also show lower values than the

normal which is 3700 mL.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the blood pressure reduced in a few minutes following an exercise

session regardless of the characteristic of the exercise. It is true that physical activities will

cause our blood pressure to rise for a while, however it will soon return to normal after we

stop the activity. Individuals that active physically will achieved greater blood pressure

decreases after the exercise session. During exercise, the rate and depth of our breathing are

increased. Ventilation increase matches the simultaneous increase in oxygen consumption and

carbon dioxide production. There are some important things to do to get an accurate result.

Firstly, we need to stay calm and seated when our blood pressure were taken to avoid the

error. Next, if we fill some dizziness when taking the respiratory volume, we should rest for a

while before continue it.

REFERENCES

1. Laboratory manual, Dr Shakinaz Desa

2. http://people.fmarion.edu/tbarbeau/236%20Lab%20-%20Blood%20Pressure.pdf
3. http://www.indiana.edu/~nimsmsf/P215/p215notes/LabManual/Lab11.pdf
4. http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Yourlifestyle/Beingactive
Image 1 : Taking blood pressure

Image 2 : spirometer dial