CH 2001 Fluid Mechanics video

lectures
Module 11: Conservation of energy
& Bernouli’s equation

Presented by
Dr. Sreenivasula Reddy Ramireddy,
Ph. D.
 Objectives
• Euler’s equation in streamline co-ordinates
• General form of Bernouli’s equation
• Applications & Limitations of Bernouli’s equation
• Problems on application of Bernouli’s equation
 Basic Equations for a system
• Conservation of mass
• Conservation of linear momentum (Newton’s
second law of motion)
• Conservation of angular momentum
• First law of thermodynamics
• Second law of thermodynamics
 Conservation of Energy
• Energy can be neither created nor destroyed
• Energy changes from one form to the other
• What are common forms of energy?
• Heat, work, kinetic energy, potential energy,
what else?
• Bernouli’s equation is very famous and
represents energy conservation under ideal
scenarios
 Bernouli’s equation derivation
• Differential control volume analysis-section 4-4
from the text book
• Integration of Euler’s equation along a stream
line for steady flow-section 6-2 and 6-3 from
text book
• From integral form of first law of thermo
dynamics expressed as Energy equation—
section 6-4
 Euler’s equation
• Zero viscosity, incompressible-Æpotential flow,
ideal flow JG
DV JG
ρ = ρ g − ∇p
Dt
Euler’s equation in stream line co-
ordinates
 Euler’s equation in stream line co-
ordinates
• Applying Newton’s second law along the stream line s,
to the fluid element of volume dsdxdn, ignore viscous
forces
 Euler’s equation in streamwise
direction

For steady flow and

neglecting body forces

Z-axis is vertically upwards

 Euler’s eqn in Normal direction
• Applying Newton’s second law in the direction normal
to streamline up on fluid element of volume dsdxdn,
ignore viscous forces
 Euler’s eqn in normal direction

For a steady flow

Centripetal acceleration in horizontal
plane
 Bernouli’s equation-integration of
Euler’s equation along a stream line
 Bernouli’s equation

Integrate
along S
For
incompressi
ble fluids
 Physical Interpretation
• The work done by all forces working on a
particle is equal to the change in kinetic energy
of the particle
• The forces include gravitational and pressure
forces
• Viscous or frictional forces are not included
 EGL and HGL

Energy Grade Line (EGL) Hydraulic

Grade Line
(HGL)

Elevation head
Pressure head Velocity head
Applications Bernouli’s equation
• Pressure measurement by Static pressure
tube, wall pressure tube
• Measurement of stagnation pressure by
manometer or pressure gauge
• Pressure measurement (EGL) by Pitot tube
• Volumetric Flow rate, fluid velocity
calculations
In class exercise-Demo by Faculty
• Air flows steadily at low speed through a
horizontal nozzle, discharging to atmosphere.
The area of the nozzle inlet is 0.1 m2. At the
nozzle exit, the area is 0.02 m2. Determine the
gauge pressure required at the nozzle inlet to
produce an outlet speed of 50 m/s.
• Source: e.g. 6.3. from the text book
• If possible, Pause the video for 5 minutes and let
the students try this on their own.
 Solution

• Find P1-Patm
• Assumptions: Steady, incompressible, inviscid, flow
along a stream line, Uniform velocity at 1 and 2,
elevation Z1=Z2
 Apply Bernouli’s equation

• Calculate V1 from continuity equation

V1A1=V2A2, V1=10 m/s
• ρ=1.23 kg/m3
• P1-Patm= 1.48 KPa
Limitations of Bernouli’s equation
• Inviscid flow Æ zero viscosity
• Steady flow Æ Fluid properties at a given point
do not change with time
• Incompressible flow Æ density is constant (Mach
Number M<=0.3)
• Flow along a stream line
• Velocity between two stations changes because
of pressure or height or area of cross section or
one or more of these
In class Exercise-1
 In class Exercise-2
• A liquid is flowing in steady flow through a 75-
mm pipe. The local velocity varies with distance
from the pipe axis as shown in the table below.
Calculate the average velocity.