Operating Manual

TO STUDY
ON-TIME DELAY RELAY
&
OFF-TIME DELAY RELAY

DIAMOND ELECTROTECH, Kolkata

Name of the Experiment : Study on ON-Time Delay Relay and Off-Time Delay Relay.

Brief Theory :

i) ON-Time Delay relay : On Time Delay relay is generally called Pick-up the Relay. On-Time delay
relay or pick-up relay means, the time of energized relay are not operate
immediately. The relay will magnetize after the setting time is over. When the relay magnetized, we
say, the relay has picked-up. It simply means that the relay with normally open contacts, has close its
contacts and closed contacts has opened. Now, if we reset the relay, the relay automatically
demagnetized and relay comes his normal position. The pick-up value can be changed by changing the
time setting.

To start any system or device after time duration this type of relay is very essential.

VTT-11 is an ON-Time Delay or Pick-up relay which manufacturer is AREVA.

Connection of VTT-11 are attach with manual.

ii) OFF-Time Delay Relay : OFF-Time delay relay is generally called Drop-Off relay. Off - Time
Delay relay or Drop-Off relay means the relay which has already
operated, and the actuating current is still flowing in the relay coil. When we energized the relay, the
relay magnetized immediately. That means the normally open contacts of the relay is closed and
normally closed contacts is open. The Relay will demagnetized after the setting time is over and the
relay comes to his normal position. When the relay demagnetized, we say the relay has drop-off. The
Drop-Off value can be changed by changing the time setting. After reset, the relay comes to normal
position.

To stop any system or device after a time duration this type of relay is very essential.

VTT-12 is a OFF-Time Delay Relay or Drop-Off relay which manufacturer are AREVA.

Connection of VTT-12 are attach with this maual.

Circuit Diagram of VTT-11 ON-Time delay relay :

TIME ALARM/
COUNTER ON-TIME TRIP
DELAY RELAY
(VTT-11)

1 2 3 4
9 10

+ -
DC POWER SUPPLY

* * (1,2 & 3,4 normally open contact)

Figure-1 ; Connection Diagram for On-Time Delay relay (VTT-11)

Procedure : 1. Connection 220 volts DC supply with relay auxiliary terminals ( 9 & 10, where 9 is
+ ve terminal & 10 is -ve terminal).
2. connect Alarm/Trip indicator with 3 & 4 terminals.
3. connect 1 & 2 terminals with the time counter.
4. Open the relay cover and set the time by time setting potentiometer.
5. switch ON the supply.
6. Push the reset push button first for ‘RESET’ the relay and reset the digital time counter and then
push the ‘START’ push button.
7. The relay will magnetized after the setting time is over and alarm indicate the tripping ant time
counter is hold.
8. Record the setting time and actual tripping time and calculate the percentage of error.
9. Record the procedure and take at least five reading to change the time.

Observations & Results :

Sl. No. Setting Time (sec.) Actual Tripping time(sec). % of Error

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The connection diagram and operating procedure are almost same as VTT-11

Circuit diagram of VTT-12 OFF-Time Delay Relay :

TIME ALARM/
COUNTER OFF-TIME TRIP
DELAY RELAY
(VTT-12)

1 2 3 4
9 10

+ -
DC POWER SUPPLY

* * (1,2 normally open contact & 3,4 normally closed contact)

Figure-2 ; Connection Diagram for OFF-Time Delay relay (VTT-12)

Procedure : 1. Connection 220 volts DC supply with relay auxiliary terminals ( 9 & 10, where 9 is + ve
terminal & 10 is -ve terminal ).
2. connect Alarm/Trip indicator with 3 & 4 terminals.
3. connect 1 & 2 terminals with the time counter.
4. Open the relay cover and set the time by time setting potentiometer.
5. Switch ON the supply.
6. Push the reset push button first for reset the relay and reset the digital time counter and then push the
start push button.
7. The relay will magnetized after the setting time is over and alarm indicate the tripping ant time
counter is hold.
8. Record the setting time and actual tripping time and calculate the percentage of error.
9. Record the procedure and take at least five reading to change the time.

Observations & Results :

Sl. No. Setting Time (sec.) Actual Tripping time(sec). % of Error

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

*****
 Operating Manual

TO STUDY & TESTING OF

INVERSE TYPE
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY

DIAMOND ELECTROTECH, Kolkata

Name of the Experiment : Study and Testing on Inverse type Under Voltage Relay.

Brief Theory :

Under voltage Relay : Under Voltage protection is provided for A.C. circuits, Bus - Bars, Motors,
Rectifiers, Transformers etc. Such protection is given by means Under voltage
Relays. Under-voltage relays are necessary for voltage control and reactive power control of network
buses and load bases. Under voltage relays can have instantaneous characteristic or inverse
characteristic depending upon the construction and design. Inverse time under-voltage relays have
inverse characteristic, their operating time reduces with reduction in voltage. Induction disc type
construction is used for Inverse under-voltage relay. The relay coil is energized by voltage to be
measured either directly or via a voltage transformer.

Typical setting-range of an Inver of an Inverse Under-Voltage relays :

- 50% to 90%,Adjustable in equal steps of 10%.

- For 50 volts to 400 volts
- Disc resets completely at 10% or lest of voltage setting.
- Inverse characteristic.
- Consumption 5 VA at setting voltage.

Plug Setting of the relay : It should be possible to use the relay for a certain range of voltage or
Current Hence a plug setting bridge is provided with electromagnetic relays.
The plug setting refers to the reference value of operating quantity at which the relay stars operating. If
by inserting the plug, setting 100 volts is selected, the relay will start operating when the voltage in
relay coil is about 100 volts or more. Plug setting determines the number of turns tapped from the relay
coil. The voltage – time characteristic for various plug setting, is generally same, provided time setting
remains unchanged. Such performance is achieved by matching the plug-setting and corresponding
number of turns tapped form the coil such that the voltage – turns remains same for various plug-
settings.

Time Setting of the Relay : In induction disc relays, the starting position of the moving
contact is adjusted by means of backstop. The length of arc through which
the moving contact travels, before touching the fixed contacts decides the time taken by relay to close.

By increasing the length of travel of moving contacts, the relay time is increased. By reducing the
length of travel, the relay time is minimized. The time setting dial is marked form 1 to 01.

Test Facility : It should be possible to test the by injection test without actually tripping the
circuit breaker, i.e. with closing the trip circuit, or without disturbing the panel wiring.
In flush mounted, withdrawable relays; the relay is mounted on a carriage, which can be completely
pulled out the case for the purpose of testing keeping the connections undistributed. The terminals of
current transformers are automatically short-circuited. Inserting test plugs between finger contacts
between the case and the carriage can test such relays.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Inverse Type
Under Voltage
Relay
Time
Operating (VDG 13) Alarm/Trip
Counter
voltage source

Operating
Voltage input
9 10
Plug Setting
Voltage input

V 1 2

Plug setting
voltage source
5 6

3(+) 8(-)

DC Supply Input

“[1,2 & 5,6 are Normally Open Contact]”

Fig. – 2; Connection diagram for Under Voltage Relay (VDG13)

Procedure : 1. Connect all the terminals as per circuit diagram.

2. Set the plug setting Voltage source and Operating Voltage source at minimum position.
3. Set the plug setting Multiplier (PSM) and Time Setting Multiplier (TSM).
4. Switch ON the main AC supply.
5. Push the ‘plug-setting Voltage’(PSV) Push bottom.
6. Set the plug setting Voltage(i.e. Same or little more of setting key of the relay) and observe that the disc
of the relay start to rotate at anti-clockwise direction when the voltage to plug setting key.
7. Set the operating voltage ( or fault voltage) which is the below of the plug setting key.
8. Push the ‘Operating Voltage’ Push bottom.
9. The Disc start to rotate at clockwise direction and also start the Time.
10. After few second the relay will trip and hold the time and indicator.
11. Record the operating voltage and tripping time.
12. Take at least 10 reading to change the operating voltage.
13. Tabulate the operating voltage and tripping time in observation table draw a curve between the
operating (fault) voltage and tripping time.
14. change the Time setting multiplier and repeat 5 to 13.
Observations & Results :

Plus-Setting Operating Voltage

Sl. No Time Multiplier Plus-setting Multiplier Time(Sec)
Voltage (Volts) (Volts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

*****
 Operating Manual

TO STUDY & TESTING OF

INVERSE TYPE
EARTH FAULT RELAY

DIAMOND ELECTROTECH, Kolkata

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT : Determine the characteristics of induction type Earth-Fault Relay.

OBJECTIVE : To study the operation of Inverse type earth-fault Relay.

To Testing of induction type earth-fault Relay.
To determine the Inverse characteristics of induction type earth-fault Relay

BRIEF THEORY : When the fault current flows through earth return path, the fault is called Earth Fault.
Other faults which do not involve earth are called phase Faults. Since earth faults are
relatively frequent, earth fault protection is necessary in most cases. When separate earth fault protection is
not economical, the phase relays sense the earth fault currents. However such protection lacks sensitivity.
Hence separate earth fault protection is generally provided. Earth fault protection sense earth fault current.

Earth Fault Relay connected in Neutral to Earth Circuit: The Earth Fault Relay connected in neutral to
earth connection such protection can provided at various levels by connection earth fault relay in the
neutral-to-earth connection of that voltage level. The fault current finds the path through the earth and then
flows through the neutral-to-earth connection. The magnitude of earth fault current is dependent on type of
earthing (resistance, reactance or solid) and location of fault. In this type of protection, the zone of
protection cannot be accurately defined. The protected area is not restricted to the transformer winding
alone. The relay senses the earth faults beyond the transformer and generator and winding. Hence such
protection is called unrestricted earth-fault protection.

Figure-1; Earth-fault protection by earth-fault relay connected in neutral-to-earth circuit.

Referring to the figure -1; in absence of Earth-fault the vector sum of three line currents is zero.

In = IR + IY + IB = 0

The sum of IR + IY + IB is called residual current (IRS).

The Earth Fault Relay is connected such that the residual current flows through it. In the absence
of earth-fault,
Iresidual = IR + IY + IB = 0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

ALARM/TRIP
INVERSE TYPE TIME
EARTH FAULT
RELAY
(CDG11)

A
VARIABLE
AC
CURRENT
SOURCE

Figure-2; Circuit Diagram for Testing Inverse Type Earth Fault Relay.

PROCEDURE : 1. Connect all the terminals as per circuit diagram.

2. Set the current setting knob of the variable current source at minimum position.
3. Set the Plug setting Multiplier (PSM) and Time Setting Multiplier (TSM).
4. Switch ON the main AC supply.
5. Set the Current above the Plug setting key to vary the Current source.
6. Push the ‘RESET’ Push bottom an observe that Digital time indicator is automatic set zero and disc
come to normal rest position.
7. Push the ‘START’ push bottom. The disc start to rotate at clockwise direction and also start the Time.
8. After few second the relay will trip and hold the time and indicator.
9. Record the operating Current and tripping time.
10. Push the hand reset shaft of the relay on upward direction.
11. Take at least 10 reading to change the Current.
12. Tabulate the tripping Current and tripping time in observation table.
13. Draw a curve between the Fault Current and tripping time.
14. Change the Time setting multiplier and repeat from 5 to 13.

OBSERVATIONS & RESULTS :

Fault Current Time(Sec)

Sl. No Time Multiplier Plus-setting Multiplier (In) Amp.
 Operating Manual

TO STUDY
THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF
DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT
RELAY

DIAMOND ELECTROTECH, Kolkata

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT : Study the characteristics of Directional Over-Current Relay.

OBJECTIVE : 1. To study the operation of Directional Over Current Relay.

2. To study and testing of Inverse Characteristics of Directional Over Current Relay.

BRIEF THEORY : The over-current protection can be given directional feature by adding directional
element in the protection system. Directional over-current protection responds to
over-currents for a particular direction flow. If power flow is in the opposite direction, the directional
over-current protection remains un-operative.

Directional operation of relay is used where the selectivity can be achieved by directional relaying. The
directional relay recognizes the direction in which fault occurs, relative to the location of the relay. It is
set such that it actuates for faults occurring in one direction only. It does not act for faults occurring in
the other direction.

One interesting example of directional Over current protection is that protection of generator. If the
prime mover fails, the generator continues to run as a motor and takes power from bus-bars. In
directional over-current relay senses the direction of current.

The directional current relay, There have two coils. One is current coil and another is voltage coil. The
coils in the directional over-current relay are normally connected to a secondary of line CT. The voltage
coil of directional element is connected to a line VT, having phase to phase output (of 110 V).

Maximum torque angle Contrast with bidirectional relay, directional relay is actuated from two
different independent sources which are current and voltage. Hence, the phase angle between these two
quantities is subject to change and must be considered in the application of this relay. Since mechanical
relay elements were first used for directional protection, the activating angle is called torque angle.
When voltage leads current, it is capacitive torque angle and when the current leads the voltage, it is
inductive torque angle. The torque angle width is the range of torque angles where the directional
element is operational.

Directional elements determine the fault direction. They are used to control over current elements,
Directional elements respond to the phase shift between a polarizing quantity and an operate quantity.
The faulted phase voltage, V, is the polarizing quantity, and the faulted phase current, I, is the operate
quantity.

Electromechanical Relay :

Electromechanical induction cup relays were essentially two-phase motors with two coils of wire
wound around four poles of an electromagnet, Polarizing and operate quantities were applied
individually to the two windings. In the center was a magnetic core with a movable cup with contacts
and a spring to provide reset tension. The relay was designed such that no rotational movement or
torque occurred when the magnetic fluxes of the two coils were in phase.

The terms maximum torque angle and zero torque angle have roots in electromechanical designs but
are still commonplace today. The magnitude of angle φF represents the maximum torque angle for a
forward direction fault. Consider a typical electromechanical phase directional relay. The relay is built
such that the angle of maximum torque occurs for phase current lagging the unity power position by 45
degrees or leading the quadrature voltage by 45 degrees. At the maximum torque angle, the relay picks
up at rated voltage with current. With a rated voltage of 110 V.
 Figure - 1; Construction of Electromechanical Relay

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Directional
Over
Current
Relay
(CDD21)

Change Over Switch

9 10
A
NC

Variable Current 7 8
NO
AC Voltage Input

1 2

‘NO’ output to ‘Time’ count

3 4

‘NO’ output to ‘Trip/Alarm’

Figure -2; Connection Diagram for study and testing of Directional Over Current Relay.
OPERATING PROCEDURE :
1. Connect all the terminals as per circuit diagram.
2. Open the cover of Directional Over Current Relay and setting ‘Plug set’ and ‘time set’.
3. Closed the Cover of the relay.
4. Switch ON the supply.
5. Switch ON the AC source of the relay.
6. Push the current setting push bottom.
7. Set the current 130% or above the plug setting current.
8. Push the ‘Start’ push bottom.
9. Observe that the relay not activate because the direction of the current are not match the current
direction of the relay.
10. Push the Change over push** bottom and observe that the disc of the relay start to rotate and after a
few moment relay trip.
11. Note the reading of the current and Time.
12. Change the current and repeat 9 to 11.
13. Take at least 6 to 8 reading to increase the current.
14. Plot the characteristic curve between current vs. time.
15. Change the plug setting and/or time setting and repeat 8 to 11.
16 Draw another characteristics curve in same graph paper.

* * Change Over Switch Change the Direction of the Current

OBSERVATIONS & RESULTS :

Plus Setting : …….. amp. Time Setting : ……

Sl. No. Fault Current (Amps.) Tripping Time (Sec.)

****