ESEU

LIMBA ENGLEZĂ

Student:Spătaru George Florentin

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 MEASUREMENT INTRUMENTS

A caliper is a device used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object. A
caliper can be as simple as a compass with inward or outward-facing points. The tips of the
caliper are adjusted to fit across the points to be measured, the caliper is then removed and
the distance read by measuring between the tips with a measuring tool, such as a ruler.It is
used in many fields such as mechanical engineering, metalworking, forestry, woodworking,
science and medicine.

A barometer is a scientific instrument used in meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure.

Barometers and pressure altimeters are essentially the same instrument, but used for different
purposes. An altimeter is intended to be transported from place to place matching the
atmospheric pressure to the corresponding altitude, while a barometer is kept stationary and
measures subtle pressure changes caused by weather. The main exception to this is ships at
sea, which can use a barometer because their elevation does not change. Due to the presence
of weather systems, aircraft altimeters may need to be adjusted as they fly between regions of
varying normalized atmospheric pressure.

An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric

currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to measure smaller
currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated
as milliammeters or microammeters. Early ammeters were laboratory instruments which
relied on the Earth's magnetic field for operation.

A cathetometer is an instrument for measuring vertical distances in cases where a scale

cannot be placed very close to the points whose distance apart is desired.The instrument
consists essentially of an accurately graduated scale and a horizontal telescope capable of
being moved up and down a rigid vertical column. The position of the telescope can be read
by means of an attached Vernier scale. In measuring the vertical distance between two points,
the instrument must first be leveled. Next, the cross hair in the eyepiece of the horizontal
telescope is brought into coincidence with the image of one point and the position of the

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telescope noted; the cross hair is then brought into coincidence with the image of the other
point and the new position of the telescope noted. The difference between these readings is the
vertical distance required.

A radiometeror roentgenometer is a device for measuring the radiant flux (power) of

electromagnetic radiation.Generally, a radiometer is an infrared radiation detector or
ultraviolet detector.

A ruler, sometimes called a rule or line gauge, is an instrument used in geometry, technical
drawing, printing, engineering and building to measure distances or to rule straight lines.
The ruler is a straightedge which may also contain calibrated lines to measure
distances.Rulers have long been made from different materials and in a wide range of sizes.
Some are wooden. Plastics have also been used since they were invented; they can be molded
with length markings instead of being scribed.

Seismometers are instruments that measure motion of the ground, including those of seismic
waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic sources such as by the
use of explosives. Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to map the interior of the
Earth, and locate and measure the size of these different sources.

A spirometer is an apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by
the lungs. A spirometer measures ventilation, the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
The spirogram will identify two different types of abnormal ventilation patterns, obstructive
and restrictive. There are various types of spirometers which use a number of different
methods for measurement (pressure transducers, ultrasonic, water gauge).

A tachymeter or tacheometer is a type of theodolite used for rapid measurements and

determines, electronically or electro-optically, the distance to target. The principles of action
are similar to those of rangefinders.

A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient. A

thermometer has two important elements: (1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of

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a mercury-in-glass thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with temperature,
and (2) some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible
scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer). Thermometers are widely used in
industry to control and regulate processes, in the study of weather, in medicine, and in
scientific research.

A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two
points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to
the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an
analog to digital converter. Voltmeters are made in a wide range of styles. Instruments
permanently mounted in a panel are used to monitor generators or other fixed apparatus.
Portable instruments, usually equipped to also measure current and resistance in the form of
a multimeter, are standard test instruments used in electrical and electronics work. Any
measurement that can be converted to a voltage can be displayed on a meter that is suitably
calibrated; for example, pressure, temperature, flow or level in a chemical process plant.

The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate
of electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit. Electromagnetic wattmeters are used for
measurement of utility frequency and audio frequency power; other types are required for
radio frequency measurements. A hydrometer or areometer is an instrument that measures
the specific gravity (relative density) of liquids—the ratio of the density of the liquid to the
density of water.A hydrometer is usually made of glass, and consists of a cylindrical stem and
a bulb weighted with mercury or lead shot to make it float upright. The liquid to test is poured
into a tall container, often a graduated cylinder, and the hydrometer is gently lowered into the
liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the
hydrometer correlates to specific gravity. Hydrometers usually contain a scale inside the
stem, so that the person using it can read specific gravity. A variety of scales exist for
different contexts.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHFY

1. imt.uoradea.ro
2. cursuri.flexform.ro
3. eprofu.ro