What Is Air Conditioning ?

11/27/2017
AIR CONDITIONING
What is air conditioning ?

Air conditioning is a system for controlling the humidity, ventilation, and
temperature in a building or vehicle, typically to maintain a cool atmosphere in
warm conditions.
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Functions/Purpose of Air Conditioners :

•Maintain suitable humidity in all parts of a building
•Free the air from excessive humidity during certain

seasons
•Supply a constant and adequate supply of ventilation
•Efficiently remove from the air micro-organisms, dust,

soot, and other foreign bodies
•Efficiently cool room air during certain seasons
•Heat or help heat the rooms in winter
•An apparatus that is not cost-prohibitive in purchase or

maintenance
What is Refrigeration ?
Refrigeration is a process of moving heat from one location to another in controlled
conditions.
Air conditioning Refrigeration
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Difference between Air-conditioning & Refrigeration ?
Air conditioners have circulation Refrigeration units have circulation

systems designed to project cool air systems designed to retain coolant in a
away from the units confined space.
air conditioning is not only related to cooling air.. its about controlling temperature,
humidity, purity and flow of air throughout the area.. Refrigeration is only related about
reducing temperature.
Basic difference is that In refrigerator you can go to zero degree centigrade,I.e. U can
make ice inside refrigerator but so is not the case with air conditione
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Unit of Air-conditioning
Air conditioning Capacity
1 Ton Refrigeration = 12000 Btu/hr or 3000 Kcal/ hr
‘Ton ‘
- indicates the Quantity of Heat
Btu : the quantity of heat needed to raise the

temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 Degree Fahrenhite
Cal : Metric Unit of heat quantity

Heat energy needed to raise temperature of 1 gram of
water by 1 Degree Celcius
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Lecture 2: Psychometric Chart
THERMAL COMFORT
????
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“That condition of mind which expresses

satisfaction with the thermal environment".
BODY’S HEAT PRODUCTION
o Basal Metabolism o Muscular Metabolism
Out of all the energy produced in the body ,

-20% is utilized
-80 % must be dissipated to the environment
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HEAT ADJUSTMENTS OF OUR BODY
o Normal body temperature is 37° C
We have separate Heat- and Cold sensors.
o Heat sensor is located in hypothalamus.

Signals when temperature is higher than 37 ° C.
o Cold sensors are located in the skin. Send

signals when skin temperature is below 34 ° C.
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MAN CONSIDERS THE ENVIRONMENT

COMFORTABLE IF NO TYPE OF THERMAL
DISCOMFORT IS PRESENT
Metabolism-Evaporation±conduction±convection±radiation
=0
Heat Production and Heat Loss
Heat Balance Equation:
Q + W = MA skin
Where ,
Production rates of heat Q and work W
M is the rate of metabolic energy production per unit surface area
A skin is the total surface are of the skin
S = (M – W ) – E ± R ± C
( M-W) is the net surplus heat to be liberated or stored
E is the heat loss by evaporation
R is the heat gain or loss by radiation
C is the heat gain or loss by conduction
S is the rate at which heat is stored within the body
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CONDITIONS FOR THERMAL COMFORT
• Thermal Comfort can only be maintained

when heat produced by metabolism equals
the heat lost from body.
FACTORS AFFECTING
THERMAL COMFORT
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4 FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN COMFORT
Radiation
Radiation
Other factors affecting comfort:
oAGE & GENDER

Sensation of old people and younger people
Women: lower skin temp., evap loss & lower
met. rate
Clothing and perferrence of temp.
oADAPTATION/ACCLIMATISATION
People in warm climates may adapt to hot
environment
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Other factors affecting comfort:
oBODY SHAPE & SUBCUTANEUOS FAT
oSTATE OF HEALTH
oFOOD & DRINK
oSKIN COLOUR
THERMAL INDICES / COMFORT SCALES
Radiation
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EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE
Definition
o A single-figure index reflecting the combined effects of temperature,

humidity, and air movement on the sensation of warmth and/or cold felt by the
human body.
o Numerically equivalent to the temperature of still, saturated air, which

produces an identical sensation.
o Summer the ET ranges from 19 to 24 Deg C
o Winter the ET ranges from 17 to 22 Deg C
A psychrometric chart is a graphical

representation of the psychometric processes
of air.
Used by mechanical engineers to dynamically plot points that

represent the exterior air conditions and understand the process
the air must go through to reach comfortable conditions for the
occupants inside a building.
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Environmental parameters that affect human comfort:
•Dry-bulb temperature
•Wet-bulb temperature
•Dew point
•Atmospheric pressure
•Relative humidity
•Absolute humidity
•Specific enthalpy
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PSYCHOMETRIC CHART
•Dry Bulb Temperature

•Wet Bulb Temperature
•Relative Humidity
•Absolute Humidity
•Enthalpy
•Dew Point Temperature
•Specific Volume
•Vapour Pressure
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Dry bulb temperature
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Wet bulb temperature
Relative Humidity the amount of water the air can hold at a

particular temperature
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The comfort zone is defined as the range within occupants

COMFORT ZONE are satisfied with the surrounding thermal conditions.
Comfort zone is typically indicated by shading a portion of the psychrometric chart
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IAQ INDOOR AIR QUALITY

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term which refers to the air quality within and
around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and
comfort of building occupants.
IAQ can be affected by gases (including carbon monoxide, radon, volatile
organic compounds),particulates, microbial contaminants (mold, bacteria), or
any mass or energy stressor that can induce adverse health conditions. Source
control, filtration and the use of ventilation to dilute contaminants are the
primary methods for improving indoor air quality in most buildings.
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Symptoms attributed to Indoor air quality (IAQ) problems include headache, nausea,
shortness of breath, sinus congetion, cough and eye, nose & throat irritation.
The solution lies in improving the air quality by introducing plenty of fresh clean air into
the building and reducing the noise of air flow and machinery.
FACTORS AFFECTING INDOOR AIR QUALITY

•Poorly designed or inadequately maintained ventilation and temperature control
systems
•Microbial and fungal matter, such as bacteria and moulds
•Carbon monoxide from tobacco smoke, vehicles parked near air intakes
•Formaldehyde from insulation, carpets, and so on
•Volatile organic compounds given off by office printers and photocopiers, paint, glue,
cleaning materials, and so on
•Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), also known as secondhand smoke, and other
particulate pollutants
Lecture 3 Date : 04-02-2016
Types of Air Conditioning System
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Central AC Systems Non-Central AC Systems
Ductable Central Window Split

Packaged AC’s Plants AC’s AC’s
Air Cooled Floor Mounted Floor Wall Ceiling

Ducted Packaged Mounted Mounted Mounted
Splits Airconditioners
Air Cooled Water Cooled Exposed Concealed Semi-

Type Type concealed
(casette
Variable Refrigerant DX Systems Chilled Water Systems
Flow Systems type)
Vapour Compression Units Vapour Absorption Units
Reciprocating Units, Centrifugal Units, Screw Type Units,Air Direct Hot Water Steam Fired
Air & Water Cooled Water Cooled & Water Cooled Fired Fired Single & 2 Staged




Type Type concealed
(casette
Flow Systems type)
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Type Type concealed
(casette
Flow Systems type)
WINDOW AIRCONDITIONERS
• Most common types of Airconditioners
• Compressor, Condenser & Evaporator all
enclosed in single cabinet.
• Units installed in windows or cutout in a wall.
• Ensure that rear of Window AC’s is
unobstructed.
• Capacity: 0.5 to 2.0 tonnes.
• Multiple Units can be used for larger spaces.
• Window AC’s are economical & most
convenient to install. They can be noisy for
some applications.
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SPLIT AIRCONDITIONERS
• Split AC is split into two basic components. Indoor Unit and Outdoor Unit.
• These two units are connected by refrigeration supply and return tubing with
electrical wires that can pass through a hole in wall barely 75 mm in diameter.
• the outdoor unit

houses the condenser,
condenser fan and the
compressor. (Noisy
Equipments)
•The Indoor unit houses

the evaporator and the
evaporator fan.
•Spilt AC’s are expensive as compared to Window AC’s but are preferred for
their low noise levels.
• In situations where it is not possible to mount window AC’s because of

obstruction from neighbor wall or non-availability of suitable window, split
AC’s can be used.
• The outdoor unit can be mounted on a wall, or a ledge or on terrace.
• Efficieny of spilt Ac’s is directly proportional to the distance between Indoor

and Outdoor Units.
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Type Type concealed
(casette
Flow Systems type)
Floor Mounted Split
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Exposed Type
Semi-concealed (casette type)
Concealed Type




Type Type concealed
(casette
Flow Systems type)
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Central AC Systems
The “central” in central air conditioning

comes from the fact that the system
conditions the entire building from one
large central location in your home.
This system cools and dehumidifies the

air, then blows the cool air into your duct
system and out through the supply air
registers located in each room.
Central AC Systems
Ductable Central
Packaged AC’s Plants
Air Cooled Floor Mounted

Ducted Packaged
Air Cooled Water Cooled
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Central AC Systems
Ductable Central
• 3, 5, 7.5, & 8.3 Tonnes
• Care take for selection of Indoor unit
location for servicabilty & maintenance.
Air Cooled Floor Mounted • Trap Door is provided in the false ceiling.
Ducted Packaged
1. 5 to 16.5 tonnes.
2. Shaped like cupboards &
are typically placed in a
small enclosure adjacent
to the conditioned area.
Central AC Systems
Ductable Central

Ducted Packaged
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Ducted Packaged

1. Where Water is scarce.
2. Water is of hard quality.
3. No space for a cooling tower.
4. Heat is removed by way of an air cooled
condenser with a fan blowing through it.

Ducted Packaged
1. Water is used to cool the refrigerant in the
condenser.
2. Water is then sent in a cooling tower outside the
air-conditioned room where heat is dissipated in
the atmosphere.
3. Water cooled units gives higher capacity and are
more energy efficient due to lower operating
pressure.
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Central AC Systems
Ductable Central

Ducted Packaged

Flow Systems
DX SYSTEM
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CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
VRF SYSTEM
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Central Station Air conditioners:
Video : Explaining about a central station system
• Most large multistory buildings use highly

centralized air conditioning equipment. The
roof and basement are the usual choice for
these central station systems.
• The basement has the advantage of easy
utility connections, noise isolation, not being
valuable rental area and the fact that
structural loads are not a problem.
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• The roof is the ideal

location for fresh air intakes
and heat rejection to the
atmosphere.
• Cooling tower are noisy,
produce very hot and
humid exhaust air, so the
best location for cooling SECTION OF A TYPICAL MULTISTORY
BUILDING WITH A ROOFTOP
CENTRAL STATION MECHANICAL
rower is placed on the roof. SYSTEM
• In most buildings, the

mechanical equipment is
shown to be on the roof. This
section shows an all-air system
served by a single central air
handling unit on the roof.
• To avoid the large vertical
ducts, separate air handling
units can be placed on each
floor and only water circulates MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT IS STILL
ON THE ROOF, EACH FLOOR HAS A
vertically. This saves much SEPARATE AHU
energy because moving air

great distances requires much
power.
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ALL-AIR SYSTEM
• The advantage of all-air system is complete
control over air quality is possible. The
disadvantage is that all-air systems are very
bulky and a significant part of the building
volume must be devoted to them.
• There are 5 system in all-air system categories.
i. Constant Air Volumes
ii. Variable Air Volume (V.A.V)
CENTRAL PLANTS SYSTEM

• The central air conditioning system has the limitation
of the same air quality being delivered throughout the
building.
• If the structure is zoned or divided and compartmented
into several different functions such as offices,
workshops, canteen.
• The temperature of each element can be controlled
with zoned thermostats.
• The fan precedes the chiller and reheater coils and
blow air through the air-handling unit.
• Several ducts radiate from the unit to designated zones
within the building.
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CENTRAL PLANTS SYSTEM
HVAC System Components
Chiller
HVAC Systems, AHU Control & Troubles1hooting 68
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HVAC System Components

Cooling Tower
Chiller Refrigerant Cycle
Compressor
Condenser
Air Handling Unit (AHU)
An air handler is usually a large metal box containing a blower, heating or cooling elements,
filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually connect to a
ductwork ventilation system that distributes the conditioned airthrough the building and
returns it to the AHU.
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Supply Duct Vibration Cooling Filter Return Duct

Fan Connection Coil Section
ii. VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEMS

• This is a single duct system that can easily
have many zones. A variable air volume
control box is located wherever a duct enters
a separate zone.
• A thermostat in each zone controls the air
flow by operating a damper in the V.A.V
control box. More cooling is required, more
cool air is allowed to enter the zone.
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VAV system.
Floor plan of a VAV system.
VAV control box.
VAV (Variable Air Volume)
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ALL-WATER SYSTEM
• These systems supply no air.
• There are 2 system in all-water system
categories.
i. Fan-coil System
ii. Water Loop Heat Pump System
But in this topic is cover Fan-coil system only.
FAN-COIL SYSTEM
• The fan-coil unit basically consists of a fan and a
coil within water circulates.
• The units are in the form of cabinets for
placement under windows.
• The fan blows room air across coils containing
either hot or cold water.
• Thermostatically controlled valves regulate the
flow of water through the coils.
• A 4 pipe system, which is has 2 pipes for hot
water supply and return and another 2 pipes for
cold water supply and return.
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• Condensation on the cooling coils must be

collected in a pan and drained away.
• When the fan-coil unit is on an outside wall, it is
possible to have an outdoor air intake connected
to the unit.
• A three-speed fan switch allows occupants of the
zone to have some control over the temperature.
• Fan-coil units are most appropriate for air
conditioning buildings with small zones (eg.
Apartments, condominiums, motels, hotels,
hospitals and schools).
• Fan coil units also located above windows, in
small closets or in the dropped ceiling above a
bathroom.
Fan Coil System.
Schematic diagram of an under window FCU ( 4 pipe

system).
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FCU placed in a small closet.
FCU placed above a dropped ceiling.
AIR-WATER SYSTEM
• These system supply both airand water to each zone of
a building.
• It greatly decreases the size of the equipment because
of the immense heart-carrying capacity of water as
opposed to air.
• Air is supplied mainly because of the need for
ventilation.
• There are 2 system in air-water system categories.
i. Induction System
ii. Fan- coil with supplementary air
But in this topic is cover induction system only
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Ductworks & Air Terminals
Key Components of Air Distribution Systems
The key components of air distribution systems are:
• Fans
• Coils
• Filters
• Dampers
• Ductswork
• Diffusers/Outletsc
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Axial Fan
• Fans
Centrifugal Fan
• Coils
• Filters
• Dampers
• Ductswork
• Coils are heat exchangers that

• Fans transfer energy between the supply-
air stream and the energy-transport
• Coils medium: water, steam, or refrigerant.
• Most coils are made of copper
• Filters tubing arranged in rows, specifically
designed for the amount of energy
• Dampers transfer required.
• They may be bare tubes when

• Ductswork differential temperatures are high, or
have extended fins where differential
• Diffusers/Outletsc temperatures are lower.
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• Air filters are used to
• Fans prevent airborne
• Coils particulates from
entering and recirculating
• Filters within a building, and to
• Dampers protect fans, coils, other
downstream equipment
• Ductswork and the occupants.
• Diffusers/Outletsc • To eliminate the
SICK BUILDING
SYNDROME
• Fans
• Coils
Dampers direct and control airflow through
• Filters the air distribution system.
Also installed in certain fire-rated walls or

• Dampers floors for life-safety to prevent the migration of
fire and smoke.
• Ductswork
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TYPES OF DAMPERS
FIRE DAMPER SMOKE DAMPER
Installed in ducts in ducts
Designed to close automatically upon detection of resist the passage of air and smoke.
heat.
Primary fuction prevent the passage of flame from one prevent the passage of smoke through
side of a fire-rated separation to the the heating, ventilation, and air
other. conditioning system, or from one side
of a fire-rated separation to the other.
Operated by a fusible device, typically a melting link. either a factory-installed electric or a
pneumatic actuator.
controlled by smoke detectors and/or
fire alarms
Their Application Static fire dampers can only be applied in passive smoke control system in which
HVAC systems that are designed to shut they close upon detection of smoke
down in the event of a fire. engineered smoke control system
Dynamic fire dampers have been tested
for closure under airflow and carry both
an airflow velocity (fpm) and pressure
differential rating
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• Fans
• Coils
• Filters
• Dampers
• Ductswork
Ductswork
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Natural & Mechanical Ventilation
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Ventilating or ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the

process of "exchanging" or replacing air in any
space to provide high indoor air quality which
involves
1. temperature control ,
2. oxygen replenishment,
3. removal of moisture, odours, smoke, heat,

dust, airborne bacteria, and carbon
dioxide.
Inadequate ventilation can result in damp,

mouldy, stale living conditions – avoid this by
finding out how to ventilate your home
effectively.
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Air Changes / Hour
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/ EXHAUST
PLENUM /
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BALANCED/
Evaporative cooling system of air conditioning
As water is evaporated, energy is lost from the air, reducing the temperature.
Evaporative cooling system page 1
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How Does an Evaporative Air Conditioner Work?
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The process in which the moisture or water vapor or the humidity is removed from
the air keeping its dry bulb (DB) temperature constant is called as the
dehumidification process.
Dehumidification
Warm, moist air is sucked in through a
grille on one side of the machine.
An electric fan draws the air inward.
The warm air passes over freezing cold

pipes through which a coolant circulates.
As the air cools, the moisture it contains
turns back into liquid water and drips
downward off the pipes.
Now free of moisture, the air passes over

a heating element and warms back up to
its original temperature.
55

What Is Air Conditioning ?

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11/27/2017

What is air conditioning ?

Functions/Purpose of Air Conditioners :

•Free the air from excessive humidity during certain

•Supply a constant and adequate supply of ventilation

•Efficiently remove from the air micro-organisms, dust,

•Efficiently cool room air during certain seasons

•Heat or help heat the rooms in winter

•An apparatus that is not cost-prohibitive in purchase or

Difference between Air-conditioning & Refrigeration ?

Air conditioners have circulation Refrigeration units have circulation

Air conditioning Capacity

1 Ton Refrigeration = 12000 Btu/hr or 3000 Kcal/ hr

Btu : the quantity of heat needed to raise the

Cal : Metric Unit of heat quantity

Lecture 2: Psychometric Chart

“That condition of mind which expresses

BODY’S HEAT PRODUCTION

o Basal Metabolism o Muscular Metabolism

Out of all the energy produced in the body ,

HEAT ADJUSTMENTS OF OUR BODY

o Normal body temperature is 37° C

We have separate Heat- and Cold sensors.

o Heat sensor is located in hypothalamus.

o Cold sensors are located in the skin. Send

MAN CONSIDERS THE ENVIRONMENT

Heat Production and Heat Loss

Heat Balance Equation:

Production rates of heat Q and work W

M is the rate of metabolic energy production per unit surface area

A skin is the total surface are of the skin

CONDITIONS FOR THERMAL COMFORT

• Thermal Comfort can only be maintained

4 FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN COMFORT

Other factors affecting comfort:

oAGE & GENDER

Other factors affecting comfort:

oBODY SHAPE & SUBCUTANEUOS FAT

oFOOD & DRINK

THERMAL INDICES / COMFORT SCALES

o A single-figure index reflecting the combined effects of temperature,

o Numerically equivalent to the temperature of still, saturated air, which

o Summer the ET ranges from 19 to 24 Deg C

o Winter the ET ranges from 17 to 22 Deg C

A psychrometric chart is a graphical

Used by mechanical engineers to dynamically plot points that

Environmental parameters that affect human comfort:

•Dry Bulb Temperature

Dry bulb temperature

Wet bulb temperature

Relative Humidity the amount of water the air can hold at a

The comfort zone is defined as the range within occupants

Comfort zone is typically indicated by shading a portion of the psychrometric chart

IAQ INDOOR AIR QUALITY

FACTORS AFFECTING INDOOR AIR QUALITY

Lecture 3 Date : 04-02-2016

Types of Air Conditioning System

Types of Air Conditioning System

Ductable Central Window Split

Air Cooled Floor Mounted Floor Wall Ceiling

Air Cooled Water Cooled Exposed Concealed Semi-

Types of Air Conditioning System