Electrical & Computer Engineering Department

Final Exam
Course: Artificial Intelligence Course Code:
Session 2014/2015 Date : 4/3/2015
Lecturer: Lokman H Hassan Duration : 180 min

Q1: (18 marks)

1. Explain the difference between classical and fuzzy rules? Give an example
2. Explain with examples the hedges performing operations of concentration.
3. What is the error gradient?
4. Explain the main drawbacks of the back-propagation learning.
5. The possibility of GA’s trapped in local optima can be reduced. How?
6. What is crossover in GA? Explain two of crossover options that supported by MATLAB.

Q2: (6 marks)
Draw a flowchart showing the main steps of Hebbian learning algorithm. Define all parameters. What is
the meaning of forgetting factor?

Q3: (8 marks)
Consider a two-dimensional input vector as
𝑝 = [1 −1]
and the initial weight vectors as
−0.543 −0.969 0.997 0.456
𝑤 = ;𝑤 = ;𝑤 = ;𝑤 =
0.840 −0.249 0.094 0.954
Apply the competitive learning network training algorithm to obtain the updating weight vectors. Assume
that the learning rate parameter is equal to 0.5. Train the network for only one iteration.

Q4: (16 marks)

A fuzzy control system use inputs of error (𝑒) and change in error (∆𝑒) to control an output variable 𝑢.
The fuzzy algorithm and characteristics of the fuzzy membership functions are given below. Determine
the output 𝑢 for e = -1.65% and ∆𝑒 = +4.95%/min using a zero-order Sugeno inference method. The
output 𝑢 is equal to 𝐾 × 𝑒. Use the Weighted average method to defuzzify the answer. Use product AND
method to evaluate the conjunction of the rule antecedents. Show a schematic representation of the fuzzy
inference. The fuzzy rules are in the form:

If e is A1k AND e is A2 k Then K is C k , k  1,2,, n

where A1k , A2 k and C k are fuzzy sets.

 Fuzzy logic rules for K
e
e NB NM NS Z PS PM PB
NB M B B B B B M
NM S M B B B M S
NS S M M B M M S
Z S S S S S S S
PS S M M B M M S
PM S M B B B M S
PB M B B B B B M

Q5: (7 marks)
Store two fundamental memories (−1 1 1) and (−1 1 −1) in the three-neuron Hopfield network.
Compare the probe (1 −1 1) with the fundamental memories.

Q6: (15 marks)

Using a three layer back-propagation network to perform AND operation. Use a genetic search algorithm
to select the suitable neural network architecture. Apply the genetic operators (i.e. selection, crossover and
mutation) for only one iteration. Train the network for one epoch using back-propagation algorithm. Use
Roulette wheel function and Single point function respectively to perform the selection and crossover.
Assume that mutation takes place in a digit of a chromosome.

Good Luck