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Q U I N T E S S E N C E I N T E R N AT I O N A L
Degree of root resorption after root canal

treatment with iodoform-containing filling
material in primary molars
Moti Moskovitz, DMD, PhD1/JMJ5JDLPUTLZ %.% .&E2/
Hussam Ashkar, DMD2/Gideon Holan, DMD3
Objective:5PDPNQBSFUIFEFHSFFPGSPPUSFTPSQUJPOJOFOEPEPOUJDBMMZUSFBUFEQSJNBSZ
molars with that of homologous teeth without root canal treatment. Method and Materials:
A retrospective study was carried out comprising 105 records of children who had
received root canal treatment in a primary molar. Mean age at the time of treatment was
7.0 ± 1.4 years. Inclusion criteria included one endodontically treated primary molar and
a homologous primary molar with no root canal treatment on the other side of the mouth.
All teeth were treated by the same operator in the same way using the same iodoform-
DPOUBJOJOHSPPUDBOBMGJMMJOHNBUFSJBM5IFEFHSFFPGSPPUSFTPSQUJPOXBTDPNQBSFECZ
radiographic evaluation 12 or more months posttreatment. Results5IFEFHSFFPGSPPU
resorption on the final follow-up radiograph in the endodontically treated primary molars
was significantly higher (P < .05) than the degree of root resorption in the homologous
UFFUI5IFEFHSFFPGSPPUSFTPSQUJPOXBTIJHIFSJOCPZTUIBOJOHJSMT/PTUBUJTUJDBM
significance was found between the degree of root resorption and the age at the time
of treatment in either the root canal–treated teeth or the homologous teeth. Follow-up
radiographs demonstrated a higher degree of root resorption in the root canal–treated
teeth than in the homologous teeth, regardless of the type of treatment performed on the
homologous side. Conclusion:3PPUDBOBMUSFBUNFOUQFSGPSNFEXJUIJPEPGPSNDPOUBJOJOH
root canal filling material accelerates root resorption in root canal–treated primary molars
compared with homologous teeth without endodontic treatment. Clinicians should be
aware that endodontically treated teeth will probably shed before homologous ones that
are not root canal treated. (Quintessence Int 2012;43:361–368)
Key words: Endoflas, primary molars, pulpectomy, root canal treatment
A major goal of pulp therapy in the primary exhibits clinical signs of irreversible pulpitis,
dentition is the maintenance of arch-length infection, or necrosis.1 Expected clinical
integrity and the function of the teeth and outcomes of successful root canal treat-
their supporting tissue until physiologic ment include elimination of pain, abnormal
resorption of roots occurs and permanent mobility, sensitivity to percussion, and swell-
TVDDFTTPST FSVQU 3PPU DBOBM USFBUNFOU JOH 3BEJPHSBQIJD PVUDPNFT PG TVDDFTTGVM
is indicated in primary teeth with carious root canal treatment include resolution of
pulp exposure in which the radicular pulp the pretreatment radicular radiolucent area,
continued physiologic root resorption of the
primary tooth and the filling material, normal
1
Clinical Lecturer, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The eruption of the permanent successor, and
Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, the absence of pathologic root resorption
Jerusalem, Israel.
or enlargement of periapical radiolucency.
2
Private Practice, Jerusalem, Israel. 3PPU SFTPSQUJPO JO QSJNBSZ UFFUI JT B
3 Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, physiologic process that precedes tooth
The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine,
shedding. Acceleration of root resorption
Jerusalem, Israel.
has been documented in cases of trauma
Correspondence: Dr Moti Moskovitz, Department of Pediatric
to primary incisors2 or primary molars3 and
Dentistry, Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, PO Box 12272,
Jerusalem 91120, Israel. Email: motimo@md.huji.ac.il in cases of pulpotomy treatment in primary
VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012 361

M o s k ov i t z e t a l
teeth.4,5 Premature loss of primary molars restoration at the final follow-up evaluation
can result in space loss, which may cause in at least one tooth (root canal–treated or
tipping of the permanent molar, crowding homologous). If a patient had more than
and lack of space in permanent dentition, one homologous pair meeting study criteria,
and impaction of permanent teeth, espe- one pair was randomly selected.
cially in cases with severe predisposition to Of 2,481 records searched, 105 met the
arch-length deficiency.6 5P UIF CFTU PG UIF inclusion criteria. Mean age at the time of
authors’ knowledge, no specific study has USFBUNFOU XBT ZFBST 5IF NFBO
published data on the effect of root canal follow-up time was 35.5 months (range, 12
treatment on root resorption in primary to 104 months).
NPMBST BGUFS SPPU DBOBM USFBUNFOU 5IF BJN
of the present study was to compare the Endodontic treatment
degree of root resorption in root canal–treat- All root canal treatments were performed
ed primary molars with iodoform-containing by the same surgeon (M.M.) using the
root canal filling material to that of homolo- TBNFNFUIPE5FFUITFMFDUFEGPSSPPUDBOBM
gous teeth that did not undergo endodontic treatment were primary molars with preop-
treatment. erative radiographic and/or clinical signs of
irreversible pulpitis or necrosis of the pulp
(ie, bifurcation radiolucency, dry necrotic
QVMQ PS TJOVT USBDU
5IF UFFUI XFSF BOFT-
METHOD AND MATERIALS thetized and isolated with rubber dam.
Following caries removal, the pulp chamber
was exposed, and the affected pulp was
5IF TUVEZ QSPUPDPM XBT BQQSPWFE CZ SFNPWFE VTJOH B CBSCFE CSPBDI 5IF SPPU
the Institutional Human Subjects Ethics canals were prepared up to no. 30 files, irri-
Committee of the Hebrew University- gated with chlorhexidine and normal saline,
Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, BOEESJFEXJUIQBQFSQPJOUT5IFSPPUDBOBMT
Jerusalem, Israel. were filled with iodoform-containing root
canal filling material (Endoflas, Sanlor & Cia)
Study population using a Maillefer Lentulo spiral (Dentsply).
5IJTTUVEZXBTCBTFEPOEFOUBMSFDPSETPG Endoflas, which is FDA approved, com-
children aged 5 to 11 years treated at the prises a powder of triiodmethane and iodine
Dental Volunteers for Israel (DVI) Clinic in dibutyl-ortho-cresol (40.6%), zinc oxide
Jerusalem, Israel, between 1997 and 2007. (56.5%), calcium hydroxide (1.07%), and
Inclusion criteria were at least one pair of barium sulfate (1.63%), with a liquid consist-
homologous primary molars on the same ing of eugenol and paramonochlorophenol.
arch (maxillary or mandibular) in which one 5IF UFFUI XFSF SFTUPSFE XJUI JOUFSNFEJBUF
molar had received root canal treatment SFTUPSBUJWF NBUFSJBM *3.
%FOUTQMZ
"MM
and the other had not, high-quality radio- treatments were completed in a single visit.
graphs taken shortly prior to the endodon- 5IF QBUJFOUT XFSF BTLFE UP SFUVSO XJUIJO
tic treatment, and high-quality radiographs month for coronal restoration, allowing peri-
taken at least 12 months posttreatment to odontal ligament (PDL) healing after root
enable assessment of the root canal treat- canal inflammation was resolved yet not
ment and the degree of root resorption. compromising tooth prognosis while adapt-
Exclusion criteria were early extraction ing a stainless steel crown. In the absence
of one of the paired teeth, a follow-up of clinical pathologic signs of inflammation,
period of less than 12 months, medically the root canal–treated primary molars were
compromised patients, the absence of a restored with a stainless steel crown or
permanent successor, teeth with preop- amalgam restoration if the remaining crown
erative external or internal pathologic root structure was sufficient for retention of the
resorption, teeth with enlargement of peri- SFTUPSBUJPO5BCMFQSFTFOUTUIFEJTUSJCVUJPO
apical radiolucency or the appearance of of treatment types of the homologous teeth
a new periapical radiolucency after root in relation to the restoration type of the root
canal treatment, and a temporary filling canal–treated teeth.
362 VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012

Table 1 Distribution of root canal–treated (RCT) primary molars according to the type of
restoration and type of treatment of the homologous teeth
Treatment and restoration of the homologous teeth

Restoration of the No Amalgam Stainless steel Pulpotomy and Pulpotomy and
RCT teeth treatment filling crown amalgam filling stainless steel crown Total
Amalgam filling 1 4 3 1 5 14
Stainless steel crown 6 49 11 6 19 91

5PUBM 7 53 14 7 24 105
Fig 1 Diagram showing the various degrees of root

resorption. See text for explanation of degrees.
Degree 1
Degree 2
Degree 3
Data collected r Degree 0:5IFQSJNBSZUPPUIXBTTIFE

5IF EBUB SFUSJFWFE GSPN QBUJFOUTA SFDPSET (and the contralateral tooth is still in the
included age at time of endodontic treat- mouth)
ment, type of tooth treated, type of treatment r Degree 1: At least one root has been
of the homologous tooth, and type of coro- completely resorbed
nal restoration of the endodontically treated r Degree 2: At least the beginning of
teeth and the homologous teeth. When the second third of one root has been
a homologous tooth was intact, meaning resorbed
without any treatment, “not treated” was a r Degree 3: Less than one third of a root
relevant option for that tooth. has been resorbed
r Degree 4: 5IFSF JT OP FWJEFODF PG SPPU
Radiographic evaluation resorption
All data were collected by a single trained
disinterested investigator with an interrater 5IF DIBOHF EFMUB
JO SPPU SFTPSQUJPO
reliability of Kappa = 0.8 (P
5IF was defined as the difference in root resorp-
teeth were evaluated for the presence or tion from the diagnostic radiograph to the
absence of a pathologic periradicular lesion GJOBM GPMMPXVQ SBEJPHSBQI 5IF EFMUB PG UIF
BOE GPS UIF EFHSFF PG SPPU SFTPSQUJPO 5IF endodontically treated tooth was compared
degree of root resorption was assessed as with that of the homologous tooth and
follows7 (Fig 1): scored as more, same, or less.
VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012 363

Table 2 Distribution of endodontically treated teeth and homologous teeth

according to the degree of root resorption in the initial radiographs
Degree of root resorption Root canal–treated teeth (%) Homologous teeth (%)
2 2 (1.9) 0 (0.0)
3 14 (13.3) 4 (3.8)
4 89 (84.7) 101 (96.2)
5PUBM 105 (100) 105 (100)
Table 3 Distribution of endodontically treated teeth and homologous teeth

according to the degree of root resorption in the final radiographs
Degree of root resorption Root canal–treated teeth (%) Homologous teeth (%)
0 24 (22.9) 10 (9.5)
1 36 (34.3) 19 (18.1)
2 30 (28.6) 19 (18.1)
3 5 (4.8) 22 (21.0)
4 10 (9.5) 35 (33.3)
5PUBM 105 (100) 105 (100)
Data analysis teeth presented degree 1 or 0 of resorption.

All data were documented in Microsoft 5BCMF QSFTFOUT UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG 3$5
&YDFM .JDSPTPGU
GPSCBTJDBOBMZTJT3FTVMUT teeth and homologous teeth according to
were statistically analyzed using chi-square the degree of root resorption in the initial
UFTUT UIF.D/FNBS#PXLFSUFTU BOEBOBMZ- radiographs.
TJTPGWBSJBODF "/07"
XJUIBTJHOJGJDBODF 5BCMF QSFTFOUT UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG
level of P < .05. endodontically treated teeth and homolo-
gous teeth according to the degree of root
SFTPSQUJPO JO UIF GJOBM SBEJPHSBQIT 5IF
degree of root resorption on the final follow-
RESULTS up radiograph in the endodotically treated
primary molars was significantly higher
(P < .05) than the degree of root resorp-
Of the 105 pairs of root canal–treated pri- tion in the homologous teeth. For 70 pairs
mary molars and homologous teeth that (66.7%), the degree of root resorption
met the inclusion criteria, 49 were primary shown on the final follow-up radiograph
first molars and 56 were primary second in the endodontically treated teeth was
molars. Fifty-four subjects were girls, and higher (less root length remained) than for
51 were boys. the homologous teeth. Only in 14 (13.3%)
For 91 homologous pairs, the degree was the degree of root resorption statisti-
of root resorption was similar at the initial cally significant higher for the homologous
radiograph (88 pairs presented no resorp- side (P .D/FNBS#PXLFS UFTU
*O
UJPO BU BMM BOE QSFTFOUFE EFHSFF
5IF 21 (20%) pairs, the degree of root resorp-
remaining 14 pairs presented an uneven tion in the root canal–treated teeth and the
JOJUJBMEFHSFFPGSPPUSFTPSQUJPO/POFPGUIF homologous teeth was the same.
364 VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012

Table 4 Distribution of patients by sex and change in root resorption of

endodontically treated teeth vs homologous teeth in the final radiograph
Patient sex
Delta* Boys (%) Girls (%) Total (%)
0 7 (13.7) 4 (7.4) 11 (10.5)
1 8 (15.7) 3 (5.6) 11 (10.5)
2 8 (15.7) 19 (32.2) 27 (25.7)
3 15 (29.4) 23 (42.6) 38 (36.2)
4 13 (25.5) 5 (9.3) 18 (17.1)
5PUBM 51 (100) 54 (100) 105 (100)
*Delta, difference between the endodontically treated molar and the homologous tooth in degree of root resorption.
Pearson chi-square two-sided test, P < .05.
/P TUBUJTUJDBM TJHOJGJDBODF XBT GPVOE resorption at the final follow-up appointment
CFUXFFO B DIJMEAT BHF BU UIF UJNF PG UIF (P
/P TUBUJTUJDBM TJHOJGJDBODF XBT
root canal treatment and the degree of root found between teeth that were restored with
resorption at the final follow-up appoint- stainless steel crowns and teeth that were
ment, for either the root canal–treated teeth restored with amalgam filling (P > .05).
or the homologous teeth (P
/P TUB-
tistical significance was found between the
rate of root resorption and the time interval
between the root canal procedure and the DISCUSSION
DPSPOBM SFTUPSBUJPO PG UIF UPPUI 5IF NFBO
time from root canal treatment to coronal
restoration was 4.2 ± 7.9 months. 5P UIF CFTU PG UIF BVUIPST LOPXMFEHF OP
5IF EFMUB PG SPPU SFTPSQUJPO JO UIF GJOBM specific study has published data on the
radiographs between root canal–treated teeth relationship between root canal treatment in
and homologous teeth was significantly high- primary molars and the rate of root resorp-
er in boys than in girls (Pearson two-sided tion in those teeth. In the present study,
DIJTRVBSF UFTU
5BCMF
BMUIPVHI root canal treatment using iodoform-con-
no difference was found between boys’ and taining root canal filling material was found
girls’ ages at the time root canal treatment to accelerate root resorption in endodon-
was performed and at the final follow-up. tically treated primary molars compared
/P TUBUJTUJDBM TJHOJGJDBODF XBT GPVOE with homologous teeth without root canal
between the type of primary molar (first or treatment. A radiographic case example
second), location (maxillary or mandibu- that demonstrates the discrepancy in the
lar), or side (endodontically treated teeth resorption process between root canal–
or homologous) and the degree of root treated and homologous teeth is presented
VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012 365

Fig 2 Initial bitewing radiographs, age 5 years and 4 months. Upon presentation, Fig 3 Root canal treatments were per-
there were clinical signs and symptoms of inflammation in the primary mandibular formed on the primary mandibular right
right first molar and the primary maxillary right first molar. first molar as well as the primary maxil-
lary right first molar.
Fig 4 Bitewing radiographs at a follow-up appointment 1 year later. Notice both

teeth are without any radiographic signs of inflammation.
Fig 5 Bitewing radiographs at a follow-up appointment, age 10 years and 2 months,

4 years and 10 months after root canal treatments were performed. Notice the primary
maxillary right first molar has already been shed, and the maxillary first premolar has
erupted almost to occlusion. The primary mandibular right first molar is in the process
of resorbing, while the permanent mandibular right premolar is erupting. On the
homologous side, the primary maxillary and mandibular left first molars that were not
endodontically treated are still in place.
(Figs 2 to 5). While root resorption in per- coupled.85IFQSFTTVSFFYFSUFEPOUIFEFO-

manent teeth is always pathologic, it is a tal follicle of the erupting permanent tooth
QIZTJPMPHJD QSPDFTT JO QSJNBSZ UFFUI 5IF and the connective tissue adjacent to the
consistency and symmetry between both primary root might play an important role in
sides of the mouth regarding the exfolia- the recruitment, development, and activa-
tion timing of the primary teeth and of the tion of odontoclasts before and at the onset
emergence of the permanent successors of physiologic root resorption.9 Factors that
suggest that shedding of primary teeth influence root resorption may be patient-
and eruption of the permanent ones are related (age and sex) and tooth-related (the
366 VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012

existence of a permanent successor and inflicted by the opposing tooth on root

previous treatments to the primary tooth).10 resorption was not examined in the present
According to the literature, decay, pulp study and should be analyzed in further
necrosis, and pulpotomy accelerate the studies that will use adequate occlusal
rate of root resorption of primary molars.4,5,11 force registration methods.
In the present study, the rate of root #BTFE PO UIF QSFTFOU TUVEZ XF TVH-
resorption in endodontically treated teeth gest that accelerated root resorption of root
was higher than in homologous matches canal–treated primary molars may be the
UIBUEJEOPUIBWFSPPUDBOBMUSFBUNFOU5IJT result of irritation of the tissue surrounding
DPODVST XJUI UIF GJOEJOHT PG #BSS FU BM 12 the root apex by root canal filling material.
who reported early exfoliation in 56% of When periradicular tissue is directly or indi-
molars with root canal treatment. In their rectly affected by products derived from
study, however, removal of the affected infection and necrosis, it may cause the
radicular pulp was not followed by insertion formation of odontoclasts, which—depend-
of a filling material into the roots. Contrary ing on the intensity and continuity of the
UP #BSS FU BMAT GJOEJOHT 7BO "NFSPOHFO FU stimuli—may cause external root resorp-
al13 found no significant difference in the tion.14 5IF TBNF NBZ BQQMZ UP JSSJUBUJPO
life spans of primary teeth with or without caused by the root canal filling material or
GPSNPDSFTPM QVMQPUPNZ 5IFJS TUVEZ XBT even to the presence of bacterial remnants
based on records of biannual checkups of in the periradicular tissue.
pulpotomies performed by undergraduate Previous studies have identified a key
TUVEFOUT3PPUSFTPSQUJPOJOUIJTTUVEZ13 led role for the dental follicle of the permanent
to primary tooth extraction. successor in tooth resorption.15,165IFEFOUBM
5IFSF BSF TFWFSBM QPTTJCMF SFBTPOT GPS follicle is considered responsible for recruit-
the accelerated resorption of the roots of ment of mononuclear cells and provision of
primary molars: a favorable environment for their differen-
tiation into multinucleated cells associated
t Hereditary diseases and syndromes such with resorption—odontoclasts.17–19 In the
as Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, chronic or present study, the accelerated root resorp-
cyclic neutropenia, acatalasia, Chediak- tion observed following root canal treatment
Higashi syndrome, dentin dysplasia, may be due to irritation to the dental follicle
hypophosphatasia, vitamin D–resistant by the root canal filling material Endoflas,
SJDLFUT BOE-FTDI/ZIBOTZOESPNF which is composed of chlorphenol, iodo-
t #FOJHO PS NBMJHOBOU OFPQMBTNT JODMVE- GPSN BOE CBSJVN TVMGBUF 5IF POMZ EBUB
ing lymphomas and leukemias that might support this opinion are from an
t Acrodynia, histiocytosis X, odontodyspla- earlier study that suggested that irritation
sia, periodontitis to the follicle of the permanent successor
t An untreated tooth with a deep caries by one of the components of the root canal
lesion that causes periradicular infection, filling material generated a cystlike radiolu-
since products derived from infection cent defect.20 However, further studies are
and necrosis may cause formation of needed to investigate this hypothesis.
odontoclasts, which may cause external We have no explanation for the sig-
root resorption14 nificantly higher increase in root resorption
t 5SBVNB UP UIF 1%- EVF UP B GPSDFGVM (delta) in boys than in girls on the final radio-
impact of the maxillary against the man- graphs. Further investigation is required.
dibular molars 5IF SBUF PG SPPU SFTPSQUJPO XBT OPU
dependent on the age of the patients at the
5IF GJOBM QPJOU CSJOHT JOUP DPOTJEFSBUJPO time of treatment. In other words, the rate of
the possible contribution of the type of res- root resorption after performing root canal
toration (amalgam filling or stainless steel treatment was the same whether root canal
crowns) of either the endodontically treated treatment was performed at a young age,
tooth or the opposing tooth on the occlusal prior to commencement of root resorption,
forces that may accelerate root resorption. or at an older age, when physiologic root
5IF QPTTJCMF JOGMVFODF PG PDDMVTBM GPSDFT resorption has already begun.
VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012 367

One limitation of the study is that involve- 4. Peng L, Ye L, Guo X, et al. Evaluation of formocresol ver-
ment of bifurcation radiolucency, pathologic sus ferric sulphate primary molar pulpotomy: A sys-
tematic review and meta-analysis. Int Endod J 2007;
root resorption, dry necrotic pulp, and sinus
40:751–757.
tracts may, by themselves, lead to acceler-
5. Peng L, Ye L, Tan H, Zhou X. Evaluation of the formo-
ated root resorption. Another limitation is
cresol versus mineral trioxide aggregate primary
that relationship between the accelerated molar pulpotomy: A meta-analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med
root resorption and the iodoform-containing Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;102:e40–e44.
root canal filling material could not be 6. Tunison W, Flores-Mir C, El Badrawy H, Nassar U,
established, and the accelerated resorption El-Bialy T. Dental arch space changes following
could be due to the inflammatory process premature loss of primary first molars: A systematic
that was initiated by the irreversible pulpitis. review. Pediatr Dent 2008;30:297–302.
Further studies are needed to investigate 7. Wright FAC, Widmer RP. Pulpal therapy in primary
molar teeth: A retrospective study. J Pedod 1979;3:
the relationship between root canal filling
195–206.
material and the rate of root resorption.
8. Harokopakis-Hajishengallis E. Physiologic root
resorption in primary teeth: Molecular and histo-
logical events. J Oral Sci 2007;49:1–12.
9. Sahara N. Cellular events at the onset of physiologi-
CONCLUSION cal root resorption in rabbit deciduous teeth. Anat
Rec 2001;264:387–396.
10. Roberts JF. Treatment of vital and nonvital primary
3PPU DBOBM USFBUNFOU QFSGPSNFE XJUI JPEP- molar teeth by one-stage formocresol pulpotomy:
form-containing root canal filling material Clinical success and effect upon age exfoliation. Int J
Paediatr Dent 1996;6:111–115.
accelerates root resorption in root canal–
11. Haralabakis NB, Yiagtzis SC, Toutountzakis NM.
treated primary molars compared with
Premature or delayed exfoliation of deciduous teeth
homologous teeth without root canal treat-
and root resorption and formation. Angle Orthod
ment. General dentists and pediatric dentists 1994;64:151–157.
who follow the guidelines of the American 12. Barr ES, Flatiz CM, Hicks MJ. A retrospective radio-
Academy of Pediatric Dentistry and perform graphic evaluation of primary molar pulpectomies.
root canal treatments in primary molars Pediatr Dent 1991;13:4–9.
using iodoform-containing root canal filling 13. Van Amerongen WE, Mulder GR, Vingerling PA. Con-
material should be aware that the treated sequences of endodontic treatment in primary teeth.
teeth will probably shed before homologous Part I: A clinical and radiographic study of the influence
of formocresol pulpotomy on the life-span of primary
ones that are not endodontically treated.
molars. ASDC J Dent Child 1986;53:364–370.
14. Bolan M, Rocha MG. Histopathologic study of physi-
ological and pathological resorptions in human
primary teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral
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368 VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012

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Q U I N T E S S E N C E I N T E R N AT I O N A L

Degree of root resorption after root canal

Key words: Endoflas, primary molars, pulpectomy, root canal treatment

VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012 361

362 VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012

Treatment and restoration of the homologous teeth

Stainless steel crown 6 49 11 6 19 91

Fig 1 Diagram showing the various degrees of root

Data collected r Degree 0:5IFQSJNBSZUPPUIXBTTIFE

VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012 363

Table 2 Distribution of endodontically treated teeth and homologous teeth

Table 3 Distribution of endodontically treated teeth and homologous teeth

Data analysis teeth presented degree 1 or 0 of resorption.

364 VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012

Table 4 Distribution of patients by sex and change in root resorption of

VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012 365

Fig 4 Bitewing radiographs at a follow-up appointment 1 year later. Notice both

Fig 5 Bitewing radiographs at a follow-up appointment, age 10 years and 2 months,

(Figs 2 to 5). While root resorption in per- coupled.85IFQSFTTVSFFYFSUFEPOUIFEFO-

366 VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012

existence of a permanent successor and inflicted by the opposing tooth on root

VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012 367

368 VOLUME 43 t /6.#&35 t MAY 2012

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