Overview
• In this part, you will learn to
Networking
Networking Technologies
The Big Questions
• How will each computer be identified?
– If two or more computers want to talk at the same
time, how do you ensure all conversations are
understood?
• What kind of wire should be used to
connect the computers together?
– How many wires in the cable? How thick? How
long? What type of connectors?
• How can access to data and peripherals
be controlled?
• And the list goes on and on…
– Explain network technologies
– Explain network operating systems
– Install and configure wired networks
– Install and configure wireless networks
– Troubleshoot networks
Sneakernet
• To share files used to require making
copies to a floppy and running them over
to someone else…sneakernet
• A way needed to be devised for
computers to share information and
resources
• A network is two or more computers
connected together to share resources
A Few Basics
• A client machine requests information or
services
• Uses a network interface card (NIC) to
define the client on the network and to
physically make a connection
• A medium to connect the devices is
needed
– Cable or wireless
• The operating system needs to
understand how to network
• A server provides information or services
to the client
1
 Packets, Frames, and
MAC Address
NICs
• Data is broken up into small pieces and • Start Î Programs Î Accesories Î
moved about the network in chunks System Tools Î System Information
called packets or frames
• Every network interface card (NIC) has a
built-in identifier called a Media Access
Control (MAC) address
– No two NICs have the same MAC address
anywhere in the world
– Burned into a chip on the card

Packet Fields Protocols

• Packets contain the following fields • Protocols are sets of rules

– MAC address of the network card that it is being – May be used to define packet types, cabling and
sent to connectors, addresses, and much more
– MAC address of the network card that sent the • A hardware protocol defines how to get
packet data from one computer to another
– Data – Ethernet is the dominant standard for today’s
– Data check or cyclic networks
redundancy check • Coaxial
(CRC) used to verify • Unshielded twisted pair
the data’s integrity • Fiber optic
– Token Ring was developed by IBM but is loosing
popularity

Thick Ethernet –
Coaxial Ethernet
10Base5
• Early Ethernet networks used coaxial • Thick Ethernet cable
cable (or just coax) (Thicknet) is used in
the 10Base5
– Composed of a center cable surrounded by
Ethernet
insulation, a shield of braided cable, and an outside
specification
protective cover
– Called RG-8 (Radio
– A different type of coaxial cable is used by your Grade) cable
VCR and TV – 10Base5
• 10 means that data is transferred at 10 Mbps
• Base refers to baseband signaling
• 5 means the maximum length of the cable is 500 meters
– Uses a bus topology where all devices attach to a single
cable
• Computers are connected one to another
• Every computer receives every packet of information

2
 CSMA/CD CSMA/CD

• Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision • To prevent collisions when there is

Detection (CSMA/CD) is a method used multiple access to a cable, computers
by computers to share the same cable first do a carrier sense (listen to the
– If two computers talk (try to send data) at the cable for traffic) before trying to send
same time, a collision results that corrupts the data data

CSMA/CD
• Even though the computers listen before
sending data, it is possible that two
computers listened at about the same
time, heard nothing, and then sent data
– resulting in a collision
• Computer NICs have collision detection
circuitry that alerts them to a collision
Reflection and
Termination
• Signals traveling along a wire will
bounce back when they get to the end –
called reflection
• As a result a terminator is installed on
the ends of the cable to absorb the signal
to prevent it from reflecting back –
which would corrupt the signal

Connections Thicknet Connections

• Thicknet cable is marked every 2.5

meters
– Devices are connected only at these marks by
using a vampire connector that pierces the cable to
make a connection
– It is also a transceiver that transmits and receives
data, sometimes called an access unit interface
(AUI) that connects to a Digital, Intel, Xerox (DIX)
connector
• Thicknet uses a bus topology
– If there’s a break in the cable, the whole network
goes down

3
 Thin Ethernet –
10Base2
• Thin Ethernet is
also known as
Thinnet
– Uses RG-58 coax
cable
– Limited to 30 devices
per segment
– Cable length limited to 185 meters
– Thinner and cheaper than Thicknet
– Transceiver is built into the network
card
– Uses twist-on BNC connectors
– Uses terminators
Star Bus Topology
• Most common topology used is a star bus
– In a star topology all devices are connected to a
central device called a hub
– Multiple hubs are connected together in a bus
topology
– Together they form a star bus topology
– Hubs have been replaced by switches that conserve
bandwidth
Implementing
10*BaseT
• Requires at least two pairs of wires –
one for receiving and one for sending
• Cables use special RJ-45 connectors
• The Telecommunications Industry
Assciation/ Electronics Industries
Alliance (TIA/EIA) has two standards for
connecting the RJ-45 connectors
– TIA/EIA 568A and TIA/EIA 568B
– Use either – just be consistent
– Wires are color-coded
UTP Ethernet –
10BaseT
• Modern networks use UTP Ethernet
– Modern networks do not use Thicknet or Thinnet
– 10BaseT runs at 10 Mbps
– 100BaseT runs at 100 Mbps
– 1000BaseT (Gigabit) runs at 1000 Mbps
– Use a star bus topology
– Uses unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cabling
Unshielded Twisted
Pair
• UTP is the predominant type of cabling
used today
– Pairs of wires are twisted together in an
unshielded cable
– UTP cables come in categories (CATs) that define
the maximum speed at which data can be
transferred (called bandwidth)
• CAT5, CAT5e, and CAT6 are most common today
Combo Cards
• All Ethernet networks share the same
language
• Many NICs will run at either 10 or 100
Mbps
• Some NICs have both BNC and RJ-45
ports
4
 Duplex and Half-
Hubs and Switches
Duplex
• Each PC is connected • Modern NICs can both send and receive
to a hub or switch in a
10*BaseT network data at the same time – called full duplex
– To add a device, just • Older NICs could send and receive data
run another cable to the
hub or switch from the
but not at the same time – called half
device duplex
– The maximum • NICs and switches use autosensing to
separation between the
device and the hub or decide how to operate
switch is 100 meters
– Hubs act as a repeater
that regenerates the
signal before it sends it
back out other ports
– Hubs come in 4, 8, 16,
or 24 ports

Fiber Optic Ethernet Token Ring

• Fiber optic cable uses light instead of • Developed by IBM

electricity • Uses a star ring topology
– Immune to electrical interference – Incompatible with Ethernet
– Signals can travel up to 2,000 meters – Data travels in a ring
– Most Ethernet uses 62.5/125 multimode cable
• Uses token passing
– Uses two cables
– A free token circulates the ring
– Uses SC (square-shaped) or ST (round)
– A device may send data only
connectors
when it has the token
– Common standards are 10BaseFL and
100BaseFX
– Usually reserved for the backbone
due to its expense

Implementing Token Parallel/Serial

Ring Connections
• Legacy Token Ring ran • All versions of Windows have software
at 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps
using IBM Type 1 cable that allows two (and only two) PCs to
– Two-pair, shielded twisted connect together via their parallel or
pair (STP) cable serial ports
– Today’s Token Ring
– Use a crossover IEEE 1284 cable for parallel ports
networks may use UTP or
STP – Use an RS-232 cable for serial ports
– STP comes in various types
– Token Ring cables use an IBM-
type Data Connector (IDC) or
Universal Data Connector (UDC)
designed to plug into each other
– Uses a special hub called a
multistation access unit (MSAU
or MAU)

5
 Client/Server

• In a client/server environment one

machine is dedicated as a resource to be
shared over the network
– Uses a special Network Operating System (NOS)
Network Operating System
• Optimized for sharing files and printers or other resources
• Protects access to the data or resources using security
features
– Called the server
– All other machines are clients or workstations
– Novell NetWare is an enterprise level NOS

Peer-to-Peer Peer-to-Peer

• In a peer-to-peer network all machines

on the network may act as a client or
server
• Peer-to-peer network operating systems
include
– Windows 98/Me
– Windows 2000/XP
– Limited to 10 users accessing a file at one time
– Useful for small networks only
– Lacks security
– Users are part of workgroups

Domain-Based Domain Controllers

• In a peer-to-peer network you must log • Domain Controllers keep the security
in to each server you wish to access database of users and passwords
• In a domain-based network you log into – Directory services are used to store user names
the network just once to access and passwords
resources throughout the network • In Windows 2000 and 2003 server, it is called Active
– Servers on the network may play one or several Directory
roles • In Novell NetWare it is called NetWare Directory Services
• Domain Controller (holds the security database) (NDS)
• File server
• Print server
• Fax server
• Remote Access Services (RAS) server
• Application server
• Web server

6
 Administrative Tools Administrator Account

• The administrator account is a special

user account that has complete and
absolute power over the entire system
• Joining a workgroup or becoming part of
a domain is relatively easy in any version
of Windows

Administrative Tools in
Windows XP Professional

Administrative Tools in
Windows 2000 Server

Joining a Workgroup or
Domain in Windows 98
Protocols

• Network protocol software

– Takes the incoming data received by the network
card
– Keeps it organized
– Sends it to the application that needs it
– Takes outgoing data from the application and
hands it over to the NIC to be sent out over the
network
• The most common protocols used are
– NetBEUI
– IPX/SPX
– TCP/IP
– AppleTalk

NetBEUI IPX/SPX

• NetBIOS Extended User Interface • Internetwork Packet Exchange/

(NetBEUI) Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX)
– Small size – Developed by Novell
– High speed – Routable
– Not routable – NWLink is Microsoft’s version
– Limited to small networks

7
 TCP/IP AppleTalk

• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet • AppleTalk is a proprietary protocol

Protocol (TCP/IP) developed by Apple
– Developed by the U.S. Department of Defense – Used to communicate with older Apple Computers
– Used in networks of all sizes – Apple’s Macintosh OS X supports TCP/IP
– Used on the Internet

Client and Server

Software
• Client software • Server software
– Needed to access data – Any Windows PC may
and resources on a be turned into a server
network by enabling sharing of
– Windows installs Client files, folders, and Installing and Configuring a Wired
for Microsoft Networks printers Network

Network Connectivity Installing a NIC

• To connect to a network you need
– Network Interface Card
• Physical hardware that connects the PC to the network wire
– Protocol
• The language the devices will use to communicate
– Network Client
• Allows the computer system to speak to the protocol
– In addition, if you would like share your files or
printer, you need to enable Microsoft’s File and
Print Sharing
• When choosing a NIC there are three
requirements
– Must run at the proper speed (many NICs run at
more than one speed)
– Must be for the proper technology
• Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber optic (FDDI)
– Must fit into your expansion slot
• ISA, PCI
• If your NIC does not autoinstall, then
use the Add Hardware wizard in Control
Panel

8
 Configuring a Network Client for Microsoft
Client Networks
• You need a network client for each type
of server NOS
– Client for Microsoft Networks
• Alt-click My Network Places (or Network Neighborhood) and
choose Properties
• Double-click the Local Area Connection icon (or choose to
Create a New Network Connection) and choose Properties
• Client for Microsoft Networks is automatically installed
when you install a NIC in Windows
– Client Service for NetWare
• Provides access to file and print services on NetWare
servers

NetBEUI NetBEUI

• NetBEUI
– Windows 2000: Start ÎSettings ÎNetwork and
Dialup Connections ÎDouble-click the Local Area
Connection icon
– Windows 9x/Me: Start ÎSettings ÎControl Panel
Îdouble-click the Network applet
– Click the Properties button
– Install button Îhighlight Protocols and click Add
ÎNetBEUI
– Windows XP has dropped support for NetBEUI

NWLink Configuring TCP/IP

• Microsoft’s implementation of IPX/SPX • TCP/IP is the most widely used protocol

– You’ll also need to install Client Services for
NetWare
– Install the same way you install NetBEUI but
choose NWLink instead
stack in networks today
– It is the protocol of choice for the Internet but may
also be used on small private networks
– TCP/IP is installed just like NetBEUI and NWLink –
just choose Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
– You’ll need to configure and IP address and a
Subnet Mask at the very least

9
 IP Addresses
• Part of an IP address represents the
network or subnet (network ID), while
the other part represents the individual
device (host ID) on that given network
or subnet
• Consists of four sets of 8 binary numbers
(octets) separated by a period
– Called dotted-decimal notation
– Examples are: 10.1.209.5, 202.34.16.11
– In binary the second example is:
• 11001010.00100010.00010000.00001011
Classes of IP
Addresses
• Some addresses are reserved
– 127.0.0.1 (the loopback address) is reserved for
testing
– Three ranges are reserved for private networks
• 10.0.0.1 thru 10.255.255.255.254
• 172.16.0.1 thru 172.31.255.254
• 192.168.0.0 thru 192.168.255.254
– One range is reserved for Automatic Private IP
Addressing
• 169.254.0.1 thru 169.254.255.254
Subnet Mask
• The subnet mask defines which portion
of the IP address belongs to the network
ID and which part belongs to the host ID
– Expressed as a 32-bit number starting with 1s and
ending with 0s
– 1s represent a network ID bit and 0s represent a
host ID bit
• For example, 11111111.00000000.00000000.0000000
means that the first 8 bits define the network ID and the
last 24 bits define the host ID
– It is associated with an IP address
Classes of Addresses
• IP addresses are broken into classes
based on the size of the network
– Class A IP addresses are for large companies
• The first 8 bits or octet is used to define the network
• The other 3 octets are used to define the hosts
• The first octet begins with 0
– Class B IP addresses are for medium size
companies
• The first two octets define the network
• The last two octets define the hosts on each network
• The first octet begins with 10
– Class C IP addresses are for smaller companies
• The first three octets define the network
• The last octet defines the host
• The first octet begins with 110
Classes of IP
Addresses
TCP/IP Services
• TCP/IP is an entire suite of protocols
that offers TCP/IP Services such as
– Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) used on the
World Wide Web
– Telnet used to access remote systems
– Ping to check communication
• TCP/IP is used to link multiple networks
(Local Area Networks or LANs) with
other networks to form an entire Wide
Area Network (WAN)
– Routers are used to route traffic among the LANs
10
 PING, LAN and WAN TCP/IP Settings

• IP address
• Subnet Mask
• Default Gateway
– The address of a
machine (usually a
router) that will deliver
messages to hosts
outside of your local
segment or subnet

TCP/IP Settings TCP/IP Settings

• Domain Name Service (DNS) • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

– To reach any host on a TCP/IP network you need (DHCP)
to know the IP address – Instead of manually
– Instead of remembering IP addresses you may configuring the TCP/IP settings
simply remember a user-friendly name on each computer (static
settings), you may configure
– DNS is a table that equates user-friendly names one computer to manage the
to actual IP addresses assignments for you
– Computers that handle this
use DHCP and are called
DHCP servers
– On the client computer just
choose to “Obtain an IP
address automatically”

TCP/IP Settings TCP/IP Tools: Ping

• Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) • Ping

– Enables Windows network names to be correlated – Tests connectivity to a remote host
to IP addresses (like DNS does for Internet names)
– Define the IP address of the WINS server
– Windows 2000/XP uses a dynamic DNS instead of
WINS

11
 TCP/IP Tools:
WINIPCFG
• WINIPCFG
– Displays your TCP/IP settings in Windows 9x/Me
– Release and Renew allows you to get new TCP/IP
information from a DHCP server
TCP/IP Tools:
nslookup
• NSLOOKUP
– Determines the name of a DNS server among other
things
• Type exit to return to the command prompt
TCP/IP Tools: APIPA
• Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
– When a client cannot obtain an IP address
automatically, Windows 2000/XP will automatically
assign its own IP address from the range
169.254.0.0 thru 169.254.255.254 with a subnet
mask of 255.255.0.0
– APIPA is of value when a DHCP server is not
available – it allows the hosts on the LAN to talk to
each other even though they can’t reach anyone
outside their LAN
TCP/IP Tools: ipconfig
• IPCONFIG
– Displays your TCP/IP settings in Windows
NT/2000/XP
– Release and Renew allows you to get new TCP/IP
information from a DHCP server
TCP/IP Tools: tracert
• TRACERT
– Shows the route a packet takes to its destination
Sharing Drives and
Folders
• To share a drive or folder, alt-click it and
select Sharing
– Share name is the name others will see on the
network
– Windows 9x/Me allows you to define what a user
may do: Read Only, Full, or Depends on Password
– Windows NT/2000/XP using NTFS-formatted drives
allows for much greater and precise control
• Set the network (Sharing tab) permissions to Full Control
• Then use NTFS permissions (Security tab) to exercise more
precise control over who accesses the shared resource and
how they access them
12
 Sharing Drives and Accessing Shared
Folders Resources
• Access shared drives or folders using
Network Neighborhood (Windows NT
and 9x) or My Network Places (Windows
Me, 2000, XP)
– You may also map a drive letter to a shared drive
or folder
– Windows 2000 allows you to add a network icon
instead of using a drive letter
– Windows XP adds a menu option

UNC Sharing Printers

• Universal Naming Convention (UNC) • To share a printer, just alt-click on the

allows you to access network resources printer and choose Sharing
as follows • To access the printer, use the Add
Printer icon and select Network printer
\\SERVER1\FREDC
instead of Local printer

Computer name Share name

Introduction

• Wireless networks are growing in

popularity
• Instead of cables, wireless networks use
Installing and Configuring a either radio waves or beams of infrared
Wireless Network light to communicate with each other
• Most of today’s wireless networks are
based on the IEEE 802.11 standard
– Home Radio Frequency
– Wi-Fi
– Those based on Bluetooth technology

13
 Wireless Networking
Infrared Connections Components

• Infrared transceiver ports are standard • Connection components

on many portable computer, PDAs, and for wider access
high-end printers – PCI cards that accept wireless
– Used to connect local devices to each other without PC cards
using a cable – External USB wireless NICs

Wireless Networking
Wireless Access Point Software

• Wireless Access Point (WAP) • Wireless devices use the same

– Acts like a hub to the wireless hosts in the area
networking clients and protocol as wired
networks
– Use CSMA/CA but have difficulty detecting data
collisions
• Another option is using Request to Send/Clear to Send
(RTS/CTS) where the sending node issues an RTS to the
receiving node, who replies with a CTS

• Wireless networking software is PnP

– Use a utility (usually provided with the wireless NIC
or built into Windows) to configure the Service Set
Identifier (SSID), or network name

Wireless Configuration Wireless Network

Utility Modes
• Ad hoc Mode
– Each wireless node is in
direct contact with each
other in a decentralized
free-for-all
– Form an Independent
Basic Service Set
(IBSS)
– Called peer-to-peer
mode
– Good for a few
computers or
temporary network

14
 Wireless Network Wireless Networking
Modes Security

• Infrastructure Mode • Service Set Identifier (SSID)

– Use one or more WAPs – Configure a unique SSID or network name
to connect wireless
nodes to a wired – Each node needs to have the same SSID
network segment – Not very secure but better than nothing
– A single WAP is called a • MAC Filtering
Basic Service Set (BSS)
– Filtering based on each host’s MAC address burned
– Additional WAPs create
into their NIC
an Extended Basic
Service Set (EBSS) – Creates a type of accepted user

Wireless Network Wireless Networking

Security Standards

• Wireless Equivalency Privacy (WEP) • IEEE 802.11-Based Wireless Networking

– Encrypts data using 40-bit or 104-bit encryption – Wireless Ethernet standard using spread-spectrum
– Provides authentication based on MAC addresses radio waves
but not users – Broadcast and receive at 2.4 GHz
– Encrypts only OSI layers 1 and 2 • 802.11a uses 5 GHz

• Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) – The original standard has been extended to form
the Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP) used
– User authentication using the Extensible in HomeRF networks
Authentication Protocol (EAP)
– Uses encryption key integrity-checking
• IEEE 802.11i
– New security standard

Wireless Network
802.11 Standards
Standards
• Infrared Wireless Networking
– Simple way to share data without adding any additional
hardware or software
– Uses the Infrared Data Association (IrDA) protocol
• Included in Windows 95 and higher
– Line-of-sight required
– No authentication or encryption
• But then you can’t be over 1 meter away

15
 Configuring Wireless Configuring Wireless
Networks Networks

• Physically installing a wireless NIC is the • Wi-Fi and HomeRF

same as installing a wired NIC
• Install the wireless network
configuration utility to configure
additional parameters
– Windows XP has configuration parameters built-in
– Ad hoc
• Each wireless node needs to be configured with the same
network name (SSID)
• May need to select a common channel
• Configure unique host IP addresses
• Configure File and Printer Sharing

• The more important issue is – Infrastructure modes

• Requires a wireless access point (WAP)
authentication and security • All nodes need to be configured with the same SSID
• Configure the WAP with clients that match the chosen
options

Configuring Wireless Configuring Wireless

Networks Networks

• Configuring a Wireless Access Point

(WAP) is usually done through a web
browser
– Enter the WAP’s default IP address (see your
documentation or try 192.168.1.1) in your browser
– Enter the default administrative password (in your
documentation) to log in
• The next few slides show some screen shots of the
configuration pages

Configuring Wireless Configuring Wireless

Networks Networks

16
 Configuring Wireless Configuring Wireless
Networks Networks

• Encryption screen on
client wireless
network adapter
configuration utility

Configuring Wireless
Networks

• Infrared
– About the only thing to do is to confirm in your
network protocol configuration screen that you
have the IrDA protocol installed and enabled
– To transfer files just alt-click the file in Windows Connecting to the Internet
Explorer and choose Send To Infrared Recipient
– To network two computers just choose Connect
Directly to Another Computer when choosing the
connection type

Dial-up Requires a
Ways of Connecting
Modem
• Dial-up • The term modem is an abbreviation for
– Analog modulator/demodulator
– ISDN – Enables computers to communicate with each other
via standard telephone lines
• Dedicated – Convert analog signals into digital signals that can
– DSL be understood by the PC’s COM ports
– Cable – Convert digital signals from the PC’s COM ports
into analog signals for standard telephone lines
– LAN
– Transmit data as a series of
• Wireless individual 1’s and 0’s…
• Satellite serial communication

17
 Modem Connections Dial-up Networking

• Modems connect to the PC in one of two • Dial-up networking

ways – Uses information from your ISP such as the dial-up
– Internal modems connect to a PCI expansion slot phone number, username, password, and other
– External modems connect thru a serial port or a special configuration parameters
USB port – To configure in Windows XP select Network and
Internet Connections in Control Panel, then select
Set up or change your Internet connection and
follow the wizard
– Uses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

ISDN DSL

• Integrated Services Digital Network • Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

(ISDN) – Uses a regular phone line
– Phone companies have upgraded their network – Needs special equipment at both ends
infrastructure to all digital lines – except for the – Much faster than dial-up:
line from your phone to the central office • Upload: 384 Kbps
– To meet the demand for higher speed access to the • Download: 2 Mbps
Internet, phone companies began offering ISDN – Installation requires a NIC and DSL receiver (called
service a DSL modem) and
• ISDN makes that last mile from your phone to the phone proper TCP/IP settings
company’s Central Office digital as well
– Must be within 18,0000
feet from the closest
frame

Other Internet
Cable Connections

• Cable • LANs
– Uses cable TV connections – Most companies connect their network to the
– Very fast speeds…as fast as DSL or faster Internet thru an ISP
– Installation involves connecting the RG-6 or RG-59 – Users connect thru the local LAN
coaxial cable coming in for cable TV to a cable • Wireless
modem to a NIC in the PC
– Wireless connections are great when they work,
– Bandwidth is shared with other users which could but the technology isn’t quite there yet
affect performance
– Security may be an issue
• Satellite
– Uploads used to require a modem but not anymore
– Initial connections still must be made thru a
modem

18
 Troubleshooting
Networks
1. Verify the symptom
– Talk with the user to try to get a solid description
of the symptoms

Troubleshooting Networks 2. When did it happen?

– Does it happen at boot, when the OS loads, or
after the system has been running for awhile?
3. What has changed?
– Try to find out if anything has changed – even
recent changes before the problem began
occurring

Troubleshooting Troubleshooting
Networks Networks
4. Check the environment 7. Separate hardware from software
– Heat, humidity, dirt – Replace the suspect hardware with known good
– What OS? What applications? Do others use the hardware – if that doesn’t solve the problem, then
computer? it’s probably software related
5. Reproduce the problem – Uninstall the suspect software and reinstall it
– Install the latest patch or upgrade
– If a problem happens only once, it’s not a problem
– Check for viruses
– Otherwise, try to make the problem happen again
6. Isolate the symptom 8. Research
– Use the Internet as a great tool
– With hardware remove parts until you find the
suspect one 9. Make the fix and test
– With software remove background programs or – Keep track of what you did so that you may return
boot into Safe Mode to the previous state if the fix does not work

Mike’s Four-Layer
Bluetooth
Model
• Hardware • Bluetooth is designed to replace all those
– Check the hardware starting with the physical layer cables connecting peripheral devices
• Protocols together – keyboards, mouse, printer,
– Is it installed and configured properly? speakers, scanner
– Acceptable for quick file transfers
• Network
– Acceptable for browsing the Internet
– Servers and non-servers
– Hardware comes integrated on most new portable
– Check users and groups, share names
electronic devices or as an internal or external
• Shared resources adapter
– Make sure the resource has been properly shared – Configuration is PnP
– Check the access allowed – Bluetooth access points use a web browser for
configuration

19