Department of History and Pakistan Studies

University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-I
Culture

 The term ‘culture’ is a Latin origin of the World ‘cultus’, which refers to cultivating or
referring something, in such a way that it provides admiration and respect. In other
words, culture is a way the people live, reflected in the language they spoke, food they
eat, clothes they wear and what religion they follow or worship.
 Culture is a complex of a whole which includes beliefs, norms, values, attitudes,
language, customs and habits acquired by men as a social being.
 Culture also includes literature, paintings, sculpture, music, dance, drama, folklores,
festivals and celebrations.
Civilization

 Civilization is described as a process of civilizing or developing the state of human

society, to the extent that the culture, industry, technology, government, etc. reaches the
maximum level.
 It talks about adopting better ways of living, and making best possible use of nature’s
resources, so as to satisfy the needs of the group of people. Further, it stresses on
systematizing society into various groups that work collectively and constantly to
improve the quality of life, regarding food, education, dress, communication,
transportation and the like.

Key Differences between Culture and Civilization

 The term ‘culture’ refers to the embodiment of the manner in which we think, behave and
act. On the contrary, the improved stage of human society, where members have the
considerable amount of social and political organisation and development, is called
Civilization.
 Our culture describes what we are, but our civilization explains what we have or what we
make use of.
 Culture is an end; it has no measurement standards. As against this, civilization has
precise measurement standards, because it is a means.
 The culture of particular region can be reflected in religion, art, dance, literature,
customs, morals, music, philosophy, etc. On the other hand, the civilization is exhibited
 in the law, administration, infrastructure, architecture, social arrangement, etc. of that
area.
 Culture denotes the greatest level of inner refinement, and so it is internal. Unlike,
civilization is external, i.e. it is the expression of state of the art technology, product,
devices, infrastructure and so forth.
 Change in culture is observed with time, as in the old thoughts and traditions lost with the
passage of time and new ones are added to it which are then transmitted from one
generation to another. On the other side, civilization is continuously advancing, i.e. the
various elements of civilization like means of transportation, communication, etc. are
developing day by day.
 Culture can evolve and flourish, even if the civilization does not exist. In contrast,
civilization cannot grow and exist without culture.
Indus Valley Civilization

Key Features

 Basic Concepts of their Success:

i) No individual had the right to usurp wealth and resources of the land single-
handedly.
ii) Divisions of the cities vertically and horizontally
iii) Separation of the religion from the administration. Religion was important part of
spiritual, social and cultural life of the people.
iv) Unified culture and de-centralized government.
v) Voluntary association of the city states and desire for peaceful coexistence.
vi) Technology oriented and industry based economy.
 Religion:
 Worship many gods and goddesses
 The cult of mother goddess
 The male god (three fold concept of Hindus)
(a) Trimukha or three-faced
(b) Pasupati or lord of animals
(c) Mahayogi or the great Mediator
 Animal worship:
 City/Town Planning:
 Development and specialization of technologies reflects important economic and
social changes which were closely tied to status and ritual beliefs.
 Political and Religious changes helped in development and rise of the cities.
 Local Government:
 Because of the autonomous nature of the city-states, the survival and continuous
progress of the Indus civilization depended on a strong and effective system of
governance.
 The cities were divided into sectors on the basis of administrative, commercial,
industrial, agricultural and residential.
 The administration was well organized to take care of the complex nature of the
problems and provide harmonious working relationship.
 Basic institutional framework for city administration was prepared by clan-
leaders.
 Indus Trade & Ruler:
  The Indus rulers governed their cities through the control of trade and religion
rather than military might. No monuments to glorify power and no depictions of
warfare founded.
 Decline & Legacy of the Indus Valley Civilization:
 Around 2000 BC, decline started but North-East and South-East linked to the
core.
 Standard of construction of buildings, artifacts deteriorated in quality.
 Deterioration continued till 1700 BC but some regions were intact with the central
regime. But after 1700 BC link b/w the different regions began to weaken.
 Factors of disintegration:
 Political and Administrative structure inadequate for too large area to take
care of it.
 The Central Authority weakened
 The Spirit of an Age decreased
 Independent Regional groups
 River Indus might change its course
 Decreased rainfalls
 Clash of Civilizations:
 Aryan rural culture while Indus had urban culture.
 Aryans were villagers in nature but Indus people paid more attention on
development & growth.
 Indus people were peace-loving while Aryans were aggressive and
believed in expansion policy.
 Indus people loved indoor games while Aryans preferred outdoor games.
 Indus worshipped Humped-Bull while Aryans worshipped Cow.
 Indus people physically thin and creative in nature while Aryans
physically strong and warriors in nature.
 Department of History and Pakistan Studies
University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-II
Advent of Islam in the Subcontinent

 Arrival of Arab traders to Indian shore.

 Arabs’ contact with local people of Indo-Pak and inspired them.
 Piety, Simplicity and Preaching
 Quaid said, “Pakistan came into existence on the day when the first Indian national
embraced Islam.”
 The arrival of M.B.Qasim & his Initiatives (Sindh as Bab-ul-Islam)
 Islam as faith and system of the land introduced.
 Sharia as supreme law of the land
 Did not confiscate land and properties
 Extended the rights of the Dhimmis or Minorities.
 Enforced Poll-Tax on Hindus.
 Hindus & non-Muslims enjoyed rights of the protected class to remain loyal to the
Caliphate.
 Spread of Islam in other parts of the sub-continent.

The Impact of Islam in the Subcontinent

 Social Impact:
 Muslims thrashes the Caste System of India.
 India seriously lacked solidarity and homogeneity.
 Muslims ensured equal rights to all communities.

 Economic Impact:
 Muslims introduced new Islamic economic system based on the fundamentals of
Islam.
 Muslims destroyed the monopoly of the Hindu Merchants.
 Muslims established trade relations with the native people of the subcontinent.
 Political Impact:
 Muslims introduced Khilafat.
 Muslims established rule of law and justice
  Muslims ended the ruling or elite class.
 Peace & security was granted to all communities whether belongs to Islam,
Christianity, and Hinduism etc.

 Religious Impact:
 Islam negates the philosophies of class-distinction, inhuman trends and customs.
 Islam challenged social, spiritual and religious orthodoxy of Hinduism.
 Bhagti Movement’s (Love & Brotherhood) philosophy and Islamic school of thought.
 Religious Influence:
 Concept of Tauheed or oneness of God & brotherhood
 Equality of masses before Law
 Diminishing the difference of class, creed & caste
 Department of History and Pakistan Studies
University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-III

Aligarh Movement & Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

 The War of Independence 1857 ended disastrous for the Muslims of India. The British
believed that the Muslims were responsible for the war of 1857 and therefore, they were
subjected to ruthless punishment and merciless revenge.
 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan made, modern education, the way to progress.
 After the Muslim rule, the British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic
changes. The policy exempted Arabic, Persian and religious education and made English
as the only medium of instruction as well as the official language in 1835.
 In these days of misery and depression, Sir Syed appeared on the horizon to rescue the
Muslims of India. Sir Syed had the conviction to visualize the Muslims about an era of
science and learning, which was the source of progress and prosperity for the British.
Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement. He tried hard to
transform Muslim’s minds from medieval outlook to a modern one.
 Sir Syed’s objective was to modernize the Muslims about the Western culture,
philosophy, literature & values to create friendly relation and get along with the ruling
people. Therefore he started Aligarh movement with immediate objectives:
1) To remove tension between the Muslims and the British government.
2) To encourage them to get jobs and other facilities under the new government.
 The ideas of Sir Syed may be summed up as following:
i) To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British
government and the Muslims.
ii) To motivate the Muslims to learn Western education.
iii) To persuade Muslims to abstain from confrontational politics.
 Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk, Hali, Shibli, Nazir Ahmad, Chiragh
Ali, Mohammad Hayat, and Zakaullah and some English professors like Bech, Morison,
and Arnold also contributed greatly in building up the Aligarh College into a standard
institution.
 Sir Syed launched his educational movement by setting up Gulshan School at
Muradabad 1859; Victoria School at Gazipur in 1863; Scientific Society for the
translation of English works in the native language, Urdu, at Aligarh in 1864; Aligarh
 Institute Gazette imparting information on history - ancient and modern, science of
agriculture, natural sciences, physical sciences and Advanced Mathematics in 1866;
Committee Striving for the Educational Progress of Muslims - 1870; Mohammedan
Anglo-Oriental School (MAO) at Aligarh in 1875 and later raised to the level of college
in 1877 and university in 1920; Mohammedan Educational Conference (1886), which
met every year to take stock of the educational problems of the Muslims and to persuade
them to get modern education and abstain from politics; it later became a political
mouthpiece of the Indian Muslims and the forerunner of the All India Muslim League.
 Besides all, Sir Syed’s writings played very important role in popularizing the ideas for
which the Aligarh stood. His works: Risala-e-Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind (1858), Loyal
Muhammadans of India, Tabyin ul Kalam, Khutbate Ahmadia, Aasar us Sanadeed.
These works rooted out the misunderstandings about Islamic teachings and helped create
cordial relation between the Government and the Indian Muslims and also helped to
remove the misunderstanding about Islam and Christianity.
 Sir Syed forbade Muslims to join Hindu dominated political party I.N.C as Hindus were
the founder of Urdu-Hindi controversy.
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s Contributions

 Syed Ahmad Khan was born at Delhi in 1817. When the great Mughal Empire was close
to a complete collapse. Sir Syed’s family had already joined the East India Company and
his maternal grandfather served in Iran and Burma under the British government. Sir
Syed got interest in English from his maternal family. The death of his brother made him
serious and energetic to face life courageously. Another event that changed him entirely
was the War of Independence in 1857. He died on March 27, 1898 and was buried in
Aligarh.
 Sir Syed and Politics
In the political arena, Sir Syed’s numerous successes are:
i) Eradicated misunderstandings between the Muslims and the British
ii) Awakening among the Muslims about the political ups and downs
iii) Motivated the Muslims to absorb the modern education of the West, the source of
development
iv) Won the British confidence and cordial relationship for the betterment of the
Muslims
 Urdu-Hindi Controversy
In 1867, Benarsi Hindus started campaign to replace Urdu by Hindi. To gain the
 objectives, they declared numerous organizations, which discouraged Sir Syed who said
to Shakespeare that since now both the nations could not live together. Later the
followers of Sir Syed tried their level best to save Urdu language.
 Muslims as a Nation
 United Indian Patriotic Association
 Mohammadan Defense Association
 Major Political Developments 1857-1918
i) Decline of Muslims after the 1857 Uprising
ii) Sir Syed and his colleagues’ efforts for revival of the Muslims
iii) Removal of misunderstanding between the Muslims and the British
iv) Educational movement or acquisition of modern knowledge and English
v) Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the issue that unearthed the hatred and enmity of Hindu
community towards the Muslims.
vi) Formation of the Congress was a method to incorporate the Muslims in Hinduism. It
popularized the confrontational politics that Muslims could not afford because they were
still recovering the past gaps.
vii) Hindu Revivalist movements mostly targeted the Muslims that accelerated the pace of
widening the gulf between the two nations.
 Department of History and Pakistan Studies
University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-IV
Ideology of Pakistan

 Pakistan’s ideology means Pakistan would be state where the Muslims should have an
opportunity to live according to their faith and creed based on the Islamic principles.
They should have all the resources at their disposal to enhance Islamic culture and
civilization, because this was the sole purpose of demanding a separate homeland for the
Muslims.
 The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical
experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-
Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by
passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the
realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that they
demanded separate electorates.
 The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the nature of the Muslim community of South
Asia to maintain their individuality in the Hindu society. The Muslims believed that
Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but are two social orders that produced
two distinct cultures.
 The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or
ethnic rather they were a nation because they belonged to the same faith, Islam.

 Basis of Pakistan Ideology:

 Based on Ideals of Islamic system.
 Reaction to the Hindu and British exploitation.
 Revolt against the prevailing system.
 Against the imposition of Hindu Nationalism on Muslims and their culture.
 To save Muslim culture from elimination.

 Aims & Objectives of the Establishment of Pakistan

 Enforcement of the Sovereignty of Allah Almighty.

 Establishment of Islamic Democracy.
 Revival of Muslim image & identity.
 Protection of Muslim culture & civilization.
 Two Nation theory.
 Rule of Law, socio-economic justice, impartiality and fair play.

 Equality of opportunity to all citizens irrespective of caste, sect, religion or region.

 Religious and Cultural tolerance.
Quaid & Ideology of Pakistan

 The role of leadership is very important to put nation on the way. A good leadership
infuses the qualities of awareness, consciousness, mobilization, sense of direction, and
defense against the adversaries. The Muslims were lucky having such competent
leadership.
 Quaid’s achievements:
i) Legislative Council in 1909
ii) All India Muslim League (AIML) in 1913
iii) disagreement with Gandhi on Swaraj (self-rule) on using extra-constitutional
means
iv) resigned from Congress in 1920
v) Separate Electorate
vi) One third seats in Central Legislature
vii) Protection of Minorities rights
viii) 14 Points in 1929
 Jinnah used the term NATION in Feb 1935 (Legislative Assembly). He argued that the
combination of religion, culture, race, arts, music and so forth make a minority a
SEPARATE ENTITY.
 In 1947, Jinnah believed that Islam is a dynamic force that can unite the Muslims. It can
help to overcome the present crisis. It’s a source of inspiration and guidance providing
ethical foundation, a framework, social order and civilization.

Iqbal & Ideology of Pakistan

 Iqbal’s first public appearance was in 1899 at the annual session of Anjuman Himayat-i-
Islam in Lahore when he presented the poem, Nala-i-Yatim.
 At initial stages Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his poetry like Tarana-i-Hind.
 After educated from Europe he criticized Capitalism, materialism & lack of spiritualism.
 Iqbal compared the Western culture with Islam and reached at the conclusion that
mankind’s emancipation & welfare lay in the adoption of Islam as a way of life.
 Iqbal was a poet, teacher & thinker, to safeguard the interests of the Muslims he had
come in the arena of politics.
 Iqbal awakened the Muslim nation through his stirring verses to demand a separate
homeland. He rendered his services for this purpose.
 Iqbal considered Islam as a complete code of life. He advised Muslims to understand
their real position and shed away their mental confusion and narrow approach to life. He
clarified the glorious image of Muslim Ummah.
 Iqbal openly negated the concept of One-Nation in India and emphasized on separate and
distinct image of the Muslims. Iqbal considered the establishment of Pakistan very
essential for the restoration of national and religious identity of the Muslims.
 Iqbal said Islam guides the mankind in every aspect of worldly life and therefore must be
enforced in an Islamic state as a code of life. He based the foundation of homeland on the
religion which later became the Ideology of Pakistan.
 He said, Islam strengthens the life by infusing spiritual unity. In Islam the Almighty,
Universe, the Soul and the Matter are the different parts of One Whole.
 Iqbal declared that religion and politics are not separated from each other in Islam.
 Iqbal believed in separate identity of the Muslims as a Nation.
 He said “I am fully convinced that Muslims of India will ultimately have to establish a
separate homeland and there would be no possibility of peace until or unless Muslim are
recognized as a separate nation as they have their own cultural values”
 In India people belonging to different languages, professing different religions, for them
to make a constitution on the conception of homogeneous India is to lead to Civil War.
 Iqbal favored the Federal system which brings unity and solidarity to the country.
 Residuary powers must be left to the self-governing units.
 Iqbal said, I have been staunch advocate of putting an end to religious prejudices and
distinctions from the country but now I believe that the protection of separate national
identity is in the best interest of both Hindus and Muslims.
 Muslims as separate nation with their cultural values and religious trends.
 Iqbal’s poetry, writings, speeches and sayings aroused a sense of respect, self-realization
and determination in the Muslim masses.
 Department of History and Pakistan Studies
University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-V
Initial Problems of Pakistan
Introduction:
Pakistan began its independent life under very difficult and unfavorable circumstances. Pakistan
faced serious Problems in the initial stages.
 New Administration
i) Shortage of trained human power.
ii) Shortage of office space, equipment and furniture.
iii) Disturbed the connection b/w Centre & the Provinces
iv) Huge burden of Refugees
 Division of Assets
i) Financial Assets
 Initially rupees 200 million were transferred.
 More funds transferred under the threat of Gandhi of marn bert.
ii) Military Division
 Obstacles in the Pakistan’s share of weapons, equipment, and stores.
 Broken and damaged stuff was sent by the India.
 Pakistan did not get any ordinance factory.
 Reorganization of army was very tough job. There was no army officer up
to the rank of colonel.
 Integration of Princely States
Out of 560 princely states, about 500 states had joined India before August 15, 1947
because of the motivation by V. P. Menon and Mountbatten. The Hindu-British
conspiracy blocked states to join Pakistan.
i) Junagarh
 The ruler was Muslim while the majority of its population was Hindu.
 The ruler decided to accede to Pakistan and Pakistan also accepted the
accession.
 In November 1947, the Indian troops entered the state and took its control.
 The referendum favored India.
ii) Hyderabad
 Its ruler was Muslim and majority population was Hindu.
 It was surrounded by India from all sides.
 The Nazim of the state wanted to stay independent.
 Mountbatten discouraged him and signed Standstill Agreement.
 India built pressure on the Nazim by sending its troops in September 1948,
claiming that serious law and order situation had developed.
 The state was integrated in India.
iii) Kashmir
 Its ruler was Hindu while population was Muslim.
 Population inclined towards Pakistan but ruler declared to join India.
The Kashimiri people revolt against the ruler in Poonch area and soon it
became widespread.
 The ruler sought Indian support.
 On October 1947, Indian troops landed in Srinagar.
 The people continued their struggle for independence and India promised
to finally settle the matter with reference to the people under the UN
Resolution.
 Communal Riots and Arrival of Refugees
 Communal riots occurred earlier August 1946.
 The killing of Muslims in Indian areas forced them to leave India.
 The refugee problems created critical condition in the border area.
 The massive migration proved serious economic and humanitarian problems for
the new state.
 The military was asked to help cope with the refugee problem.
 Canal water and trade issues
 The major rivers flow from Kashmir and some canal heads located in India.
 In 1948, India cut off water to some canal that was a serious threat to Agriculture
in West Pakistan.
 The Indian plans to build water storage on the rivers that are vital for Pakistan’s
economy, worsened the situation.
 In September, the World Bank settled the problem under Indus Water Treaty.
 Trade Problem & the Economy
 India devalued its currency in 1949 but Pakistan refused to do so.
 It stopped trade that adversely affected Pakistan’s economy.
 Pakistan had inherited weak economy and poor industrial base.
 Department of History and Pakistan Studies
University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-VI

Constitutional Development in Pakistan 1947-58

 Objective Resolution (12 March, 1949):

 Allah is the supreme, sovereign and sovereignty belongs to Allah.

 The state shall exercise its power & authority through the elected representatives.
 The principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social justice as
enunciated by Islam will be completely adhered.
 Muslims shall be enabling to evolve their lives individually as well as collectively
according to the teachings of the Holy Quran & Sunnah.
 Minorities would be protected and would be free to profess and practice their
religion.
 Pakistan will be Federation, where Provinces will enjoy autonomy in conformity
to national unity & interest.
 Adequate provisions shall be made to safeguard the legitimate interests of
backward areas and depressed classes.
 All basic rights granted to the people of Pakistan.
 Judiciary will be free and independent.

Constitutional Issues
 The Constitution is a set of basic principles and framework for governance and exercise
of political power and legal authority. It clarifies the scope of power, relationship among
various institutions within the government and society. It has precedence over ordinary
laws cannot be changed like ordinary laws.

Major Issues
The major issues, the first constituent assembly faced, were about:
 Federalism
 Federalism is meant to accommodate diversity for maintaining the unity of the
state.
 Representation
 Separate or Joint Electorate
 The National Language Issue
 Parliamentary or Presidential system
 The Islamic or Secular State
 1st Draft of the BPC:
 The Basic Principles Committee presented its first report on 28th October 1950.
 Two Houses of the Parliament
  Lower House on the basis of population
 Upper House on the basis of equal representation of units
 2nd Draft of BPC or Parity Proposals
 The Final report of the BPC was presented on 22nd December 1952 by the then
Prime Minister Khwaja Nazim-ud-Din.
 Two Houses of the Parliament
 Equal Representation to East and West Wing
Salient Features
i) Head of State will be Muslim.
ii) Head of State elected by the joint session of the Central Legislature.
iii) Head of State’s term of office will be 5 years.
iv) Federal legislature consist of Two houses
 House of Units (consists of 120 seats)
 House of Peoples (consists of 400 seats)
 It shall be equally distributed among East & West Pakistan.
v) West Pakistan’s seats further divided to its Provinces.
vi) Term of each House shall be 5 years.
vii) Both House shall have equal powers.
viii) Amendment will be held with the consent of both houses.
ix) The Councils of Ministers collectively responsible to the House of
Peoples.

Muhammad Ali Formula or Proposals

 7 October, 1953
 Salient Features:
i) Central legislature shall consist of two houses.
ii) In upper house membership consists of 50 seats.
iii) Lower hose consists of 300 seats divided among the units on the basis of
population. 175 each for East & West Pakistan.
iv) Vote of confidence in the cabinet or election of the Head of the State decided only
in joint sessions.
 If President from West Pakistan than P.M must be from East Pakistan.
v) Urdu and Bengali would be National language and English as an official language
of the country.
vi) Controversial issues would be decided in Joint Session.
vii) For any matter of consideration 30% acceptance from the both Units East & West
Pakistan is mandatory.

Causes of Delay in Constitution Making till 1956

 Difference of opinion on Islamic Constitution.
 The language problem.
 The problem of adequate representation.
 Powers- The Provincial Autonomy.
 Powers of the President and Assembly.
 Problem of Form of Govt. (Presidential or Parliamentary)
  Negligence of the Muslim League Leaders.
 Poor performance & defeat of Muslim League in East Pakistan.
 Extra-Constitutional measures or the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.
 The behavior of the Bureaucracy.
 Difference of opinion on the issue of Democracy.
 One Unit Bill
 Electoral system and Minority Rights.

Muslim League’s Causes of Decline

 Before 1947, Muslim League was a National political movement but after the partition it
merely became political party.
 Death of Quaid.
 Assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951.
 Divergent interests inside the League.
 Muslim League failed to maintain harmonious relations.
 Dismissal of Nazim-ud-Din Ministry.
 Party leaders accepted high positions.
 Internal rivalries forced competent leaders to leave.
 Muslim League failed to build up strong organizational loyalties, especially in West
Pakistan.
 No educational, moral or ethical code of conduct for political fitness.
 Language and cultural barriers prevented politicians to mix together.
 Absence of any other political party. (single party system)
 After Quaid, Muslim League failed to capture the imagination of young population.
 Muslim League lost its emotional appeal.
 Party cluster around personalities instead of ideology or interest.
 Muslim League in her tenure failed to solve problems such as differences b/w Central
Govt. and East Pakistan, Agrarian problems, Economic problems, rehabilitations of
refugees and Constitution making.
 Politicians used party as vehicle for personal power, when it was not possible they
abandoned party relations & made new alliances.
 Defeat in East Pakistan election in 1954.
 Upper level of representatives exclusively came from West Pakistan.
 Muslim League had programme of Islamic state or Islamic Ideology.
 Merger of Party leadership and Govt. leadership.
 Neglected the problems of the masses.
 Coalition Govt.
 Imbalanced growth of industry.
 Communist elements.
 Issue of Qadiani’s
 United Front of East Pakistan.
 Resignation of Muhammad Ali.
 Absence of genuine opposition.
 Enactment of One-Unit Bill.
 Sledge Hammering Constitution.
Constitution of 1956
 23 March, 1956
 Characteristics:
i) Federal in Nature
ii) Parliamentary form of Govt.
iii) Uni-cameral legislature
 The absence of the other House was compensated by the powers of the
President.
iv) Emergency powers of the President.
v) Fundamental Rights.
vi) Independence of Judiciary.
vii) Islamic color of the Constitution.
 Sovereignty of Allah
 Name as Islamic Republic of Pakistan
 Head of State must be Muslim
 Islamic principles as guiding rules
 No law against Quran &Sunnah
viii) Urdu-Bengali as National languages and English official languages.
ix) Single Citizenship.
 Department of History and Pakistan Studies
University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-VII

The Era of General Muhammad Ayub Khan (1958-1969)

 First Military Take-over in Pakistan
 On 7th of October 1958 Martial Law was imposed and the 1956 Constitution of
Pakistan was abrogated by President Iskandar Mirza.
 On 27th of October, General Ayun Khan removed President Iskandar Mirza and
became the Chief Martial Law Administrator of the country.
 Martial Law remained imposed from October 1958 to June 1962.
 Constitutional Rule was restored on June 1962 and remained till the 2nd Martial
Law on March 1969.
 Ayub Khan got himself elected as President in 1960 through referendum and re-
elected in January 1965 through presidential elections.
 Important Policy Measures Taken by Ayub Khan
 Political Reforms:
 Ayub Khan introduced the system of controlled democracy, in the first phase; he
introduced system of Local/Self Government in 1959 and issued Basic
Democracy Order.
Basic Democrats are to function as Electoral College for the election of the
President and members of the Central and Provincial Assemblies.
 Basic Democrats System:
A system of local Govt. which endeavors to get maximum active participation of
the people in the management of their affairs at every level of Governmental
hierarchy.
Functions:
i) Provide maximum cooperation b/w the people and Government officials.
ii) To decentralize the administration.
iii) To coordinate in administrative activities of the Govt. at various levels.
 In June 1959, Government departments started shifting to Rawalpindi from
Karachi as it was made Provisional Capital and in February 1960 new capital
named “Islamabad” was made by the President’s Cabinet.
 The Constitution of 1962
 Public Office Disqualification Order (PODO)
 Elective Bodies Disqualification Order (EBDO)
 PODO was for the corrupt Govt. servants and EBDO for corrupt elected representatives.
Ayub believed that the corrupt politicians and Civil servants were mainly responsible for
political, moral, social degradation of the country.
 Land Reforms:
 No person can own or possess more than 500 acres irrigated & 1000 acres un-
irrigated land.
 The land in excess to the prescribed limit would be taken-up on the payment of
“Fair” compensation in the form of interest bearing bonds exchangeable in 25
years.
 The resumed land would be offered to the existing tenants for sale, in
installments.
 Occupancy tenants would become full owners.
 The Land Reforms were accompanied by four major policies to improve
productivity. These policies were:
o Irrigation
o Land Reclamation
o Mechanization
o Scientific tested inputs
 Economic Reforms:
To eliminate disorder and to pave way for smooth industrial growth, Ayub
adopted the policy of “Gradual Liberalization of Economy”
 Prices of industrial goods stabilized
 Govt. removed the constraints on profit margin and prices.
 Investment procedure made simple, relaxed and restrictions imposed on
both imports and exports.
 The acquisition of import license was made easier.
 Govt. took measures to increase foreign exchange by encouraging exports.
 Bonus Voucher Scheme (10 January, 1959) introduced to accelerate
foreign exchange by pushing exports, in which certain raw materials and
manufactured goods received import permits equivalent to 10-40% of the
value of export goods.
 Domestic market strengthened by the imposition of tariffs on imported
goods.
 Agreement concluded with Muslim countries i.e RCD (Regional
Cooperation FOR Development) established in 1964.
 Social Reforms:
 Ayub issued “Family Law Ordinance 1961”
 Polygamy was prohibited except under special circumstances.
 Family laws prescribed minimum marriageable age limit for males and females.
 Maintenance allowance for divorced women & children.
 Registration of the marriages.
 Inheritance rights to grandson if father and grandfather died.
 Divorce laws were tightened; man must need the permission letter in written form
from his first wife for second marriage.
 A man wishing to divorce his wife will have to go to Union Council.
  Family Planning programme started with the financial assistance of U.S

Department of History and Pakistan Studies

University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-VIII
 1962 Constitution of Pakistan
 A Constitutional Commission was established in February 1960 under the
chairmanship of Justice Shahabuddin, former Chief Justice.
 Commission presented its report in May 1961 after then two committees reviewed
it. Under the report of these committees the new Constitution was drafted.
 Ayub Khan announced the Constitution on March 1, 1962. Elections to the
National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies were held in April and May 1962
respectively.
 The new Constitution was enforced on June 8, 1962. Martial Law was withdrawn.
 The new Constitution was consisted of 250 articles, 5 schedules.
 Salient Features:
i) Federal system
ii) Presidential form of Government
iii) Uni-cameral legislature
iv) Indirect elections
v) Fundamental Rights
vi) Islamic Provisions
o Objective Resolution made preamble of the constitution.
o Compulsory education of Quran & Islamic Studies.
o Promoting National Unity and acting upon Islam.
o The management of Zakat, Mosques & Auqaf.
o Cordial relations with Muslim Countries.
o No law conflicting with Islam.
o Establishment of Islamic Advisory Council.

 Tashkent Declaration (important clauses): 10 January 1966

i) Both counties shall establish better relations as neighbor and would not use of
force. All issues resolved peacefully in accordance with the UN Charter.
ii) By the 25th of February 1966, both countries pulled back their troops, abide by
cease-fire decided by the United Nations last September 1965.
iii) Mutual ties shall be established on the principles of non-interference of each
other’s internal affairs.
iv) Both countries avoid propaganda that might spread tension and shall encourage
the promotion of mutual friendship.
 v) Diplomatic ties shall be restored.
vi) Both countries discuss ways & means to restore mutual communication along
with commercial, economic & cultural ties.
vii) Make arrangements for exchange of prisoners of war.
viii) Both shall hold mutual dialogue on the question of illegal immigrants, assets and
properties seized.
ix) Joint institutions shall be established to report their Govt. regarding the future
initiatives.

 Downfall of Ayub Khan:

i) Economic policies only affect West Pakistan with increasing growth rate.
ii) Emergence of class inequality in society.
iii) Constitution of 1962 deprived Bengalis participation in decision making process.
iv) Economic developmental strategy gave birth to economic elitism, 22 families.
v) Educational reforms did not produce desired results.
vi) Basic provisions of Health & Sanitation neglected.
vii) Controlled Democracy.
viii) Censorship on political parties and anti Ayub elements, (PODO and EBDO)
ix) Tashkent Declaration (weaknesses in Foreign Policy).
x) Ayub’s family indulgence in plundering of national wealth.
xi) Demand for restoration of Parliamentary Form of Govt. and abolition of indirect
method of elections.
xii) Firing by the police in the funeral procession of Fatima Jinnah in July 1967.
xiii) Rigging in the Presidential elections.
 Department of History and Pakistan Studies
University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-IX

Separation of East Pakistan

 The Language Controversy:
 Lingua Franca, Urdu in Arabic and Hindi in Devnagri
 1888 Govt. inquiry, Muslim preferred.
 1935 Education Advisory Committee referred Urdu as Lingua Franca in Bengal.
 During 20th century, Bengali gained peak as source of literary expression.
 Bengali Minister called for Educational Conference.
 Education Advisory Board taught Bengali in Arabic.
 Interim Report of Basic Principles Committee: Urdu as National language.
 Agha Khan, Urdu associated with Muslim League’s downfall.
 Provincial Muslim League recommended Bengali but Constituent assembly
calledt Communist inspired.
 Representation in Services:
 1 Bengali among 83 Civil Service Officers.
 Central Govt. conspicuous postings.
 In Bengali Constituent assembly, no Bengali on key posts.
 Economic Grievances:
 East Pakistan produced 70% Jute but had no mills.
 Non-Bengalis monopolized the Jute trade.
 West Pakistan exploiters.
 Provincial Committee demanded abolition of Jute Board and Nationalization but
Central Govt. took no action.
 Dispute over Revenues b/w Centre and Provinces.
 Provincial leadership demanded full Provincial autonomy.
 The emergence of New Political Parties:
 East Pakistan Awami Muslim League.
 Ganatantri-Dal (GD Democratic Party)
 Youth League
 KarishikSramik Party (Peasant Worker Party)
 Nizam-i-Islam Party
 Khilafat-i-Rabbani Party (Divine Sovereignty)
  Suppression of Political Activities:

Mujib-ur-Rehman’s 6 Points
 It should be Federal Pakistan, on the basis of Lahore Resolution and Parliamentary Form
of Govt.
 Federal Govt. should only deals with Defense and Economic affairs.
 Provinces should have Tax levying powers.
 Establishment of separate Militia of East Pakistan.
 Two regions as East & West Pakistan establish trade links with foreign countries with
separate accounts.
 Different currency, a separate banking reserve and separate Fiscal and Minority policy
for East Pakistan or for Province.
 Department of History and Pakistan Studies
University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-X

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

 Simla Agreement or Accord:
 29 June—2 July, 1972
 Both countries shall respect each other’s borders, in line with the UN Charter. In
other words, the occupied territories shall be returned and the troops shall be
pulled back to the pre-war positions.
 Both take gradual steps to normalize their mutual relations, which included
restoration of communication & transport, increase in the cultural, economic ties
& diplomatic relations.
 Jammu & Occupied Kashmir’s cease fire line shall be respected.
 Both countries agreed to continue their talks about Kashmir and the return of the
prisoners of war.
 Constitution of 1973: (Key Features)
 14 August 1973
 Democratic Creation
 Parliamentary System
 Bi-cameral Legislature
 Provincial Autonomy
 Fundamental Rights granted.
 Direct Elections
 Independence of Judiciary
 Protection of Rights of Minorities.
 Socialist flavor
 The guarantee of preserving the Constitution.
 Solution of Qadiyani issue
 The Separate Electoral system
 Urdu as State language
 Islamic Provisions:
o Objective Resolution in preamble.
o Sovereignty of Allah
o Islam as state religion
 o Laws making in the light of Quran & Sunnah
o End of Usury
o Red Cross changed Red Crescent
o Alcohol, gambling, and night clubs banned
o Sunday holiday were replaced with Friday.
o Establishment of Ministry of Religious Affairs.
o Copies of holy Quran placed in all the rooms of first class hotels.
o Enforcement of Zakat &Ushar.
o President and Prime Minister must be Muslim.
o Definition of Muslim & the acceptance of Khatm-e-Nabuvvat in the oath.
o The correct printing of Holy Quran
o The teaching of Arabic
o The formation of the Islamic Council
 Economic Reforms:
 Nationalization, Govt. wanted to save people from adverse impact of galloping
prices. Govt. raised the wages and salaries which laid tremendous inflationary
stress on the economy. Nationalization programme could not arrest inflation and
also missed the corporatist element.
 Land Reforms (1st March 1972):
 It was promised of fixing a low ceiling, abolition of absentees, landlordism and
promotion of cooperative farming.
 Landholdings limited to 150 acres irrigated and 300 acres un-irrigated in 1972.
 Landholdings later limited to 100 acres irrigated and 200 un-irrigated in 1977.
 Rights of pre-emption were granted to the tenants for the area cultivated by them,
to ensure security to the tenancy rights.
 In 1975, small landholders of 12 acre irrigated and 25 acres un-irrigated were
exempted from land revenue and cesses.
 Generous tax deductions allowed for the purchase of agricultural machinery,
agriculture credit also channeled into financing mechanization.
 Social or Educational Reforms:
 1st Phase of Educational policy announced in Oct, 1972.
 Education made compulsory up to class 8th.
 In 2nd Phase Education made compulsory and free up to class 10th.
 Labor Reforms:
 Labor Law Ordinance 1975, to satisfy the militant labor force.
 The industrialists & factory owners were made responsible for bearing the
expenditure of education of one child of every worker or labourer.
 Department of History and Pakistan Studies
University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-XI

Zia-ul-Haq 1977-1988

 Political Philosophy:
Zia adopted 3 fold policies to obtain legitimacy for his regime.
 He used Islam as possible as legitimization strategy for the consolidation of his
autocratic rule.
 He introduced constitutional reforms that would provide legal basis to his power,
58-2B
 He tried to oppress all sort of opposition political parties.
 The imposition of Martial Law:
 Preparation of Elections and the New Cabinet:
 The Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan:
 Search for New Political System:
 The New Federal Cabinet:
 The Provisional Constitution:
 Majlis-e-Shoora
 The Formation of MRD:
 The performance of the Shoora& New Election Schedule:
 Local Bodies Elections:
 Ban on Student Unions:
 Amendments in the Constitution:
 The formation of Junejo’s Govt.
 The revival of Party System:
 The Lifting of Martial Law:
 Junejo’s 5 Points:
 Zia’s measures for the enforcement of Islam:
 Reforms in Information Media
 Ban on indecent ads
 Contact with Ulema & Mashaikh
 Eradication of Lawlessness & Immorality (Chadar&Chardiwari)
 Prayer in Congregation
  Respect of Ramzan
 Re-orientation of Educational Policies
 International Islamic University
 Hudood Ordinance
 Sharia Courts
 Appointment of Federal Ombudsman
 Progress towards Islamic Economic System
 National Language & National Dress

Department of History and Pakistan Studies

University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-XI

Experience with Democracy since 1988- 1999

 Democracy was restored but no civilian government could complete its tenure of
five years and became the victim of 58-2B of 8th Amendment by virtue of that
President can dissolve NA and dismiss the elected government.
 Benazir Bhutto 1st Government (November 1988-August 1990)
 Nawaz Shariff 1st Government (October 1990-July 1993)
 Benazir Bhutto 2nd Government (October 1993-November 1996)
 Nawaz Sharif 2nd Government (February 1997-October 1999)

Interim Prime-Ministers Appointed for holding Fair Elections

 Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi (August-October 1990)
 Bulkh Sher Mazari (April-May 1993)
 Dr. Moeen Qureshi (July-October1993)
 Malik Miraj Khalid (November 1996 to February 1997)

Civilian governments adopted policies for the welfare and betterment of people but their
effects were compromised due to several reasons:
 Problem of keeping coalition intact
 Weak political parties, which weakened the governments
 Greater confrontation
 Complains of corruption and misuse of state resources
 Department of History and Pakistan Studies
University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-XII

Musharraf Era: Martial Law, Major Reforms & Events

 In 1999 again, Military Rule was imposed against the civilian government’s attempt to
concentrate power in the office of Prime Minister.
 Nawaz Sharif government introduced political and constitutional changes to have a
complete control on all branches of the government.
 Nawaz government’s attempt to remove the Army Chief, while he was out of the country
and returning from his visit to Sri Lanka, proved counter-productive.
 General Musharraf took over as, the Chief Executive of the Country and suspended the
constitution of 1973.
 Martial Law was not declared.
 No Military Courts were established.
 Political and Press freedom remained intact.

Political Priorities
 Rebuild national confidence and morale
 Strengthening federation
 Remove inter-provincial disharmony
 Restore national cohesion
 Revival of the economy and restoration of investor’s confidence
 Improving law and order situation and dispensation of Justice
 De-politicize the state institutions and devolution of power
 Swift and across the board accountability
General Musharraf designed the Following Policies to Achieve above mentioned
Goals
 Accountability and return of looted wealth of the state
 Revival of the economy through increasing Foreign exchange reserves and reducing
international debt burden through rescheduling
 Poverty reduction and social uplift
 New Local Bodies System and delegation of powers to the District Government
Process of Return to Democracy
  Referendum for President, April 2002
 Introduced Legal Framework Order, (LFO)
 Held General Elections of National and Provincial Assemblies on 10th October, 2002
 Revival of the Constitution with 17th Amendment
 Civilian governments formed in the provinces and the Centre
Civilian Rule Established
 In the new setup Musharraf is President in the Uniform
 Mr. Zafrullah Khan Jamali was the head of a coalition government.
 In three provinces there are governments of Muslim League (Q).

Department of History and Pakistan Studies

University of Gujrat
Pakistan Studies, PKS-101
Lecture-XIII

Foreign Policy of Pakistan

 There is no exact definition of the term “Security.” It has defined variously “enquiry
based on observation, relevant variables and actions that determine the causes.”
 In sociobiology “state is the center of body and some individual organisms
constitute groups but the primary objective is self-preservation.”
 State created integrity in and on the frontiers of the state as a unit. This effort and
concept of survival of the state constitute the policy of National Security.
 State used highest velocity to external threat because state’s image of security
does not fade although whatever it’s internal problems.
 Definition:
 Buzan, “National security properly refers to the relation of the state to its
environment”
 Professor Northedge, “the foreign policy of any country is a product of
environmental factors both internal & external.”
 Professor Joseph, “the environment of foreign policy decisions are limitless, it
embraces the whole universe.”
 Professor Frankel, “the foreign policy of Govt. seeks two inter-related objectives,
enhanced National Security & greater Economic Development.”
 Newly Govt. have five immediate foreign policy options,
i) Self-reliance,
ii) Bilateral defense treatise with major powers,
iii) Military alliances,
iv) reliance on UN
v) Regional collective security arrangements.

 Factors affecting Foreign Policy of Pakistan:

There are number of problems which affected the foreign policy of Pakistan.
 Sovereign Independent State.
 In short span of life it apart into two pieces.
  Operational aspect of India always affects foreign policy of Pakistan.
 Determinants of Foreign Policy of Pakistan:
 Geo-Political Factor:
o Pakistan’s relations with Asian countries based on amity and enmity.
o ZAB said, Pakistan is nutcracker b/w India and Afghanistan.
o Pakistan border with India, Kashmir dispute, Sir-creek issue in Rann of
Kutch, Siachin glacier.
o Akhand Bharat or United India
o Afghanistan’s demand for Baluchistan & KP
o Pakistan b/w India, China, Russia (three big powers)
o Lord Acton, “powers tend to expand & transcend in all ways abroad & at
home, until the superior power interrupt it.”
 Islamic Ideology:
o Islamic ideology political, cultural identity deep rooted as early Islamic
state led by Holy Prophet (SAWW)
o Islam doesn’t allow merging its identity or individuality.
o Two Nation theory by Quaid & Iqbal
o Ideology could be implemented through democratic lines.
o Ideology keep nation united & absence give way to Provincialism &
centrifugal tendencies.
o Ambedkar, “failure of Hindu Muslim unity not lies on the material causes
actually it is spiritual in its character.”
o Nehru, “Muslim nation nothing at all except an emotional state of mind”
o BJP & Shiv Sena destroyed Babri Mosque
o Islamic Bomb
o Pakistan’s birth produced two advantages:
i) Opportunities for progress
ii) Given courage to Muslim countries as Muslim Ummah
 Technology or Defense Capability:
o India superseded Pakistan in military hardware.
o 1974 nuclear explosion by India.
o India and American strategic partnership
o 1948, 1965, 1971, 1998 (Kargil) war experiences
 Economic & Financial Factor:
o Early disputes with India, cash balance, defense stores, Kashmir, canal
water issue.
o Agriculture product took to the Indian industrial centers; banks were also
in Indian regions.
o Cotton 394 mills, 380 in India and only 14 in Pakistan.
o Agriculture source of employment
o 95% East Pakistan and 85% West Pakistan rural based.
o During partition Pakistan didn’t have human resource to deal with
administrative and material resources.
o Economic expert unanimously agreed that country could not constitute
with Economic strength.
 Historical Factor:
o Experience of partition was bloody and brutal.
o 1948, 1965, 1971, 1998 Wars
o Always presented highly emotional, traumatic in standard school books.
o Indian thinkers, Pakistan reabsorbed into India very soon.
o Indian expansionism in Juna-garh, Hyderabad, Kashmir
o Zia-ul-Haq, “we will not allow India to intimidate us”
 The Size Factor:
o Power depends on many factors; one is size of country which includes
territory and population.
o State’s size itself takes advantage to extend its power.
o Bigness was a strong sense of ancient glory for India.
o Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim ensured Indian dominance.
o Pakistan perception about India determine on the occasion of 14 August, 6
September, debacle of East Pakistan.
o Realpolitik attempts to impose its will.
 Provincial-Ethnic Factor:
o Each Province distinct ethnic population, language, culture.
o Strategic interest of super powers, USA, Russia, China
o Pakistan access to Indian Ocean through Arabian Sea.
o Sir Olaf, “sub-continent center of free world if the center collapses the
wings are isolated”
o Henry Kissinger, “Southern rim of Asia including Pakistan, Afghanistan,
Iran pivot of the world security”
o Two fold impacts, major powers needs this area and through major powers
Pakistan defend itself.
o SEATO 1954, CENTO 1955, Pakistan joined which were multilateral
alliances in order to contain Communism.
o China’s long term interests and moderation towards Pakistan.
o Geographically separation of East Pakistan reduced economic, agricultural
and industrial base, which was blow to National consciousness and
identity of the nation.