SINGLE BEMICOL Dic Ons A chemical reaction occurs when atoms are reorganised so that they bond to different atoms. At the end of a reaction, the substances may look and behave in very different ways from how they started. Example When hydrogen reacts with oxygen, the atoms in the hydrogen molecules break apart, and the atoms in the oxygen molecules also break apart. The atoms then re-bond to make water molecules (H,0). This reaction can be shown in a word equation: hydrogen + oxygen —> water Generally a reaction is described as: | reactants —> products reaction REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE REACTIONS * Some reactions go only one way, whereas others can go in both directions ~ forwards and backwards. Irreversible reactions _ Energy change | Little amount of energy Large amount of energy is given out or taken in. is released or taken in. Loss of material |_Atoms do not escape. ‘Some atoms may escape as gas. Notes ‘Atoms could easily go Not possible to gather |__| back to the way they started. _|_the substances back together. Example Under the right conditions, hydrogen | Burning of a fuel in air. Large and nitrogen react to make ammonia. | amounts of energy are released ‘The ammonia can easily become and atoms escape as gas. nitrogen and hydrogen again. Combustion hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water (e.g. methane) or if there is not enough oxygen to burn the fuel fully ‘hydrocarbon + oxygen — carbon dioxide + carbon monoxide + water Producing a gas from a reaction calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid — calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide (marble or chalk) * — Carbonates all have a group containing 1 carbon + 3 oxygen atoms. This is written as CO,. * Examples of carbonates are magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate. All carbonates react with acids to release carbon dioxide gas.SIMPLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS Describe one sign that a chemical reaction has happened. Describe two signs that a chemical reaction is happening. ‘The way that marble or chalk (calcium carbonate) reacts with acid can be shown by this word equation: calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid —> calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide (gas) (a) _ List the reactants in the above reaction. eats (b) List the products in the above reaction. 3 marks ()_ Write a word equation for the reaction of magnesium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. eel ene SELES aa ars (d) Explain why this reaction is irreversible. aaa Under certain conditions, nitrogen and hydrogen react to make ammonia. (a) Write a word equation to represent this reaction. (b) The reaction can easily go the other way. Write a word equation for this reverse reaction. Sodium reacts with water to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. This can be demonstrated by placing a small amount of sodium in a large bath of water. (a) Write a word equation to represent this reaction. sats (b) Describe how we can be sure that: ())_agasis being produced by the reaction. the gas being produced is hydrogen. Gre! ~ well done!