sore List of electromagnetism equations - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
List of electromagnetism equations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article summarizes equations in the theory of electromagnetism,
Contents
"1 Definitions
* 1.1 Initial quantities
"1.2 Blectric quantities
= 1.3 Magnetic quantities
"1.4 Bkectric circuits
= 1.5 Magnetic circuits
= 2 Electromagnetism
= 2.1 Blectric fields
= 2.2 Magnetic fields and moments
+ 2.3 Electromagnetic induction
= 3 Electric circuits and electronics
= 4 See also
= 5 Footnotes
= 6 Sources
= 7 Further reading
Definitions
Here subscripts e and m are used to differ between electric and magnetic charges.
‘The definitions for monopoks are of theoretical interest, although real magnetic
dipoles can be described using pole strengths. There are two possible units for
monopole strength, Wb (Weber) and A m (Ampere metre). Dimensional analysis
shows that magnetic charges relate by ¢i(Wb) = Hg dn(Am™).
Initial quantities
Quantity (common | (Common)
nunels) symbols STunits Dimension
Electric charge qe, g, O nm
agg? | Lorentz force on a charged
Tew particle (of charge q) in motion
Monopole strength, dm &P Wb or Am C (velocity v), used as the definition
magnetic charge ny cam of the E field and B field
Electric quantities
Contrary to the strong analogy between (classical) gravitation and electrostatics, there are no "centre of charge" or "centre
of electrostatic attraction” analogues.
Electric transport
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Continuous charge distribution
‘The volume charge density p is
the amount of charge per unit
volume (cube), surface charge
density 6 is amount per unit
surface area (eicle) with outward
unit normal fd i the dipole
‘moment between two point
charges, the volume density of
these isthe polarization density P.
Position vector ris a point to
calculate the electric field; ris a
point inthe charged object
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Quantity (common | (Common)
mmf) symbols Defining equation Slunits | Dimension
a= [rat
Linear, surface, Ag for Linear, op | re
volumetric charge for surfice,p, |4e = ede
density for volume.
Ge = I / if pedV
C= dq/av sd
Capacitance Cc 1 = vohage, not volume F-cv? 7 LM]
Electric current I = dq/dt A 0
Electric current density J I=J-ds Am? wu
Di 4 4 - ~
ee 4g Jy = € (OE/dt) = OD/At am? (Lime?
Convection current ~ ~
density Je J.= pv Am? (1) (Lym?
Electric fields
a
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Quantity
(common
name/s)
Electric field,
field
strength, flux
density,
potential
gradient
(Common)
symbol/s
Electric flux | ®,
Absolute
permittivity; |”
Electric
dipole |p
moment
Electric
Polarization,
polarization
density
Electric
displacement |D
field
Electric
displacement |
flux
Absolute
electric
potential,
EM scalar
potential
relative to
point |,
Theoretical:
T9 = 00
Practical:
To = Reacth
(Earth's
radius)
Voltage,
Electric
potential
difference
AgAV
Magnetic quantities
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Defining equation
E=F/q
Op= [ B-dA
Js
€ = €,€9
p= 2a
a charge separation directed from -ve to +ve charge
P =d(p)/av
D=cE=q@E+P
p= [D-aa
Js
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Dimension
Ts [MILT]
cm "
2 HTL
cm "
2 MTL
c mm
v-
to MEP
a 30
B-dr ye iM LP Im
4
Sor
angsore
‘Magnetic transport
Quantity
(common
name/s)
Linear,
surface,
volumetric
pole density
Monopole
current
Monopole
current Jn,
density
Magnetic fields
Quantity
(common
name/s)
Magnetic
field, field
strength, flux |B
density,
induction field
Magnetic
potential, EM
vector
potential
Magnetic flux |
Magnetic
(Common)
symbol’s
Jy for Linear,
om for surface,
‘Pyy for volume.
(Common)
symbol/s
Defining equation
a= | And
a ff
Tin = AGn/ dt
t= ff dA
Defining equation
F =4q.(v x B)
B=VxA
bp [aa
H = Br Ho
Two definitions are possible:
‘using pole strengths,
M = Gna
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‘SI units Dimension
‘Wo ni” [ePiMiry?
[1 (wo)
Amer),
n=1,2,3 {0[L] (Am)
PMc
Wo st (1! (wy
Amst mer?
(am)
ime ay!
Wo st ni? (Wb)
more
(am)
‘SI units Dimension
T=NATm!=
Wb ni? " ° ror
Tm=NAT= [MILITIA]
Wom 1
weet? PIM
Ea
Ves Am
Neate tama! MULTE
=Wo-ATlem! ~
suazo
moment,
magnetic
dipole moment
m, Hp, HI
Magnetization M
Magnetic field
intensity,
(AKA field
strength)
Intensity of
‘magnetization,
magnetic
polarization
Self
Inductance
Mutual
inductance
Gyromagnetie
ratio (for
charged |
particles ina
magnetic field)
Electric circuits
DC circuits, general definitions
Main article: Direct current
List of electromagnetism equation - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
‘using currents: Am?
m= NIAA
a= pole separation Vis the number of tums
of conductor
M = d(m)/dV Ant
‘Two definitions are possible:
‘most common:
B = pH = wo (H+M) Awl
‘using pole strengths, {!
H=F/Gm
_ T=NAT m=
1=4M Wo m?
‘Two equivalent definitions are possible:
= N(d9/dl)
L(dI/dt) = -NV
H=WoaTt
Again two equivalent definitions are possible:
M, = N (d®,/dh;)
M (dh/dt) = -NVY,
1,2 subscripts refer to two
‘conductors/inductors mutually inducing H=Wbat
‘voltage’ linking magnetic flux though each
other. They can be interchanged for the
required conductor/inductor;
My = N (d®,/dhp)
M (dl,/dt) = -NV,
HT!
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mor
met
LPM] [17
wo?
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Quantity
(common
name/s)
(Common)
symbol/s
Terminal
Voltage for
Power Supply
Load Voltage
for Cireuit
Internal
resistance of Rin:
power supply
Load
resistance of |Rox
circuit
Electromotive
force (emf),
voltage across
entire circuit
includin; :
power supply, E E = Veer + Vion
external
components
and
conductors
AC circuits
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Defining equation
SI units Dimension
v-sct
vesct
or!
Q=VAT
ce
Q=VAT=HAIs
vesct
4sora
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Quantity
(common
name/s)
(Common)
symbols
Defining equation
SL units
Dimension
Resistive
Joad voltage
Va =IrR
vesct
(My) (LY [rr
or!
Capacitive
load voltage
Yo
Ve = IcXe
veict
(LP OT
ur
3
Inductive
load voltage
Vi = 1X1
v-ict
(M) (LP (IT?
or
Capacitive
reactance
ss
eC wae
on!
yp
up (rp IM?
wy
Inductive
reactance
Xp
Xi = wal
on!
uur (re IMP?
ay
AC electrical
impedance
V=IZ
R24 (Xz —Xc)”
ot
a cm pM?
(Ly?
Phase
constant
dimensionless
dimensionless
AC peak
current
Ip = TemsV2
it]
AC root
mean square
current
ae i [ U(oPat
AC peak
voltage
Vo = VemsV2
veict
(M) (LP (rr?
or
AC root
‘mean square
voltage
Va ff fv (Pat
veict
IM] (LP (Tr
ort
AC emf, root
mean square
Exmsy V(E) |Erms
= En/ V2
ves3ct
(M) (LP (Ir?
or
AC average
power
(P)
(P) = Elyns00sd
We=Jst
(My (LP (ry
Capacitive
time constant
To
To = RC
Induetive
time constant
i, = L/R
Magnetic circuits
Main article: Magnetic circuits
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Quantity
(Common) . a - "i a
(common symbol’s Defining equation ‘SI units Dimension
name/s) -
M=NI
Magnetomotive
F A 1
force, mt F >My sumser of ts of conductor a
Electromagnetism
Electric fields
General Classical Equations
Physical situation Equations
Electric potential gradient and field
Point charge
Ata point in a local array of point charges
At a point due to a continuum of charge
Electrostatic torque and potential energy due to
non-uniform fields and dipole moments
Magnetic fields and moments
See also: Magnetic moment
General classical equations
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Physical situation ‘Equations
Magnetic potential, EM vector potential B= Vx A
Rey Oa
4a
Due to a magnetic moment x Mo (x2 =)
Ir| rl
i 1 7
Magnetic moment due toacurrent = 4, 1 ff. yay
distribution v
T dm x B
Magnetostatic torque and potential energy v
due to non-uniform fields and dipole
‘moments = /dm-B
Electromagnetic induction
Physical Nomenclature
situation
“Transformation 2 = mune fans of Vv,
of voltage conductor Vv
11> energy efficiency
Electric circuits and electronics
Below N= number of conductors of circuit components. Subcript net refers to the equivalent and resultant property vale.
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Physical situation Nomenclature Series Parallel
W W
1 1
resistance of resistor or conductor
Resistors and i
conductors G;= conductance of conductor or
conductor i
Charge, capacitance of capacitor i
capacitors, = charge of charge carter i
currents 44 charge: of charge
1 = selPinductance of inductor i
Ly=selBinduetance element j ofL 1
Inductors matix ve
‘My = mutual inductance between A
inductors and j
Series circuit equations
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Circuit DC Circuit equations AC Circuit equations
Circuit equation
dg g_
Rat GHE
RC circuits Capacitor charge
q=CE(1-e/*°)
‘Capacitor discharge
a= CEe tC
Circuit equation
dr
Lythisé
Trdueiee current rise
RL circuits _ o (1 a eR/t)
Inductor current fall
[= gem = Ipe7FUE
Circuit equation
ues /C = Esin (wot + 6)
ae +q4/C = Esin (wo)
Circuit resonant frequency «y,., = 1/V IC
Circuit equation
‘Circuit charge g = gg cos(wt
LCcireuits | d?g a I= gocos(ut + )
Lap ta/Cneée Cirout curent [ = —wqo sin(wt + 4)
Circuit electrical potential ener;
Ur = @°/2C = Q’ cos’ (wt + 4)/2C
‘Circuit magnetic potential energy
Up =Q sin*(wt + 4)/2C
Circuit equation
. . 2,
Caco equation 1X4 pM, 8 e sin (ust + 4)
RLC Circuits pea RM 1_¢ dé doc
ae tfhataon Cireuit charge
q = qoeT *" cos(u/t + )
See also
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raeazo Uist of lectromagnetsm equations - Wikipedia, the fee enyclopeia
= ST electromagnetism units
= Defining equation (physical chemistry)
List of equations in classical mechanics
= Table of thermodynamic equations
1 List of equations in wave theory
= List of relativistic equations
1 List of equations in fluid mechanics
= List of equations in gravitation
= List of photonics equations
= List of equations in quantum mechanics
List of equations in nuclear and particle physies
Footnotes
1. 4M, Mansfield, C. O°Sullivan (2011). Understanding Physics (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-74637-0.
Sources
= P.M, Whelan, M.J. Hodgeson (1978). Essential Principles of Physics (2nd ed.). John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-
3382-1.
= G. Woan (2010). The Cambridge Handbook of Physics Formulas. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-
521-57507-2.
= A. Halpem (1988). 3000 Solved Problems in Physics, Schaum Series. Me Graw Hil, ISBN 978-0-07-025734-
4
= RG. Lemer, G.L. Trigg (2005). Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd ed.). VHC Publishers, Hans Warlimont, Springer.
pp. 12-13. ISBN 978-0-07-025734-4
= CB. Parker (1994). McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-051400-3.
= P.A. Tipler, G. Mosca (2008). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: With Modern Physics (6th ed.). W.H.
Freeman and Co. ISBN 9-781429-202657.
= LIN. Hand, J.D. Finch (2008). Analytical Mechanics. Cambridge University Press,. ISBN 978-0-521-57572-0.
= TB. Arkill C.J. Millar (1974). Mechanics, Vibrations and Waves. John Murray,. ISBN 0-7195-2882-8.
= HJ, Pain (1983). The Physics of Vibrations and Waves (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons,. ISBN 0-471-90182-2.
= IR Forshaw, A.G. Smith (2009). Dynamics and Relativity. Wiky,. ISBN 978-0-470-01460-8.
= G.AG. Benet (1974), Electricity and Modern Physics (2nd ed.). Edward Arnold (UK). ISBN 0-7131-2459-8.
= LS. Grant, W.R. Philips, Manchester Physics (2008). Electromagnetism (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
ISBN 978-0-471-92712-9
= D.J. Grifiths (2007). Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Pearson Education, Dorling Kinderskey,.
ISBN 81-7758-293-3.
Further reading
= LH. Greenberg (1978). Physics with Modern Applications, Holt-Saunders Intemational W.B. Saunders and Co.
ISBN 0-7216-4247-0.
"J.B. Marion, W.F. Homyak (1984). Principles of Physics. Holt-Saunders Intemational Saunders College. ISBN 4-
8337-0195-2.
"A. Beiser (1987). Concepts of Modern Physics (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill (Intemational). ISBN 0-07-100144-1
= HLD. Young, R.A. Freedman (2008). University Physics — With Modern Physics (12th ed.). Addison-Wesley
(Pearson International, ISBN 0-321-50130-6.
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Rheologica Acta Volume 21 Issue 6 1982 (Doi 10.1007 - bf01524519) R. N. Jana - A. S. Gupta - N. Datta - Unsteady Flow in The Ekman Layer of An Elastico-Viscous Liquid PDF
Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society Volume 69 issue 3 1971 [doi 10.1017_s0305004100046880] Packham_ B. A._ Shall_ R. -- Stratified laminar flow of two immiscible fluids.pdf