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Then there are global cities. These are the ports of each other than with their own countrymen in the
the global age, the places that both run the global valleys below. From their summits, global citizens
economy and influence its direction. The cities talk to each other and do the world’s business.
where decisions are made, where the world’s To be a global city, then, is to belong to
movers and shakers come to exchange the latest the urban elite. Global cities are not always the
news and information. They are places that boast most beautiful or the most pleasant. Almost by
both old-fashioned power and new-fashioned definition, they are busy, crowded, noisy, even
flair. They are where you go to do business, yes, frantic. But they are crowded with those who are
but also to see the greatest art, hear the greatest creating the future, noisy with the clash of deals
orchestras, learn the latest styles, eat the best food and ideas, frantic in the race to stay ahead. They
and study in the finest universities. They have have money and power. They know where the
global corporations—this goes without saying. world is going because they’re already there. To be
But they also have think tanks, jazz bars and a global city is, in this sense, a splendid thing.
broadband. In a word, they have clout. A.T. Kearney, The Chicago Council on Global
In this sense, the world is not flat. Instead, it Affairs, and Foreign Policy magazine have drawn
is a landscape of peaks and valleys, and global up their 2010 list of global cities, ranking the top
cities are the peaks. Often they soar above the 65 with a claim to that status. Because the stakes
hinterland around them, having more to do with are high, the list invites dispute. Others may argue
is narrowing
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68
Cities ordered by rank (highest to lowest)2
Groups are defined using a change in cumulative average approach to identify natural breaks in the data. Overall score data from 2008 and 2010 was independently analyzed,
1
hence the order of the cities is not the same for both years. The censorship index is included in 2010 overall scores.
In 2010, five more cities were added to the Global Cities Index.
2
2008 to 2010 (that is, more cities are becom- Frankfurt, Sydney, San Francisco and Miami, as
ing more global), although scores between the all have benefited from improved broadband
highest- and lowest-ranked cities widened (see technologies and international news coverage.
figure 2). Mid-level cities are closing the gap with However, we have added a new metric to the
the leaders (for example, Sydney, San Francisco 2010 Index — censorship. Censorship slows the
and Berlin); cities in the “tail” are joining free flow of ideas and dampens the atmosphere
the middle of the pack (for example, Osaka, of safety, creativity and experimentation in
Johannesburg and Cairo); and cities on the which both business and culture can flourish
bottom are falling further behind in the global or decay.
race (for example, Chongqing and Dhaka). In In addition to the new metric of censorship,
addition, global cities tend to withstand adversity. The 2010 Global Cities Index was expanded to
Indeed, while the entire globe has experienced include additional cities: Barcelona, Montreal,
a financial tsunami since 2008, many of our global Geneva, Houston and Nairobi. All are significant
city leaders have ridden the crest with much less players in the global marketplace: Geneva, as the
damage than doomsayers predicted. center of the United Nations; Barcelona, as a major
Information is vital to globalization. This is cultural and business hub of Iberia; Montreal, the
reflected in the improved rankings of Berlin, center of French Canada; Houston, a magnet for
Figure 3
The BRICs have a few standout performers, but many cities still struggle
Russia
• 2009 country GDP (PPP): US$2,110 billion
• Global Cities rank:
— Moscow (25th)
China
• 2009 country GDP (PPP): US$9,033 billion
• Global Cities rank:
— Hong Kong (5th)
— Beijing (15th)
— Shanghai (20th)
— Guangzhou (57th)
— Shenzhen (62nd)
— Chongqing (65th)
Brazil India
• 2009 country GDP (PPP): US$2,013 billion • 2009 country GDP (PPP): US$3,734 billion
• Global Cities rank: • Global Cities rank:
— São Paulo (35th) — New Delhi (45th)
— Rio de Janeiro (49th) — Mumbai (46th)
— Bangalore (58th)
— Kolkata (63rd)
Figure 4
In business activity, New York, Tokyo and Paris remain the top three
Figure 5
London, New York and Los Angeles top the human capital rankings
Witold Rybczynski
Martin & Margy Meyerson Professor of Urbanism
Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
international schools compared to other cities. force driving global development and innova-
Hong Kong, Tokyo, Sydney, Boston, Toronto and tion. Whether it’s a Bangladeshi farmer checking
San Francisco round out the top 10. market prices via his cell phone or a hedge fund
Vienna became a prime mover in the human manager monitoring news from a New York office
capital dimension, moving from 31st to 20th on skyscraper, high-speed access to information can
the Index due to an increase in its universities make the difference between failure and success.
and international schools score. Mumbai also Whatever sector of the world—be it business, arts
went up eight spots—from 37th to 29th—due and entertainment, or research and education —
to a more competitive ranking in the international information moves and needs to move with great
schools measure. speed. Those without access are left behind.
Cities losing human capital muscle include To be truly connected to the rest of the world,
Bangkok and Washington, D.C., both experienc- a city that seeks to operate in the international
ing a decrease across all measures relative to other sphere must have a population that is aware of and
cities. Istanbul also dropped six spots (to 19th) connected to the rest of the world. Thus, our infor-
due to a slight decrease in the competitiveness of mation exchange dimension measures number of
its universities, along with Singapore (down five broadband subscribers and news bureaus, inter-
spots to 12th), losing in the university and the national news coverage and censorship.
inhabitants with tertiary degrees measure. For more than 10 years now, the explosion in
Information exchange. Free flow of informa- information exchange has been driven by access to
tion and easy access to it may be the most critical the Internet. A city leads or lags depending upon
Figure 6
In information exchange, New York, Geneva and London are at the top
Figure 7
London, Paris and New York lead the cultural experience dimension
Figure 8
Washington, New York and Brussels lead in political engagement
Authors
Mike Hales is a partner in the Chicago office. He can be reached at mike.hales@atkearney.com.
Samantha King is a consultant in the Washington, D.C., office. She can be reached at samantha.king@atkearney.com.
Andres Mendoza Pena is a consultant in the Chicago office. He can be reached at andres.mendozapena@atkearney.com.
The authors wish to thank Richard Longworth, senior fellow at The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, and
Rachel Bronson, vice president, programs and studies, at The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, for their insights
and contributions to this paper.
Copyright 2010, A.T. Kearney, The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, and Foreign Policy Magazine.
All rights reserved. A.T. Kearney is a registered service mark of A.T. Kearney, Inc. The Chicago Council
on Global Affairs is a registered service mark of The Chicago Council on Global Affairs. Foreign Policy
is published by Washingtonpost.Newsweek Interactive, LLC.
A.T. Kearney Korea LLC is a separate and independent legal entity operating under the A.T. Kearney name in Korea.
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