Advanced Dynamic Voltage Restorer To Improve

Power Quality In Microgrid

Xiaoqing Han, Ruifen Cheng, Peng Wang, Yanbing Jia
College of Electrical & Power Engineering
Taiyuan University of Technology
Taiyuan, China
hanxiaoqing@tyut.edu.cn, chengruifen@163.com

Abstract-A dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) based
photovoltaic (PV) generation/battery units is proposed
improve voltage quality in a microgrid. The restorer
connected with the grid by a rectifier, which is in series with the
point of common coupling (PCC). Using energy management
system (EMS), the proposed apparatus could be operated under
dynamic voltage restorer mode, uninterrupted power supply
mode and micro-source mode, and be switched smoothly among
them. The dynamic voltage restorer could handle voltage sag or
surge, and thus to improve the power quality in microgrid. The
uninterrupted power supply could enhance the power supply
reliability. And the micro-source could reduce the energy
absorbed from utility grid so as to achieve energy conservation
and emission reduction. The simulation and experimentation
show the validity of the proposed DVR.
Index Terms--Dynamic Voltage Restorer; Energy C onservation
and Emission Reduction; Microgrid; Photovoltaic; Power
Quality.
I. INTRODUCTION
In resent years, the environmental problems and ever
increasing energy demand are driving the modern power
systems to distributed generation (DG). It is well known that if
a large number of DGs are installed into the utility grid,
serious impact could be triggered. To solve the problems,
microgrid concept was proposed [1]-[4]. Microgrid, an
integrated energy system consisting of interconnected loads
and micro-sources, can be operated in 1) the grid-connected
mode, 2) the islanded mode, and 3) ride-through between the
two modes. The stochastic characteristic of micro-sources may
result in voltage disturbance of the microgrid. Furthermore,
microgrid, which is located at the end of distribution network,
is vulnerable to its voltage disturbance.
To improve voltage quality, DVR has been adopted as an
effective equipment to protect voltage-sensitive loads from
voltage disturbances and many research works, focusing on
topologies and control methods for DVR [5]-[7], have been
carried out. DVR injects a set of three single-phase voltages of
an appropriate magnitude and duration in series with the
supply voltage in synchronism via booster transformer to
restore the power quality [8]. Small voltage sags can usually
on be restored by reactive power only, but for larger voltage sags,
to it is necessary for the DVR to inject active power into the
is system [9]. However, this method needs a high capacity of a
storage system. And an active power available from any
energy storage is utilized to compensate the load voltage surge
to required level. In order to increase the amount of stored
energy, a DVR with flywheel energy storage system (FESS) is
employed in [10], which can compensate the deep voltage sag.
In [11], a DVR, either battery or rectifier supported, is
proposed for improving the voltage quality. And from the
view of capacity, the rectifier supported may not be limited,
but its operation may become impractical when the source
voltage is seriously influenced by the voltage disturbances.
Reference [12] proposes DG for energizing DVR.
In addition, an active power available from any DG can be
utilized, such as new efficient PV. It can achieve dynamic
voltage restoration. However, the random impacts of solar
energy were not considered, which limited the voltage
compensation capability of the DVR [13]. Also, in normal
condition, the DVR doesn't work and the utilization ratio of
equipment is relatively low.
At present, PV develops very quickly because it has lots of
advantages such as reduced production end wastes and
emissions as well as no environmental pollution. This paper
describes a DVR where PV generationlbattery units are used
as energy storage, but the units have limited power and energy.
In order to overcome these drawbacks, a rectifier is employed
for the DVR. Furthermore, an optimized charging/discharging
control strategy is proposed to realize the mUltiple operation
modes of the DVR.
II. PROPOSED DVR TOPOLOGY
DVR is connected in series with the point of common
coupling (pCC), where the microgrid is connected to
distribution network, as shown in Figure 1.
The main component of DVR are PV array, two DC/DC
boost converters (one of which functions as a means to
regulate the output voltage of the PV array to realize
MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking), the other could
control battery charging/discharging mode.), battery, PWM

This project is sponsored by International S& T Cooperation of

China (No.201 ODFB63200),International S&T Cooperation of Shanxi
Province (No.2011081054),Shanxi Province Science Foundation for
Youths (No. 2011021015-2).

978-1-4799-1303-9/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE

inverter and an injection transformer, the semiconductor III. DETECTION AND OPERATION MODES OF THE DVR
switches S, S), S2' K) and K2. Inthis paper, a power management scheme is proposed to
-------- control switches states and then maintain the load voltage
s, : unaffected under any conditions. In this scheme, the operation
)ij of the DVR is categorized into four modes: Mode I (normal),
) Mode II (dynamic voltage restorer), Mode III (micro-source),
and Mode IV (uninterrupted power supply). These four
operation modes are identified by different voltage
disturbances, which means that the system voltage is used as
an information carrier. The different modes switchover can be
achieved through changing switch states.

A. Voltage Disturbance Detection

(Energy It is necessary that a real-time and accurate detection
management method is employed to ensure high quality power for load. In
system)
the paper, the detection method, which is based on dq axis, is
adopted, as shown in Figure2.
Figure 1. Topology of the proposed DVR

In the proposed DVR design, a PV generation/battery

units is incorporated to function as a DC voltage source. In
Fig.l, Us is equivalent distribution system voltage. Static
switch S is designed to control the microgrid operating in
grid-connected or island mode. Switch S) is normally closed
Figure 2. detection method and operation modes switching
and S2 is normally open when the voltage Us or U is normal
[14]. The inverter compensates any sag through the series As illustrated in Figure 2, the phase-locked loop (PLL)
transformer. When the grid fails, switches are activated, and circuit detects the voltage Us or U and calculates the phase­
the load is powered by the inverter.
angle () . The control system employs abc-to-dq transformation
The switches S1 and S2 are controlled by energy to transform the voltages into Ud and Uq, and then compares
management system (EMS). Through reasonably control
them with U; and U; respectively. When the three-phase
strategy, the DVR could function as a dynamic voltage
restorer, an uninterrupted power supply and a micro-source. voltage is sinusoidal and balanced during normal and
The switching-over among them could be effectively symmetrical conditions, Ud is the nominal voltage 220 V and
implemented to improve the utilization rate of DVR. K) and Uq is equal to zero. Thus, the d- and q-axis reference voltages
K2 are used to control the battery charging unit, namely
can be set as U; 220 V and U; 0 to result in d- and q-
= =

charged by the main grid or by PV generation units.

TABLE L LOGICAL SIGNALS OF CONTROL SWITCHES IN DIFFERENT OPERA nON MODES

Switch states DVR

Measuring ChargelDischarge
Microgrid lIIwnination ("1"is "on", operation
point voltage of storage battery
operation mode intensity "O"is "off') modes
(V)
s s, s,

Insufficient 0 Charging
220
Sufficient 0 0 0 II Charging
Grid-connected
<220(>220) 0 0 III Discharging
0 0 0 IV Discharging
Insufficient 0 Charging
220
Sufficient 0 0 0 II Charging
Islanded
<220(>220) 0 0 0 III Discharging

0 0 0 0 IV Discharging
Note: The measuring point voltage in grid-connected or islanded is Us or U respectively.
axis error to obtain the!'>.u .
Using the detection method, the switches logic states could
be controlled properly to achieve the four modes above. The
switches states in different modes are illustrated in TABLE I .
B. Dynamic voltage restoration
As shown in Figure 2, when Us or U fails, namely
voltage sags or swells, DVR operates in the dynamic voltage
restoration mode.
Sensitive load is supplied by the battery, whose output
power depends on voltage compensation algorithms. In order
to ensure that the power system could be immune of the
abnormal voltage and maintain load voltage unaffected, it is
necessary to employ proper compensation strategy based on
the different load requirements. The load in the paper
generally requires constant voltage amplitude, and the phase is
not considered, so in-phase compensation control strategy
[15]-[17] is employed. The injected voltage of the DVR can
be expressed as:
U DVR = t1U and LU DVR = e
t1U =
IUo l - IUsag l or t1U I Uswell l - I Uo l
=
Where U DVR is the injected voltage of the DVR, t1U is the
compensated voltage, Uo is the system voltage in normal
condition, e is supply voltage phase, Usag is the voltage for
sags, U swell is the voltage for swells.
As a core component of the DVR, the control of the
inverter has a direct impact on the dynamic performance of the
DVR. In order to achieve the accurate compensation of the
system voltage, the compound control strategy is used in the
paper, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Control diagram of DVR
C. U ninterrupted power supply
----- The power flow direction of main grid or microgrid
----- The power flow direction ofPVlbattery units
Th� now�r flow dir�ction wh�n immffic:ient :-mnlip-ht
••••••••••••••••
Figure 4. Power flow as a online UPS
The power flow direction of DVR is shown in Figure 4
when it functions as an uninterrupted power supply. As
illustrated, in grid-connected mode, the proposed DVR
realizes uninterrupted power supply and the bypass switch
disconnects. The power supplied by utility grid is divided into
two routes: one supplies power for load, the other charges the
battery through the rectifier to ensure that the storage
batteries' electric quantity is enough to suppress the voltage
disturbance. In islanded mode, when voltage outage, the same
control strategy as the dynamic voltage recovery mode is
employed and the battery will discharge to insure the load
voltage quality.
D. Micro-source
In normal condition, static bypass switch SI is closed,
namely the DVR operates in standby mode. When output
power of the PV array is greater than the local load demands,
microgrid will disconnect from the grid and operate in
islanded mode, as illustrated in Figure 4. Meanwhile, the
photovoltaic/battery hybrid system can be used as a micro­
source in the microgrid. It could not only supply power to the
load in coordination with the microgrid, but also store excess
energy into battery. Therefore, it could provide the system
with necessary real power to ensure high quality power when
voltage sags, swells or outages occur.
In conclusion, the operation modes switching efficiency of
DVR depends on whether the energy stored by battery enough
or not. Hence, it is significant to control the stored power
energy reasonably. The battery charging/discharging flow is
described as follows: 1) if the illumination intensity is
sufficient, the redundant power of solar panels can be stored
by battery to ensure the DVR could improve the microgrid
power quality problems in real time; 2) if it is insufficient, the
grid supply power to load, as well as battery, ready to suppress
voltage disturbance at any time.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The performance of the designed DVR is verified using
MATLAB/Simulink, and the system model is illustrated in
Figure 1. The main parameters of DVR are described in
TABLE II .
TABLE II SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Parameters (unit) value
Distribution supply voltages (V) 220
Series transformer turns ratio 1: 1
Filter inductances ( mH ) 8
Filter capacitor (tlF) 100
Load resistance ( n) 20
Load inductances ( mH )
A. Normal operation the load demand and reduces the energy consumption from the
Under normal operation conditions, solar energy has an grid. It is favourable for energy conservation and emission
important impact on the operation modes of the DVR. In rainy reduction.
days or cloudy days, the illumination intensity is unable to 400 �, ----.----.-----r----r----'
>
produce sufficient power for load demands, so its energy will 'c; 200 Im-l'-iMTtiH-fffiMffi-H-Ilrnftfmffifttli
� 0 fI'\T1if*rt/\/ii\t\fl1'1+*If\I\:fI:A;'1rA+\/-Ii\i\!\t\fl1�/W\i'rf\f\fI
be stored in the battery. However, when PV array voltage is
enough to handle the load, the DVR will act as a micro-source. � -200�������
>-400 ���----�--L--�
It could incorporate with the main grid to supply the load o 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
power and reduce the energy consumption from the utility grid. Tillle/s

i) insufficient sunshine (case i) Figure 9. Load voltage (micro-source mode)

Under the condition, the DVR does not work, the battery is
in charging process. Figure 5 shows the system voltage when B. Voltage sags and swells (case 3)
there is no fault. During this period, the PV array or source Figure 10 shows the voltages when fault occurred. It can
voltage charges the battery. But the DVR operates in standby be seen, from Figure. 10, that the grid voltage drops is

..-
mode, and its output voltage is equal to zero, as shown In subjected to sag of 30% during fault in the system, namely
Figure 6. remaining at 70% of the nominal voltage. The sag starts at
o .05s, then, it restores at 0.1s. And later voltage swell to 264 V
>400
'c; 200 at 0.15 s, and last forO.05s.
� 0
� -200
>-400 �----�--�----�--��--�
-----

o 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Tillle/s

Figure 5. System voltage o 0.05 O. 1 O. 15 O. 2 O. 25

Time/s

1
2 Figure 10. Measuring point voltage waveform

j �
'0 -200
> ° L-_____
o
__�____�__�

0.05
____�----
__--J-I

0.1 O. 15 0.2 0.25

Time/s
Figure 6. DVR output voltage
2) Sufficient sunshine (case 2)
PV array generates more power than the load demand, the
excess power is stored in the battery. Thus, with PV
generationibattery units working as a micro-source, the load
The simulation results of the voltage disturbance detection
and the compensation voltage command is shown in Figure 11.
Figure 12 shows actual output voltage of DVR. Compared
Figure 11 with Figure 12, we can see that the DVR can track
/t"U compensation command and the compensated voltage can be
obtained. Thus the effectiveness of the detection can be
validated.

1
voltage quality can be ensured.
o 0.05 O. 1 O. 15 O. 2 O. 25
� 200
Tillle/s
� 0 1-------------------------.
Figure 11. Voltage compensation command signal
� -200 � o
____�__�____�____

O. 05
�__

O. 1 O. 15 O. 2
�
O. 25
Tillle/s
Figure 7. System voltage when stopping supply

Tillle/s
Figure 12. Output voltage of DVR

o 0.05 O. 1 0.15 O. 2 O. 25
Tillle/s
Figure 8. Output voltage waveform (micro-source mode)

o 0.05 O. 1 0.15 0.2 O. 25

The grid voltage and the output voltage of PV
generationibattery units are shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8. Tillle/s
Figure 9 shows the load voltage when DVR acts as a micro­ Figure 13. Load voltage compensated
source. From Figure 9, it can be seen that when PV array or
battery can be used as a micro-source, output power satisfies
 Figure 13 shows the load voltage when voltage sags or
swells. It can be seen that the DVR can output the required
power to suppress the voltage disturbance and ensure the
normal operation of the load.
C. Voltage outage (case 4)
Figure 14 shows the voltage when fault of three phases to
ground was simulated. Voltage outage occurs at 0.05 s, and
restores at 0.2 s.
o 0.05 O. 1 0.15 O.
Tillle/s
Figure 14. Measuring point voltage outage
The compensation voltage of DVR and the load voltage
are illustrated in Figure 15 and Figure 16. It can be seen that
the load voltage is unaffected by the fault. It indicates that
DVR can be operated in uninterrupted power supply mode to
compensate voltage when voltage outage and the load voltage
is unaffected by the fault. Accordingly DVR can effectively
compensate power interrupt.
Tillle/s
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achieved.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of

Program for TYMIT and Shanxi Electric Power Corporation
for the financial support.