SWE 321 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ENGINEERING (2+1)

THEORY
Unit I- Water pollution
Water pollution – definition – water pollutants – physical – chemical – biological
pollution of water – types of water pollution – groundwater pollution – surface water pollution
–– sea water pollution. Sources of water pollution – sewage and domestic wastes – industrial
effluents – agricultural discharges.
Unit II- Water pollutants
Classification of water pollutants – inorganic pollutants and toxic metals – organic
pollutants – pesticide pollutants – gaseous pollutants - eutrophication – types – effects –
control. detergents – toxic metals – siltation – thermal pollutants – radioactive materials.
Unit III- Analysis of water pollutants
Analysis of water pollutants – chemical and physical examination of water – colour –
turbidity – odour – taste – nitrate and nitrite – acidity – alkalinity –- chloride and fluoride –
Measurement of toxic chemical substances - Beryllium - Cadmium - Cromium - Copper - Iron
- Lead - Manganese - Selenium – Mercury – arsenic.
Unit IV- Pollutant dynamics in Streams and rivers
Point Source Dilution - Dissolved Oxygen and Water Temperature - Dissolved oxygen
saturation - Biochemical Oxygen Demand Analysis - Streeter–Phelps Oxygen Sag Formula -
BOD Models - Determination of deoxygenation rate and ultimate BOD - Temperature effect
on K1 - Second-order reaction - Determination of Reaeration Rate Constant K - Sediment
Oxygen Demand - Photosynthesis and Respiration - Natural Self-Purification in Streams -
Oxygen sag curve - Critical point on oxygen sag curve - Apportionment of Stream Users –
Methods - Velz Reaeration Curve - Stream DO Model - Procedures of pragmatic approach -
Biological Factors - Calculation of bacterial density - MPN method
Unit V- Environmental Hydrogeology
Water resources – surface water sources – groundwater resource potentials in India.
Groundwater and its occurrence – types of aquifer – properties of aquifer materials – Steady-
State Conditions - unsteady flow conditions – Equations of Ground-Water Flow - Determining
aquifier characteristics from time drawdown data - Nonequilibrium Flow Conditions – Theis,
Jacob and Hatsun method.
PRACTICAL
Determination of polluted water’s total, suspended, volatile solids, Biological Oxygen
Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, conductivity, acidity, alkalinity, effect of chemical
coagulation on pH and turbidity, Chlorine demand, settling characteristics and toxic elements.
Determination of aquifer properties –, Problems on steady and unsteady conditions -
pumping and recuperation tests – Thesis – Jacob’s – Hatsun’s methods for determination of
S and T –determination of various physical and chemical properties of polluted water – field
visits.
LECTURE SCHEDULE
1. Water pollution - Definitions of water pollution - Water Pollutants - TB1: 32-39
Types of water pollution - Physical pollution of water - Chemical
pollution of water - Biological pollution of water - Physiological pollution
of water
2. Types of water pollution - Ground water pollution - Protecting ground TB1:40-61
water from pollution - Surface water pollution- Lake water pollution -
River water pollution- Water pollution in major rivers of India and world-
Water deterioration at world level- Marine pollution- Oil pollution of
water
3. Sources of water pollution - Sewage and domestic wastes- Industrial TB1:73-86
effluents- Agricultural discharges- Fertilizers- Detergents- Toxic metals-
Siltation- Thermal pollutants- Radioactive materials in water.
4. Classification of water pollutants and their detrimental effects - TB1: 87-102
 Inorganic pollutants and toxic metals - inorganic pollutants - Toxic
metals - trace metals - Organic pollutants - Sediments - sediments -
Synthetic detergents - Detrimental effects of detergents - Oxygen
demanding wastes - Disease causing agents - Index organisms of
water contamination - Radioactive pollutants
5. Plant nutrients - Eutrophication - Thermal pollutants in water - Biological TB1: 102-137
pollutants - primary pollutants - corollary pollutants - Pesticides pollution
- Sources of pesticidal pollutants in water - Persistent pesticides -
Distribution of persistent pesticides - Biological magnification -
Biodégradation of pesticides - Mode of poisoning of pesticides - The
degradation and mobility of pesticides - Gaseous pollutants - Farm
wastes - Fertilizers - Suspended matters - Auto exhaust as water
pollutant
6. Analysis of water pollutants - Chemical and physical examination of TB1:332-343
water - Taking the sample - Preservation and preconcentration
methods - Measurement of water quality by chemical and physical
examination of water - Chemical substances affecting potability - Colour
- Turbidity - Odour - Taste - Temperature - Hydrogen ion concentration
- Electrical conductivity - Solids - Suspended solids - Dissolved solids -
Acidity - Total acidity - Alkalinity - Free carbon dioxide - Free chlorine -
Chlorine demand
7. Calcium - Magnesium - Iron - Manganese - Silver - Zinc - Chemical TB1:343-367
substances affecting health - Ammonia - Nitrate and nitrite - Cyanide -
Sulphate - Sulphide - Chloride - Fluoride - Fluoridation - Measurement
of toxic chemical substances - Arsenic - Beryllium - Cadmium -
Cromium - Copper - Iron - Lead - Manganese - Selenium - Mercury
8. General analytical methods of determination of metals - International TB1:367-380
standards for drinking water (Prescribed by WHO) - Chemical
substances indicative of pollution - Dissolved oxygen - Biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) - Chemical oxygen demand (COD) -
Bacteriological examination of water - Bacteriological test - H coli index
- Culture medium for Escherichia coliform - Culture media for total
bacteria - Most probable number method - Biological examination of
water - Physical examination of water sample - Radioactivity of water -
Methods of removing radioactivity from water
9. Pollutant dynamics in Streams and river - Point Source Dilution - TB2:1-9
Discharge Measurement - Time of Travel - Dissolved Oxygen and
Water Temperature - Dissolved oxygen saturation - Dissolved oxygen
availability
10. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Analysis - Streeter–Phelps Oxygen Sag TB2:10-15
Formula - BOD Models and K1 Computation
11. First-order reaction TB2:15-18
12. Determination of deoxygenation rate and ultimate BOD - Slope method TB2:18-23
13. Moment method - Logarthmic formula TB2:23-32
14. Temperature effect on K1 TB2:32-37
15. Second-order reaction - Determination of Reaeration Rate Constant K TB2:37-42
- Basic conservation
16. From BOD and oxygen sag constants - Empirical formulas - Stationary TB2:43- 49
field monitoring procedure
17. Mid semester examination --
18. Sediment Oxygen Demand - Relationship of sediment characteristics TB2:49-55
and SOD - SOD versus DO - Organic Sludge Deposits - Photosynthesis
and Respiration
19. Natural Self-Purification in Streams - Oxygen sag curve TB2:55-62
20. Determination of k - Critical point on oxygen sag curve TB2:62-70
21. Example problems on BOD load that can be discharged down stream - TB2:70-77
computation of expected DO concentration
22. Simplified oxygen sag computations - SOD of DO Usage - TB2:77-83
Apportionment of Stream Users – Method
23. Velz Reaeration Curve (a Pragmatic Approach) - Dissolved oxygen TB2:87-92
used – Reaeration
24. Stream DO Model (a Pragmatic Approach)- Influence of a dam - TB2:92-98
Influence of tributaries - DO used
25. Procedures of pragmatic approach TB2:99-106
26. Biological Factors - Algae - Indicator bacteria - Calculation of bacterial TB2:107-113
density - MPN method
27. Hydrology and Environmental hydrogeology - Aquifer characteristics - TB3: 3, 100-
Homogeneity and Isotropy - Gradient of the Potentiometrie Surface 107
28. Force Potential and Hydraulic Head - Darcy's Law - Properties of TB3: 121-
Aquifers - Darcy's Law in Terms of Head and Potential - Specific 132
Discharge and Average Linear Velocity - Equations of Ground-Water
Flow - Confined Aquifers - Unconfined Aquifers - Solution of Flow
Equations - Gradient of Hydraulic Head - Flow Lines and Flow Nets -
Relationship of Ground-Water-Flow
29. Steady Flow in a Confined Aquifer and an Unconfined Aquifer- Ground- TB3: 138-
Water Flow to Wells 145
30. Radial Flow - Computing Drawdown Caused by a Pumping Well - Flow TB3: 151-
in a Completely Confined and Unconfine Aquifers 158
31. Determining aquifer characteristics from time drawdown data - Steady- TB3: 166-
State Conditions - Nonequilibrium Flow Conditions – Theis method – 177
Jacob method
32. Water Quality and Ground-Water Contamination Water-Quality TB3: 385-
Standards- Ground-Water Monitoring - Planning a Ground-Water 396
Monitoring Program
33. Mass Transport of Solutes – Diffusion - Advection - Mechanical TB3: 400-
Dispersion - Hydrodynamic Dispersion - Retardation 414
34. Ground-Water Contamination - Septic Tanks and Cesspools - Landfills TB3: 415-
- Chemical Spills and Leaking Underground Tanks - Ground-Water 428
Restoration - Risk-Based Corrective Action - Source-Control Measures
- Plume Treatment - Natural and Enhanced Bioremediation
PRACTICAL SCHEDULE
I Cycle of experiments
1. Solids test to determine total, suspended and volatile solids
2. Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand of polluted water using Modified Winkler
method
3. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand
4. Determination of conductivity (EC meter) and acidity (pH meter) of polluted water
5. Determination of alkalinity of polluted water
6. Jar test to determine effect of chemical coagulation on pH and turbidity
7. Determination of Chlorine demand of polluted water
8. Determination of toxic elements in water using flame photometer
9. Settling test on polluted water using a settling coulmn
Whole class exercises -I
10. Flow problems on Aquifers under steady and unsteady conditions
11. Pumping and recuperation tests – analysis
12. Determination of S and T by Theis method for Non equilibrium radial flow in confined
 aquifer
13. Determination of S and T by Jacob method for Non equilibrium radial flow in confined
aquifer
14. Determination of S and T by Hantush method for radial flow in leaky confined aquifer
15. Visit to water pollution affected areas of dying industries
16. Visit to water treatment plant – Sulur tank
17. Final Practical Examination.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Sharma, B. K., 2001. Water pollution. Goel publishing house, Meerut-1.
2. Shun Dar Lin and Lee. C. C. 2007. Water and Waste Water Calculations Manual. Tata
McGraw Hill. 2nd Edn. New York.
3. Fetter. C/W. 2001 Applied hydrogeology, 4th edn., Prentice Hall India, New Delhi.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Kudesia, V. P., 2003. Water pollution. Pragati Prakashan, Merrut-1.
2. Metcalf and Eddy. 2003. Wastewater engineering, treatment and reuse (4th Edition). Tata
McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
3. Viessman, W. Hammer, M.J., Perez, E.M.,and Chadik, P.A. 2009. Water Supply and
Pollution Control. PHI Learning Private Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Raghunath, H. M. 1985. Groundwater. John Wiley & son, New Delhi.
5. Richard G. Zytner., 1999. Water quality laboratory manual - 05-359, School of
Engineering
University of Guelph
6. Waste water analysis – Guide manual. Central Pollution Control Board. India