/0 MIDTERM EXAM, PHYSICS 5305, Spring, 2008, Dr. Charles W. Myles ‘Take Home Exam: Distributed, Wednesday, March DUE, SPM, FRL, MARCH 141! NO EXCEPTIONS! Bring it to my office or put it in my mailbox. (prefer it in my mailbox! Put it in a sealed envelope!) RULE: You may to use almost any resources (library, internet, etc.) to solve these problems. EXCEPTION: You MAY NOT COLLABORATE WITH ANY OTHER PERSON! it you have questions/difficulties, consult with me, Of with other students (whether or not they are inthis class!), with people who had this course last year, with other faculty, with post-docs, or with anyone else I may have forgotten to list here, You are bound by the TTU Code of Student Conduct not to violate! Anyone caught violating this will, at @ minimum, receive an “F” on this exam! INSTRUCTIONS: Read all ofthese before doing anything els!!! Failure to follow them may lower your grade!! 1. PLEASE write on ONE SIDE of the paper only!! This wastes paper, but it makes my grading easier! 2. PLEASE do not write on the exam sheets, there will not be room! Use other paper! 3. PLEASE show all of your work, writing down at least the essential steps in the solution of a problem. Partial credit will be liberal, provided that the essential work is shown. Organized work, in a logical, casy to follow order will receive more credit than disorganized work PLEASE put the problems in order and the pages in order within a problem before turning in this exam! 5. PLEASE clearly mark your final answers and write neatly. If | cannot read or find your answer, you can't expect me to give it the credit it deserves and you are apt to lose credit. 6. NOTE: The words EXPLAIN and DISCUSS mean to do this briefly, using complete, grammatically correct English sentences! 7 NOTE!!! The setup (THE PHYSICS) of a problem will count more heavily in the grading than the detailed mathematics of working it out. PLEASE FOLLOW THESE SIMPLE DIRECTIONS!!!! THANK YOU!!! NOTE!!!! YOU MUST ANSWER PROBLEM 1! WORK ANY 5 OUT OF THE OTHER 6 PROBLEMS! So, you must answer 6 problems total, Problem | is worth 10 points. Each of the others is equally weighted & worth 18 points. So, 100 is the maximum points possible Please sign this statement and turn it in with your exam: Thave neither given nor received help on this exam Signature 1. REQUIRED QUESTION!! | % A fair coin is tossed 500 times. Use the Gaussian approximation to find the probability of obtaining 290 heads. ) b. Write the 1" Law of Thermodynamics for an infinitesimal, quasi-static process in a system “ characterized by absolute temperature T and one external parameter x. EXPLAIN the physical ‘meaning of every symbol you write. DISCUSS the physical meaning ofthis law. 2 & Write the 2™ Law of Thermodynamics for the system of part a. EXPLAIN the physical meaning of every symbol you write and DISCUSS the physical meaning of this law. 4d. Write the 3 Law of Thermodynamics for system in part a. EXPLAIN the physical ‘meaning of every symbol you write and DISCUSS the physical meaning of this law. e. DISCUSS the physical meaning of entropy. yf State the Fum | Postulate of Statistical Mechanics. DISCUSS it’s physical meaning and some of it’s consequences.NOTE!!! WORK ANY 5 OUT OF PROBLEMS 2 through 7! 2. Consider a classical plane pendulum. The mass m, is suspended from the ceiling by a massless wire of length f. It oscillates in a plane with no friction. The total mechanical energy is E=|(L?)/2me)] + mgt(1 — cos8). Lis the angular momentum about the suspension point. @ is the oscillation angle. 0 = 0 is where the wire is vertical. See figure >>> In what follows, make the small @ approximation, so that (1 - cos®) may be approximated as (14)0", a. For fixed energy E, sketch the allowed region in the classical phase space for 4 this pendulum (the 0-L plane) that is accessible to the pendulum for all energies less than or equal to E. Ifthe energy isin the very small range E to E + 8E, sketch (on the same figure you just sketched) the allowed region of phase space that it accessible to the pendulum. _-> b. For length {= 1.5 m, mass m = 2 kg, and maximum angle ,, = 10°, calculate the number of "allowed states for this pendulum forall energie es than or equal 16 E. Take the area of the ell in phase space to be Planck’s constant h Put in NUMBERS! | want a NUMERICAL VALUE! _5 6. Inthe small @ approximation, this pendulum behaves approximately as a simple harmonic “7 oscillator. So, the quantum mechanies of iti approximately the same as itis forthe quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator. Using the approximate quantum mechanical expression for the ‘energy E of the same pendulum as in part b, estimate the quantum number n. Compare this result to the results of part b. 3. See figure. In a quasi-static process, a certain gas changes from macrostate A to macrostate B (A —> B). The mean pressure P of the gas is found to change with it’s volume V as P= aV"). a is a constant. Find the quasi-static work W done and the net heat Q absorbed by the gas in ‘each of the following processes. (Each process changes the gas from A to B). 6 ‘a. The system is expanded from it’s original volume to it’s final volume under isobaric constant pressure) conditions, The volume is then kept constant and heat is extracted to reduce the pressure to 10° dynes/cm. This process is labeled by a in the figure. 6 b. The volume is increased and heat is supplied to cause the pressure to decrease linearly with volume, This process is labeled by b in the figure. (6 & Thetwo steps of the process described in part a are preformed in the opposite order. This process is labeled by ¢ inthe figure. 4. Consider the chemical reaction A + B -> C, The molar heat capacities (in units of [J/(mole-K)]) at constant pressure of substances A,B, and C are the following functions of absolute temperature T: Cx =3T?, (Cy =5T*, Co = 10T. This reaction is carried out at constant temperature T = 300K. ‘{ €P a. Calculate the entropy change per mole, AS, of substance C produced. 3g Does the sign of your answer violate the 2“! Law of Thermodynamics? If not, why not? EXPLAIN briefly, using complete, grammatically correct English sentences. Fe. Calculate the heat released per mole, AQ, of substance C produced (24 Assuming thatthe mechanical work, W, done inthis reaction is zero, caleulat the total change in internal energy per mole AE produced in this reaction.NOTE!!! WORK ANY 5 OUT OF PROBLEMS? through 7! 5. The number of accessible states for a certain system of N particles confined to volume V, with energy in the range E to E + 5E is O(E,V,N) = AE““exp[BN°V“”). A & B are constants. ‘a. Calculate the entropy in terms of E,V and N. b. The absolute temperature of the system is T. Calculate the internal energy E as a function of TY, and N. c. Find the equation of state P(V,T,N) for this system, where P is the pressure. d. Calculate the heat capacity Cy,x at constant volume V and constant particle number N for this. system. 2. Calculate the volume coefficient of expansion a and the isothermal compressibility « for this system. (See Reif, Ch. 5) 3 f. Calculate the heat capacity Cp, at constant pressure P and constant particle number N for this system, wh 6. Consider a system of magnetic moment pin a static magnetic field B. The system is in thermal ‘equilibrium at absolute temperature T. Consider an infinitesimal, quasi-static process in which the magnetic field is changed by dB. Recall that, in such a situation, the mechanical work done is - dB. For this system, use the following definitions (E is the internal energy, S is the entropy): Enthalpy: H = E- pB. Helmholtz Free Energy: F = E - TS, Gibbs Free Energy: G = E—TS - pB. In solving this problem PLEASE be VERY CAREFUL in your partial derivative notation about which variables are held ‘constant when the derivative is taken. Z2* ‘Write, in differential form, using the differential dE, the combined 1" & 2™ Laws of Thermodynamics for this system, assuming thatthe entropy §& the magnetic field B ae independent variables. Db Usethe properties of differentials and the reslsof part to express T ae pas partial derivatives of E Se Usethe properties of partial derivatives andthe result of part to relate an appropriate partial derivative ofp to partial derivative of T, hence deriving one of Maxwell's relations fr this system. UY ad Repeat parts a,b,c, except begin by writing the combined 1" and 2™ Laws in terms of a differential of F, 1) scuming T& B are independent variables and expressing Sand was appropriate paral derivatives of F T e. Repeat parts a,b, except begin by writing the combined 1" and 2™ Laws in terms of a differential of H, assuming Sand pare independent variables and expressing T& B as appropriate partial derivative of H. Gt Repeat pars ade, except begin by Writing the combined 1* and 2™ Laws in ems of difretal of G, ascuming T andy are independent variables and expressing §& B as appropriate paral derivatives of G. 7. Consider a mole of steam under high pressure, so that the Van der Waals equation is the equation of state, Van der Waals constants for steam: a 7 6,0 (liter)*-atm/(mole)*, b = 0.8 liter/mole. It is initially at pressure P,= 40 atm and has volume V.~ 9 liter. It is then expanded to V.=24 liter. Da. Calculate the inital temperature of the steam, ae Z b. Ifthe expansion is isobaric (at constant pressure) calculate the final temperature. Z. Calculate the mechanical work (n Joules) done in the isobaric expansion of part b. 2 4. If the expansion is isothermal (at constant temperature) calculate the final pressure. % € Calculate the mechanical work (in Joules) done in the isothermal expansion of part d ‘Ay For parts f and g ONLY, assume thatthe ideal gas law holds, but that 7 = ce, = 2.18, f. Calculate the final temperature and pressure if the expansion is adiabatic (at constant entropy), 3g Calculate the mechanical work (in Joules) done in the adiabatic expansion of part f.Physics S3eS, ed far, Leg Solfens, SOS O®ONeun tosses, Does y ofA, heads ? | Gree Sst PF (0, a Leon Win) = Jane] * oxpl-(m-Ne)/CNp5) | Pa PE NE 20%, n= 290 -- wear = fan) (sedGW)| 2xp [- (270-45-)/fecnag be ae" ese rad eo & At 2 (nase [atanc*] Z 2) LT Lowe & Thorno: _ Likingesmel_p tn=dé raw = 4E+ Xdx bves;-stttd AQ= heat gbsovkA in prIcess Plrcss AW= wre AMO on S575 dE = jen Fernel emg y emange. X = men le pe Fortes dk= 64 PS ty (poten Physe cel teats 1 Tote Crperese Ba Pe system ws Qtr, plore this easgy incle es heap tsb, ark anre aD RS 7a 5 Ta patos, AQ = haf TT ae as~ Oheye nr enttyy- _ Taga Can corte sp Deol tage ter dé + TW@ Da Seneze/ entry, 15s Behensdl 4s S=ALsR, = Bf een Causcpen te, oa /e le — we tf srates cecoss bla” ON at ergy Mecre sce pece Vy, BAA Lecd Sars antrpy dF A Tay ~ek (50a t+ %S Syston mest (4erea so a ae PrecessS AS ZO. q dat Ce gf Barre. Vale Per Roo” mectenesl pyre res let—- Zaw teryeateves, As Totes StS. = aus7ahFt- E~E, E= FAA safe QNNG Pryesical (Woant+pzs As ae Gf (CR ros ahsol/te 2°70), sys mes We chs Grek SEF Lacgy + enfreay oes Te Qa CorcTeat. LE Sopher Pas 16 cogpnen fe wd 5 Jaffe ) Boe o : Qe) Pysicel (Meen- af erflopyt Shbya SE 1S A rragere GE Tee, Abe OF adecessv6le SCHFIES avysten JAE). 4a a paste DF JRE arount oF wae,ae ae vys— | eutrpr rein. at a7R Jay, Zees 4 mnNrEe Ass . / D fiirda sata festvlale of Shaf. NZ! Pon 13d @tH Sys kn OG hake feo ary ee of pts eecesss64 Sirk o fF; bana se fe na aMoeus as Fe corny 4A : & Yates Pha a een & POG Ty There. a“ owe, 1 B= — eet cos) ange focs~al/ J oe G@sex/-Ze z 2= ayer mywsfen = 06 Bex a *) = free +g mgle Sane 2s Suge Jayme SQ osc.Mafer 14 (A Wwhick PS ~ Aes Foon nae £ # Z4x FRC oa own 1s Bark as with Pu» Lr, xto™ > A> mgt. ths aae Jo, fer ogy ure Awe @ Eo e238 20,2 fare on ebllas". ED EtSE 42 elbpse= max 4 >) free of elepre Taeb les Pens Ma jor eke SES Semi minor ARCS 2 £= = 1 = Ee Zn + 5g he 4, Lames a Sane, 0) 5 Lip Ponce ss Eee at Lo @= Boxe, 6 Figs Aha Bria Jo? = O195 ced Gt meky, La). Ex 7% QDOIDUNCVD Sa257T Zee amktL = 2eE)IN2ED 23.13 Linn % EPIL WSS Arex of Ettpse A= Tab = 1 Ou, 4-~> =a. 3© 6.b3 -3¥ Fa Sk NIT ER a zy XO Cea $F TLS xto™ Shs as, Se deme, 7 sfetes peeeseee wilh fer Jae fr pond, mm af Stel A, Wes Jez 255 dfs Aare neha 2 SZ (ose 329 (25) (A227 5) NX GE OMS Kt0" SraAes = AcPhars Crea, ”aw 7 bs by fats foie oer aA fae© @ Sra quasi-stne process, @ Cerkn gar charges fom mavesiak At macresiat B, Whe mean prssure P of the gest 16 found D change with 15 volume V as piaV® awe Gaastent, Fiat Ke gaage shite wowk Wi dure Md net heat @ absorbed bos He Gouin cach 46 the (lowri preeaaes. ? (10 dynes fou) ’ (on?) - ) The system js expandeol from T's oriqhel volowe ty Us final voleme under Sobaric Candihen S$ The volume is then bet constant ana heat is extract hs reduee the passers bh I0’dyres/om, ( procssa a in Kyu re) A28', BOB, Break tha Procead Info tee parts oe = Conskutt = 32 210? dynes Jen? AB, p Jutt = 32 a10 deynes | Wyag ? 5, pel p s av | =p (Ve-W) = B2 x10" Aya a) (82do8 Pont = Laon?) Wang 2 224 xpo" dynesiom +/22460 aL) Crajneem = leis? 3) poe Ta ordtr + bd nd Unt Wot emitted, Wwe need +p Know ta In enargy Hud geeues uabun gem {yer A-B. ae Should i He Aaive for any path0 tain. WE tom cho by look at Ht pros fyom Arty B thet allows tHe Une proN>, this is an Adiokat, prousd , so no heat is lostor gana, (Q+0) Me wea [4 Vile zy) 3 * Seay ey Ca Allon he units truove co) - taking a peat colons the Unt A ah and Meavol {er nibs Pr x1” dynes fem™ V2 Lattom> (pnt A) 32 x15 Ayres lem® = a (Ixl0%em?) > Ae 32x10? dynes Jon? (ix? cnt)? > (2x10 dros /ent) Cat emd)® a = (32x08 )(Vei8 > dynes Cont) om™ Q= B,2x10'™ dynes cm 22 W #(0.0113 ae) (3, 2ei0!® hynea-om®) W = 3B wl? dynes om = BLO Jouler w suo)Now 4et we know fle AE for Ke Change bro A>B, we can fha He heat lost whin Gory prom AB. Q> MAE+w Q= 3007 + 22,4003 Qs. 1¥e00-5 For prota ai We 22,4003, Q=! 88003 ») The voluwe is increased and heat 15 Supphed ty Cau He pressuce to decrcou (eadly Usb Volume qd (Process novled 6 ( The work done lay He ‘oy stemn Cth le found ey caleutahig area Untlr’ fhea raph We (area umer qraph) We Grea ob tay) + Carca of rectangle) ‘rectangle We (Fou © beighr) + CUagdh * width) We 3 (Bxistem® —DeidPond)( 3208 Sues — [arse SEE) + (drool ine SE) We]. dei! dyae Crm + 72/0 Thine om We 1.17 xo" dyne em = 1,700 J DE=-3O003 phil Aine ove initial and fyral cenditrins are the same (A>8) Q= AE+w by the Ist low Q = ~ 300d + 7004 Q=+ Bl0oy€ C) The two veps of the proces in par? @ are pertrrmed m Yt opposite over (Prooms © in fyquied We Can lorcak He proti up inte too ports ROA and A'98 Ta AAA, there is nv Work done only heat Cxthanged, We Cun look at hit part decore’ Th A9B, work is dove. To fine The amunt work dont Wt simply rer fo bind He ara, untliy “the Cu yee % WE area unter turre We Lew AN 2 (1x0 en?) (1uio’ 48) We 7x07 dune Cm = 700 FJ AE = - 3003 ata before Q-he+ W Q = -3%007 + 7ooT Q~ -27003 iw yeuse! W= 7003 Qe-2® AS= VO)= Syl Tt)? Yroesr ms 0 "Gy dat! far eee 8 ie ase (7 atiat’ (7 ant ot [git on ° 7° b T oT ASe io Wet W aS (atonal aT, AS: lat - 3 (417) -sQ2T") AS: WoT - 49? - lo T"™ q T= 300K itor 157 eae 173 onan As - 132/75 BD Dees the sign of your answar violate the 2nd laws of Harm dey viamics? TF nod, voy nar? The aqn ches nor vidode fhe Ino Law of Hermadunamics, “Ht negative Sqn isticates Yost the system lost heat “to Us enviconmunt Loken The reaction cclurced Filso, Ur makes sense Wat the tntropy reduced became we have reduces Wa numer of accede dtales nthe Systems ¢). Célanloe +e heat releoud per mic, AQ, ob Aulosiance C produ eva By We Second as: AS= 4Q 2, AQ= TAS aa3) ® AQ=T AS = Boot) (132178 & Pam) QQ =- 3.97160! Vente 1 Fie awe Stem < BATT of heat oer mole 3) Assim rg ther thie mechanial usort W, dove Tn YAis reaction i$ bero, Calorlate Hu total Chanye mM MHrnek Energy per mole KE produce th His veachon. let law. AQ= de +h =) AQ=AE 5 S, [de= = 3970" "Tse | oC ——=—] wnYs > 502% Midterm Exam Medkem SCS) _% = aa a £N The powber of accessible Sites fer certain Cee is Particles contin to Volume Vy wit energy in 4 Em Er ge iss LEV) = Ag ext (bury) vo adr & ate ConS tants. A) Catevlete Errety in perms of EN b) IS Th absolute tempertin of te System. Calculate te interme cheray Fas a Function of Ta oa Ns J C) Fink tu €4Ustin Of Stare A) Cateu ) Coadeatee te. hed Cnpacily Cx at "Const Value Vi and, Const parti Momo N foc nis System, F) Catan the Yelane eunttec We fe the saan 7) Cate wld Net Capact ; ty, P 2 iat Nn 2 Pw A Constack Pressure nk Conse Pr wwthor NO Bo tris Sy Stews, Re dincs »sio3 Fie, Cees tug errrory is desing ast S? kLn() es ei iven in te Question ist (VT) fe tris System, where Pic te Pron OF exPansion oc and the iSothermel coupiestbin, LEVM) <4 em S= Ko LOE val} a Anly Fae bn? v)] Nee: Ln ( B)= tn @+ Le 2, R= iG A + An(E™"*) + dn (xe ters)} = Kes wo] So the entre Py GF this System ist exe( SW Ms m) OS Rie betas 3TMidterm Exam Vichiem > Cent) (7%) ce Put Be Pat Bi Evry «5 Function of TV AN. To determin the internal encray Of this System as a finctin gf T, Van NV We will OSe te fellavings a Se kr =F —- (Reis, 0g 105 ean 2.5.3) 4 4 = kK ALn(0) yey DE 3g KAM) = 2 (Reie, o42 25:¢06-129)) From part A: + S* KOO woe aayth a k avi Hos SW compre OF 2 An(é) + BMV DE Ittm ASSembe Gud Solte fer te energy. 2 e(k bn) + TAZ OE) + ea vl ° Ca ny x eve SWk cE Z = Soli Sy E,—__PHS909 ¢ Aker Exam = Ppdatem FES) CD) — Vs + Equation of Ste Te TO Calabi He etasin OL" Sham TE coin Us eee ; Pre Bll Qa, arse ies) iz ¥ co [Ant + Mae seat -v] a 6 [o+ 0+ tayo] Tele ant To Com pote te heck capac ity OF He System ot cons tat Par ticle Nomber Twin Us tte Felloruings cr T (3 = (45) (Beis Pa 141 Zeqs 4.4.4) Se Gq = ie oT =/ SM po Oh ae ~ o « Zk. To chee 4uig 2D windo Agen With Ne atternetive form. by = TH), =T 2 [ng k on (Ewnr) i carve Thee) 4 Ce =Sww\ Wri checks UO ; arPR SS03% Midterm Exam - Pro! oe Rast exparsion Dd com pressivi Tn onder to. cempue F wit Ae He egugs 4302) 7 oT Pp = Ue vw OP From Part C: tre Coctsit OF eyparsiona ard Combessibitiny , [a ior of SH Lee Uclume — flen OS: (eis, Py 168: eg 5-4-8) (Ret 0g Loe: eqn 5-77-41) Pe tBu TW Solving ies W: Wis 3 Tews 4) Thestys a> %(22) Viar wo AST P = Gee) (245) ( (4) “(3 m) =3P Ti “T_\& Volume Coettiot of expansion” Now For the comp ressibt 3" ea) Ger oe #) =(-4) Gr) Je Tsethermal Com prestiiny csPV S308 Pat E: G, iets nomWer Teil Compde Te Steele hak CaPacrry at Constr Pressae cod apn * USing he fesotes From te Previoss Petts aid te re . Con ty, Malls Qeit, Py 168 F e9n 59.13) Midterm Exain Pecsem Stem) 1s From Previa Pacts CE eet ean, MEd oko zMk eat es Assemsting these Parts Wwe hover CG, = Cy vena 5} + “(onk) + Fy 3 G ) Co areat) (T) at “Cp = Bue - St = eye ove Pe G ce Note: Ths és alte Stremte Sine G >¢, tan, Dh Nor Sue ot a Tel” Physice ase Chere thie 15 Wot pa,PHS S305¢ Miter Cram Prabem 6 (1) ae AY Conia & Systm of mnagere Moma Dim asinre nes Lieut, B, aa ic Gn MF intessind ‘The sys, is in thermm£ equilib, at ahs, temp TV. Consivet am intintees FS (Press mien pag Fitut iS changed by AB. Recse te Mees, “em doe! = ~POB, Fer suis Systems, a Helmhelte E= int anecsy y Se emey » He Extiany = Epo, Fe & 1S Hembra Fey C= Gidks frcneay = E-Ts—pp a , ) Wren aie Form, Sma SE, combinat TE WZ Lew osthernater is SUE Asso ming S at B are ind gaa. Ose 4, Pree OF Difted Rartiats of is C) Use BP OF Pacts ark bb te fee o partie deliv OL ant 4 Rarie of a; ence Beriving GQ Marole Petatin for this Spguem. MS VS icsrsof A to express “Tadpes ») Repeat HO bet st me. a GP indepen a ee aay Omer terms of JF Assuming Tp, Be ‘Chewd heres San) Pes gattie derlu of F Mine Sa ein ning Wit DY tetin S ‘ ree olen 5 bas rien a eees Diet i Mis fe I], Using Tae [0 imagenes Cspressing SHR os Js006 Pert % bam, Ty Seer’ Tosa dé +pdv We me Quen L Iw =—yow Sawing for DE amd Subsriutiny FW Ue Seer Obs Toe dw nos [oe +. (JE =Tas + par DO rs coryy ? gee () ds +(2) 38 Paste From te detinitin oF Anstytic Flnctions wwe hrecus a BE 3 =) Es fie) yeas sme 3). 32), » 285 2), Y nstetln OF DE in Be ay (& nf. =), (32), Part D Nat D Jos Wee AB BC, Tui do te Sane thins tatriys T 4B fo be indGet —OSin“g DF as te Gow TdS = db +aw dF= JE — lst) Salve fee DE JE=dF+ OGD equte edt $ bmw = Tds ~Jw Reate: Fw = -LOB Bygone: Er) = Seth TAS Ne Sv into chee? d r= [Tas - (wed) —[ sar srest - TdS-TIS +HdR — SATpl S2e> 2 Midbe- Glam Wredeme are) @ a . Wy Similer to be tee d OF = Se o® + (ZB) ot Seo: “paw = ot dF = podb- Sat (2) +(2) on BP Ase S24) CF Prralyti, Preperts, Ue hee: See Fo is @58ud4e he a@aalyp fet JG 7 QGB.-@0.6) Sob. py 2, a . ” (FF | (3), Qacr E THE Bees, JW dE -dws) + ge = ah + dpD) JE=TOS~Iw = Tds spo® = dh + dew fe eee eee eve b= TOS ~ Bdy —4¥ 49% tow ] => OW (2ayes, (2), Ae > T=(2E) and B= -(/2t By the 5 a SRT (2.22. Be, 36 1 E)~ 23 InYH 35092 Molem Preblem G Co) G&D) 44 Rat FE: G=6m~ hs Coreen Tds ~dw =dE = Tos + bas d@ = JE ~ yf — div) JE = dG +(Tehs sot) y (ws Mew vse oe Reb ws te, Salte Ler 0é, £3p) Dikceubts, +Bdp) = Tds +Hdx [OG =~suT Bop) Com AP 4 aeLW Now Ex Ploiting te Prep ok Dittentitio. .. _ Jelse ee og Sem ne, Sine Cc ’sAraly tic... 2) fae ().(38), (2), ), ¢ Sus From Above: Ga, = Ge, 3 is in OOF ote: ZX didvet erplet Steps in I \ © Sime 2 is fhe Same Prccess as A>@ Conscler a mrle of Stam umoler beg pressure So that the Vander Waals egaatien is fe equation of State. Ven ler Waals censtaats gor steam: a= OE ria > bt ORL /moe . Ft is inthatly pressere pee Watm and Aas voluae ay e124, Dt 1s flan exyercled = 2.4L, @) Cal culate We inihel fempeestove of The Stam Van cer Waals 2quatin of Stet (raj O® b) = eT ue, Te (+9, (vare) v2 Wo VE lmle whee te = (‘Be + Woe alae’) (es Ae - 0.8L mle) (MLA mate)” (0. 082 Lotm/e-maie) Te = (44.204m) (0.4 L/mie) 0.082 Latw/k-mie [Te 216.6 K b) TL he expansion is Tsolarie (cansient pressure), Carlen iat He Anat temperature « Por Pe = AO atm Ve> 24 = 2 woe ® 2.4 Amie ale “(rena ee b) Tee (‘oom Uo Lata 2) (2 ee ot Una) 24 4mie)™ (0.062 Liatm/\ mde)Tp =(41.0.atm) (1. Fe) 0.082 Latm/emole C) Clear tHe mechanial were Cin Joules) done in the \solearic expansin of pact b we J” pv = pS"dv We p(v-%) =Hoerm) (2.4L 1.2L) = YE atm latm ®).019 210% M/m? Lo > Lem? Jatm:L = 1.013 x10* Mm = 0/84/07 J 1 We Wate bk we 1.013287 Yate [we 462 YE o2 3] Lok pequied to eepand Fesben cally dy) Hh the expansion \s \sothtrmal Cot constant tempente), Coleriate tre hut Pressure. Tet > (Ps, \ea- -b) = (re+ 3 He Solve be ag a Pet Cy ee a (we: b) Bee Pe= (‘ vot 2) Crewe = Orta) — (Lan Zoue) C2 ted) J (a4 ruse - 0-4 frse) (14 ‘Aacle)*G9 2(44.2ahm) LO4 ted _ 104 abn 7 (1G Tne ) J [pe = 10 atm €) Caleta He mechanicel oack(in Joules) dove nthe teettermek trparsin of portd, We can Aired wort vary We S pov , lot we weed te wnke p had a fuacten of N Coy si\vug Hoe eguatin of state) (P+ 2x) [v/o-b) = eT e apie _av* ¥ i Wp) Vv => We \r pav \We En Jo dve aut" t,dv Ny V-vb ee) We &To In(v-wb) | + aviv We &TD lave -vk) ve vb Ma V2(4-E) R= 0.082 be ma oe bo Eas Vp t24b. T=T. 215,0K b= 0.8 Ll mie D= | mae Vo =ho2b We (0082 Ee C5 In Vn (oattescvortthese)) /ti2b-tearloxted)| + (0 Ye) mae (Ba. - aLWl7.7 Lam) In (4) + Olam (-0.42 t) We: 24.5 Latm - 25 Laim We 22 Liatm VLeatm = 1.0/3 eto" J Aske We 22 Latm » SORE Wwe 22277 Work regee rel for YAe 4 rr Veo Hers mat ta pans: bn f) Assuncthr deal Ged (aes holds, at V=Cphy 2.16. Catentate the frat Hemperatire arse pressurcif the expansion is adiabare Coansrant entropy) pV= convert and V9" T = Congyant fir ideal goa wweler goin, 0% adiabaNe protest pe Vio = Neue Svlve por Te Te > (Vey T (#) peet eee tT, = O.4ST 24dl We need to fyrol Te leding He reteaf ged lane To= po 2 Heat) (20) VE CInsie) (0.002 42%) y To= SES K 5 Tes O48 (s¥sle)= Bos kKPe * BM pe VE Pe* po [ue ** tee) pe Hoatm) (4% 4) Assuine the ial ger lwhelas, bd T by Sarr Calentoak th machanical work (KT) done whe adiabane expansion of part £. For adiakahc expansion , FQ>0 go dE=tQ-iw lecemy dee -twW and SP-C dT (Br ideat qoes ) For an ideal gaa: Velde Seve Zr & Je ve ST, E-ve (er al Yr, €= De (TT) Fl Latm E= (Ime) (0.002 sare) (203k - 5851) (as-1) D018 wre?” H 22Gb Liat: «ce 2 J)OG Sp Danger a= t= GiGe ZEB = CD 2ISTE Ceorrlen eele + fade f BOO Nae Ase So (apee) = Sea Pe) — Cac) Se Geo) = [ede - pens °F dT | 6 ee, a %o ae Sg ak) = if Col DAT ies Fed Qo gers 6 Sp (ae0c) = [eee s ee | as Ass Zz Tana am aay eT we 2 OB EL AS =7/@Gov? =| — 5 (a) (300) * 2 os? Hr [sz = 3263 Te) a SAG. S SASS ge (200) (-32.63 ¢ aL Het FntD) CDEDE = AGW oP? Jepls DQ Nx bs<0 Aves ref vwokit arp Cad AMD Car aXe an coe The Neel Z fon feo, egetA@w @ gy FLEETS Bf -gh, C2£-75- 3h $3 4) [Ea THE Wa © aé=(2)jds + (2G) 4 hl (2p , = (om). 3:2 Se [= Gi) 4). dk 2 dé =Tds- 5327 B¢ dé = Ths + df Td s- Sd 7 de = gdB- sdl_ = (25) de (4) dr tte dE odb- GA a) aa Pina -GL2¢ oe T= - G3 = Qi), as lBdsBe sre PO Be - es: ant (Sa, 0) d62db-Td5-8A7 — 946 -2A. 2 Last gaa Car ngr™ paling ae [4 e pat (8) dy =P_ oe aT cos eee:@ @O) Geen Vendor Waals Etr df Spek. Cpr) lv-bD =R & Gury lee View, Ke Fz Kho betnfs Via 0 LH tedebincl | as SOatrn ara S-astiwle, g= Fk Se ala a ci ae Z B+’ =k al = nae peek = (ser BNieoe> exo > T25 Spee S Tay eS Bee Hy ze aaa Z P= SD afm Pes Pe C650 Eee Ye Pr = a Ie ee Ve -b 55, Ve -6 Ue. Rap a et Re Ye-b VeHis Wy Ve-b Rie (Ga) + (6- (fi - Se) = RIE() Te= 7. re (pee ere = Sx) Fp = (29) (4223) @ Baar 7 Te 732K | Mets ™ -maensen. ne LA USebev(e Saucer. ae a Si pee = PUK -VD = = ab = x [sous] hanes ae s ogee Or tte tas Te = ets og T= Fee Bivess To = TF R (+e \n4) . G+ HdU-» R Re (Pag) _ o L¥e- bs yr B= (so + fp) C-osd ure, (2-2 2 = OEP) Bipatm) POP -) Bata SsYU (N niga): psatPverel 235 es Vis Goten 2.6) Wilk ia J Mdsf 44 ( We (oat Gens Ww le . ~ “AV = peey pepe ae suey Ln, eet + Ui mS Vrwbses FP WefasBe rT] ae Pa PVs NAT DO = Aqneneat Les el Besta t “Pe ws te ee ae fe Ee & tf PY = RK PVp= ATe > ? { & Soa? ¥ VAS, P= (GYR. Se: we (2 Ye yay Ze ! soy | Poe eee