Time periodical (non - sinusoidal) analogy

of electric circuit

→ sources → periodical functions

Harmonics (Fourier analysis)
Theorem of Superposition

DC + AC k = ̅̅̅̅̅
1, n
“h0” w…… kw…….. nw

e(t) , 𝑖𝑠 (t) = f(t) = 𝐹 (0) + 𝑓(𝑡)(1) + ⋯ , where 𝐹 (0) − 𝐷𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑡)(1) + ⋯ − 𝐴𝐶

Eg. 𝑒1 = 𝐸1

𝑒2 = 𝐸2 + 𝐸2 √2 sin(⍵𝑡) + 2𝐸2 √2sin(3⍵𝑡)

Being under DC conditions:

Behaves as a short circuit

Behaves as an open-circuit

On the harmonics, where they don’t have components, the voltage sources will be
replaced by shortcircuits and the current sources will be replaced by open-circuit.

Remark!
We pay attention to the direction of the currents in the branches for the respective
harmonics.
The solution of the circuit with periodic non-sinusoidal sources (by applying the
superposition theorem) will be the algebrical sum of the solutions obtained on each
separated harmonic.

𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼 (0) + 𝑖(𝑡)(1) + ⋯ + 𝑖(𝑡)(𝑛)

In the algebraical sum, we take with “+” or “-“ the component depending on how we
have kept or not the initial direction of the current in the branch.
 𝐼 = √𝐼 (0)2 + 𝐼 (1)2 + ⋯ + 𝐼 (𝑛)2 Effective value
P – active
Q – reactive
S – apparent

𝑆 2 ≠ 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2

Also, it appears that 𝐷 = √𝑆 2 − (𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 distortion power

Example:

R=24Ὡ
1
ωL= 𝜔𝐶 = 5Ὡ

E= 48 V
𝑒(𝑡) = 𝐸 + 𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 4 𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝜔𝑡

We have 3 harmonics: “0” - DC, “1”- AC and “5”- AC

“0”: DC
I(0)= 0
U(0)C= E

“1ω”: AC
𝐸√2
E(1)= ej0 = 24√2
2

1
𝑧 (1) = 𝑅 + 𝑗 (𝜔𝐿 − 𝜔𝐶) = 𝑅

If we have sinus resonance on an AC circuit, we don’t have the same resonance on the rest
of the harmonics.
The number of harmonics influences the calculation of the inductive and capacitive
impedances in such way that the inductive resistance increases as many times as the
number of harmonics when the capacitive resistance decreases as many times as the
number of harmonics.
𝐸 (1) 24√2
𝐼 (1) = = = √2 𝑒𝑗 0
𝑍 (1) 24

𝑖(𝑡) = 2 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜋
𝑈𝑐 (1) = 𝑍𝑐 (1) 𝐼 (1) = −𝑒 𝑗 2 5√2
𝜋
𝑈𝑐(𝑡)(1) = 10 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 2 )

“5ω”: AC
4𝐸√2
𝐸 (5) = 𝑒𝑗 0 = 96√2
2

1
𝑍 (5) = 𝑅 + 𝑗 (5𝜔𝐿 − 5𝜔𝐶 ) = 24 + 𝑗(5𝑥5 − 1) = 24 + 24𝑗
𝜋
𝐸 (5) 96√2 √2 √2
𝐼 (5) = 𝑍 (5) = 24(1−𝑗) = 4 ( 2 − 𝑗) = 4𝑒 𝑗− 4
2
𝜋
𝑖(𝑡)(5) = 4√2 sin 5𝜔𝑡 − 4
5𝜋
1 4√2
𝑈𝑐 (5) = 𝑍𝑐 (5) 𝐼 (5) = −𝑗 5𝜔𝐶 𝐼 (5) = (−1 − 𝑗) = 4𝑒 𝑗 4
2
5𝜋
𝑢𝑐(𝑡)(5) = 4√2 sin 5𝜔𝑡 + 4
𝜋
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼 (0) + 𝑖(𝑡)(1) + 𝑖(𝑡)(5) = 0 + 2 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 4√2 sin(5𝜔𝑡 − 4 )

2
𝐼 = √𝐼 (0)2 + 𝐼 (1)2 + 𝐼 (5)2 = √02 + √2 + 42 = 3√2 𝐴

5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑢𝑐(𝑡) = 𝑢𝑐 (0) + 𝑢𝑐 (1) + 𝑢𝑐 (5) = 48 + 10 sin 𝜔𝑡 − + 4√2 sin 5𝜔𝑡 +
2 4

2
𝑈𝑐 = √𝑈𝑐 (0)2 + 𝑈𝑐 (1)2 + 𝑈𝑐 (5)2 = √482 + 5√2 + 42 𝑉

Application 2:

R1=R2=10Ὡ
IS(t)= 2A
C2=80µF
L2= 8mH
L=10mH
C=0.5Mf
𝜋
𝑒(𝑡) = 80 + 100√2 sin(500𝑡 + 4 )

“0”: DC
I(0)= 0
𝐼𝑠(0)
= I2(0)= =1 A
2

Us(0)= R1I1(0)= 10 V

“1”: AC (ω=500)
𝜋
100√2
𝐸 (1) = 100𝑒 𝑗 4 = (1 + 𝑗) =
2
50√2 (1 + 𝑗)
1
𝑍 (1) = 𝑅1 + 𝑗 (𝜔𝐿 − 𝜔𝐶 ) = 10 +
𝑗(4 − 4) = 10
𝐿2
(1) Z12 Z22 𝐶2
𝑍 = 𝑅2 = 10 1
𝑍𝐿2+𝑍𝐶2 𝑗(𝜔𝐿2− )
𝜔𝐶2

𝑍 (1) = 𝑅1 = 10

𝐼 (1) = 0
Z2 infinity;
𝜋
𝐸 (1) 50√2(1+𝑗)
𝐼1(1) = 𝐼 (1) = 𝑍 (1)+𝑍1(1) = = 5𝑒 𝑗 4
20
𝜋
√2
𝑈𝑠 = 𝑍 (1) 𝐼1(1) = 50 (1 + 𝑗) = 50𝑒 𝑗 4
2
𝜋
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖1(𝑡)(1) = 5√2 sin(500𝑡 + 4 )
𝜋
𝑢𝑠(𝑡)(1) = 50√2 sin(500𝑡 + 4 )
𝜋
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼(𝑡)(1) + 𝐼 (0) = 0 + 5√2 sin(500𝑡 + 2 )
𝜋
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖1(𝑡)(1) + 𝐼1(0) = 1 + 5√2 sin(500𝑡 + 4 )

𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖2(𝑡)(1) + 𝐼2(0) = 1

𝜋
𝑢𝑠(𝑡) = 10 + 50√2 sin(500𝑡 + 4 )