Bitcoin

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency and worldwide payment system.[9]:3 It is the first

decentralized digital currency, as the system works without a central bank or Bitcoin
single administrator.[9]:1[10] The network is peer-to-peer and transactions take
place between users directly, without an intermediary.[9]:4 These transactions
are verified by networknodes through the use of cryptography and recorded in a
public distributed ledger called a blockchain. Bitcoin was invented by an Prevailing bitcoin logo
unknown person or group of people under the name Satoshi Nakamoto[11] and Denominations
released as open-source software in 2009.[12] Plural bitcoins
Symbol [a]
Bitcoins are created as a reward for a process known as mining. They can be
exchanged for other currencies,[13] products, and services. As of February 2015, Ticker symbol BTC; XBT[b]
over 100,000 merchants and vendors accepted bitcoin as payment.[14] Research
Subunits
produced by the University of Cambridgeestimates that in 2017, there are 2.9 to
1⁄ millibitcoin[1]
5.8 million unique users using a cryptocurrency wallet, most of them using 1000
1⁄ bit[3]
bitcoin.[15] 1000000
1⁄ satoshi[4]
100000000

Coins Unspent outputs of

transactions (in
Contents multiples of a
Etymology satoshi)[5]:ch. 5
Units Development
History Original Satoshi Nakamoto
Design author(s)
Blockchain
Transactions
White paper Bitcoin: A Peer-to-
Transaction fees Peer Electronic Cash
Ownership System[6]
Mining Reference Bitcoin Core
Pooled mining
implementation
Supply
Wallets Initial release 0.1.0 / 9 January
Reference implementation 2009
Decentralization Latest release 0.15.1 / 11 November
Privacy 2017
Fungibility
Scalability
Website bitcoin.org

Economics Ledger
Classification Ledger start 3 January 2009
General use
Timestamping Proof-of-work (partial
Acceptance by merchants
Payment service providers
scheme hash inversion)
Financial institutions Hash function SHA-256
As an investment
Issuance Block reward[7][8]
Venture capital
Price and volatility Block reward 12.5[c]
Ponzi scheme and pyramid scheme concerns Block time 10 minutes
Speculative bubble dispute
 Legal status, tax and regulation Block explorer blockchain.info
Energy consumption Circulating 16,770,512 (as of 29
Criminal activity supply December 2017)
In popular culture Supply limit 21,000,000
Academia
Film Valuation
Literature Exchange rate
Television US$14.516 thousand
See also (as of 29 December
Notes 2017)
References Market cap US$243.4 billion
External links (as of 29 December
2017)

a. The symbol was encoded in Unicode

Etymology version 10.0 at position U+20BF BITCOIN
SIGN in the Currency Symbols block in June
The word bitcoin first occurred and was defined in the white paper[6] that was
[2]
2017.
published on 31 October 2008.[16] It is a compound of the words bit and
b. Compatible with ISO 4217.
coin.[17] The white paper frequently uses the shortercoin.[6]
c. July 2016 to approximately June 2020,
There is no uniform convention for bitcoin capitalization. Some sources use halved approximately every four years
Bitcoin, capitalized, to refer to the technology and network and bitcoin,
lowercase, to refer to the unit of account.[18] The Wall Street Journal,[19] The Chronicle of Higher Education,[20] and the Oxford
English Dictionary[17] advocate use of lowercasebitcoin in all cases, a convention followed throughout this article.

Units
The unit of account of the bitcoin system is bitcoin. As of 2014, ticker symbols used to represent bitcoin are BTC[a] and XBT.[b] Its
Unicode character is .[25]:2 Small amounts of bitcoin used as alternative units are millibitcoin (mBTC)[1], bit (ƀ)[26][3] and satoshi
(sat). Named in homage to bitcoin's creator, a satoshi is the smallest amount within bitcoin representing 0.00000001 bitcoins, one
hundred millionth of a bitcoin.[4] A bit equals 0.000001 bitcoins, one millionth of a bitcoin or 100 satoshis. A millibitcoin equals
[27]
0.001 bitcoins, one thousandth of a bitcoin or 100,000 satoshis.

History
On 18 August 2008, the domain name "bitcoin.org" was registered.[28] In November that year, a link to a paper authored by Satoshi
Nakamoto titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System[6] was posted to a cryptography mailing list.[28] Nakamoto
implemented the bitcoin software as open source code and released it in January 2009 on SourceForge.[29][30][12] The identity of
Nakamoto remains unknown.[11]

In January 2009, the bitcoin network came into existence after Satoshi Nakamoto mined the first ever block on the chain, known as
the genesis block.[31][32] Embedded in the coinbase of this block was the following text:

[12]
The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks.

This note has been interpreted as both a timestamp of the genesis date and a derisive comment on the instability caused by fractional-
reserve banking.[33]
One of the first supporters, adopters, and contributors to bitcoin was the receiver of the first bitcoin transaction, programmer Hal
Finney. Finney downloaded the bitcoin software the day it was released, and received 10 bitcoins from Nakamoto in the world's first
bitcoin transaction.[34][35] Other early supporters were Wei Dai, creator of bitcoin predecessor b-money, and Nick Szabo, creator of
bitcoin predecessor bit gold.[36]

In the early days, Nakamoto is estimated to have mined 1 million bitcoins.[37] In 2010, Nakamoto handed the network alert key and
control of the Bitcoin Core code repository over to Gavin Andresen, who later became lead developer at the Bitcoin
Foundation.[38][39] Nakamoto subsequently disappeared from any involvement in bitcoin.[40] Andresen stated he then sought to
decentralize control, saying: "As soon as Satoshi stepped back and threw the project onto my shoulders, one of the first things I did
was try to decentralize that. So, if I get hit by a bus, it would be clear that the project would go on."[40] This left opportunity for
[41]
controversy to develop over the future development path of bitcoin.

The value of the first bitcoin transactions were negotiated by individuals on the bitcointalk forums with one notable transaction of
10,000 BTC used to indirectly purchase two pizzas delivered byPapa John's.[31]

On 6 August 2010, a majorvulnerability in the bitcoin protocol was spotted. Transactions were not properly verified before they were
included in the blockchain, which let users bypass bitcoin's economic restrictions and create an indefinite number of bitcoins.[42][43]
On 15 August, the vulnerability was exploited; over 184 billion bitcoins were generated in a single transaction, and sent to two
addresses on the network. Within hours, the transaction was spotted and erased from the transaction log after the bug was fixed and
[44][42][43]
the network forked to an updated version of the bitcoin protocol.

On 1 August 2017, a hard fork of bitcoin was created, known as Bitcoin Cash. Bitcoin Cash has a larger blocksize limit and had an
identical blockchain at the time of fork.[45][46] On 12 November another hard fork, Bitcoin Gold, was created. Bitcoin Gold changes
the proof-of-work algorithm used in mining.[47][48]

Design

Blockchain
The blockchain is a public ledger that records bitcoin transactions.[49] A novel
solution accomplishes this without any trusted central authority: the maintenance of
the blockchain is performed by a network of communicating nodes running bitcoin
software.[9] Transactions of the form payer X sends Y bitcoins to payee Z are
broadcast to this network using readily available software applications.[50] Network
nodes can validate transactions, add them to their copy of the ledger, and then
broadcast these ledger additions to other nodes. The blockchain is a distributed
Number of unspent transaction
database – to achieve independent verification of the chain of ownership of any and outputs
every bitcoin amount, each network node stores its own copy of the blockchain.[51]
Approximately six times per hour, a new group of accepted transactions, a block, is
created, added to the blockchain, and quickly published to all nodes. This allows bitcoin software to determine when a particular
bitcoin amount has been spent, which is necessary in order to prevent double-spending in an environment without central oversight.
Whereas a conventional ledger records the transfers of actual bills or promissory notes that exist apart from it, the blockchain is the
[5]:ch. 5
only place that bitcoins can be said to exist in the form of unspent outputs of transactions.

Transactions
Transactions are defined using a Forth-like scripting language.[5]:ch. 5 Transactions consist of one or more inputs and one or more
outputs. When a user sends bitcoins, the user designates each address and the amount of bitcoin being sent to that address in an
output. To prevent double spending, each input must refer to a previous unspent output in the blockchain.[53] The use of multiple
inputs corresponds to the use of multiple coins in a cash transaction. Since transactions can have multiple outputs, users can send
bitcoins to multiple recipients in one transaction. As in a cash transaction, the sum of
inputs (coins used to pay) can exceed the intended sum of payments. In such a case,
an additional output is used, returning the change back to the payer.[53] Any input
[53]
satoshis not accounted for in the transaction outputs become the transaction fee.

Transaction fees
Number of bitcoin transactions per
Paying a transaction fee is optional.[53] Miners can choose which transactions to
month (logarithmic scale)[52]
process[53] and prioritize those that pay higher fees. Fees are based on the storage
size of the transaction generated, which in turn is dependent on the number of inputs
used to create the transaction.[5]:ch. 8

Ownership
In the blockchain, bitcoins are registered to bitcoin addresses. Creating a bitcoin
address is nothing more than picking a random valid private key and computing the
corresponding bitcoin address. This computation can be done in a split second. But
the reverse (computing the private key of a given bitcoin address) is mathematically
unfeasible and so users can tell others and make public a bitcoin address without
compromising its corresponding private key. Moreover, the number of valid private An actual bitcoin transaction
including the fee from a webbased
keys is so vast that it is extremely unlikely someone will compute a key-pair that is
cryptocurrency exchangeto a
already in use and has funds. The vast number of valid private keys makes it hardware wallet.
unfeasible that brute force could be used for that. To be able to spend the bitcoins,
the owner must know the corresponding private key and digitally sign the
transaction. The network verifies the signature using thepublic key.[5]:ch. 5

If the private key is lost, the bitcoin network will not recognize any other evidence
of ownership;[9] the coins are then unusable, and effectively lost. For example, in
2013 one user claimed to have lost 7,500 bitcoins, worth $7.5 million at the time,
when he accidentally discarded a hard drive containing his private key.[54] A backup
of his key(s) would have prevented this.[55]

Simplified chain of ownership.[6] In

reality, a transaction can have more
Mining than one input and more than one
Mining is a record-keeping service done through the use of computer processing output.
power.[d] Miners keep the blockchain consistent, complete, and unalterable by
repeatedly verifying and collecting newly broadcast transactions into a new group of
transactions called a block.[49] Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the
previous block,[49] using the SHA-256 hashing algorithm,[5]:ch. 7 which links it to
the previous block,[49] thus giving the blockchain its name.

To be accepted by the rest of the network, a new block must contain a so-called
proof-of-work.[49] The proof-of-work requires miners to find a number called a
nonce, such that when the block content is hashed along with the nonce, the result is Semi-log plot of relative mining
numerically smaller than the network'sdifficulty target.[5]:ch. 8 This proof is easy for difficulty[c][52]
any node in the network to verify, but extremely time-consuming to generate, as for
a secure cryptographic hash, miners must try many different nonce values (usually
the sequence of tested values is 0, 1, 2, 3, ...[5]:ch. 8 ) before meeting the difficulty target.
Every 2,016 blocks (approximately 14 days at roughly 10 min per block), the difficulty target is adjusted based on the network's
recent performance, with the aim of keeping the average time between new blocks at ten minutes. In this way the system
[5]:ch. 8
automatically adapts to the total amount of mining power on the network.

Between 1 March 2014 and 1 March 2015, the average number of nonces miners had to try before creating a new block increased
from 16.4 quintillion to 200.5 quintillion.[57]

The proof-of-work system, alongside the chaining of blocks, makes modifications of the blockchain extremely hard, as an attacker
must modify all subsequent blocks in order for the modifications of one block to be accepted.[58] As new blocks are mined all the
time, the difficulty of modifying a block increases as time passes and the number of subsequent blocks (also called confirmations of
the given block) increases.[49]

Pooled mining
Computing power is often bundled together or "pooled" to reduce variance in miner income. Individual mining rigs often have to wait
for long periods to confirm a block of transactions and receive payment. In a pool, all participating miners get paid every time a
participating server solves a block. This payment depends on the amount of work an individual miner contributed to help find that
block.[59]

Supply
The successful miner finding the new block is rewarded with newly created bitcoins
and transaction fees.[60] As of 9 July 2016,[61] the reward amounted to 12.5 newly
created bitcoins per block added to the blockchain. To claim the reward, a special
transaction called a coinbase is included with the processed payments.[5]:ch. 8 All
bitcoins in existence have been created in such coinbase transactions. The bitcoin
protocol specifies that the reward for adding a block will be halved every 210,000
blocks (approximately every four years). Eventually, the reward will decrease to
Total bitcoins in circulation.[52]
zero, and the limit of 21 million bitcoins[e] will be reached c. 2140; the record
.[62]
keeping will then be rewarded by transaction fees solely

In other words, bitcoin's inventor Nakamoto set a monetary policy based on artificial scarcity at bitcoin's inception that there would
only ever be 21 million bitcoins in total. Their numbers are being released roughly every ten minutes and the rate at which they are
generated would drop by half every four years until all were incirculation.[63]

Wallets
A wallet stores the information necessary to transact bitcoins. While wallets are
often described as a place to hold[64] or store bitcoins,[65] due to the nature of the
system, bitcoins are inseparable from the blockchain transaction ledger
. A better way
to describe a wallet is something that "stores the digital credentials for your bitcoin
holdings"[65] and allows one to access (and spend) them. Bitcoin uses public-key
cryptography, in which two cryptographic keys, one public and one private, are
generated.[66] At its most basic, a wallet is a collection of these keys. Electrum bitcoin wallet

There are several types of wallets. Software wallets connect to the network and
allow spending bitcoins in addition to holding the credentials that prove ownership.[67] Software wallets can be split further in two
categories: full clients and lightweight clients.

Full clients verify transactions directly on a local copy of the blockchain (over 150 GB As of January 2018 ),[68] or a
"pruned" subset of the blockchain (around half a gigabyte). [69][70] They are the most secure and reliable way of
using the network, as trust in external parties is not required. Full clients check the validity of mined blocks,

preventing them from transacting on a chain that breaks or alters

 preventing them from transacting on a chain that breaks or alters
network rules.[71] Because of its size and complexity, storing the entire
blockchain is not suitable for all computing devices.
Lightweight clients, on the other hand, consult remote full clients to
send and receive transactions without requiring a local copy of the entire
blockchain (see simplified payment verification– SPV). This makes
lightweight clients much faster to set up and allows them to be used on
low-power, low-bandwidth devices such as smartphones. When using a
lightweight wallet, however, the user must trust the server to a certain
degree, as it can report faulty values back to the user
. Lightweight Bitcoin paper wallet generated at
clients follow the longest blockchain and do not ensure it is valid, bitaddress.org
requiring trust in miners.
With both types of software wallets, the users are responsible for keeping their
private keys in a secure place.[72]

Besides software wallets, Internet services called online wallets offer similar
functionality but may be easier to use. In this case, credentials to access funds are
stored with the online wallet provider rather than on the user's hardware.[73][74] As a
result, the user must have complete trust in the wallet provider. A malicious provider
or a breach in server security may cause entrusted bitcoins to be stolen. An example Trezor hardware wallet
of such security breach occurred withMt. Gox in 2011.[75]

Physical wallets store the credentials necessary to spend bitcoins offline.[65] Examples combine a novelty coin with these credentials
printed on metal.[76] Paper wallets are simply paper printouts. Another type of wallet called a hardware wallet keeps credentials
offline while facilitating transactions.[77]

Reference implementation
The first wallet program – simply named "Bitcoin" – was released in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto as open-source code.[12] Sometimes
referred to as the "Satoshi client", this is also known as the reference client because it serves to define the bitcoin protocol and acts as
a standard for other implementations.[67] In version 0.5 the client moved from the wxWidgets user interface toolkit to Qt, and the
whole bundle was referred to as Bitcoin-Qt.[67] After the release of version 0.9, the software bundle was renamed Bitcoin Core to
distinguish itself from the underlying network.[78][79] Today, other forks of Bitcoin Core exist such as Bitcoin XT, Bitcoin
Unlimited,[41][80] and Parity Bitcoin.[81]

Decentralization
Bitcoin was designed not to need a central authority[6], and the Bitcoin network is considered to be decentralized.[9][7][10][82][83][84]
However, researchers have pointed out some centralized weak points in the Bitcoin ecosystem, such as mining pools and web
wallets.[85]

Privacy
Bitcoin is pseudonymous, meaning that funds are not tied to real-world entities but rather bitcoin addresses. Owners of bitcoin
addresses are not explicitly identified, but all transactions on the blockchain are public. In addition, transactions can be linked to
individuals and companies through "idioms of use" (e.g., transactions that spend coins from multiple inputs indicate that the inputs
may have a common owner) and corroborating public transaction data with known information on owners of certain addresses.[86]
Additionally, bitcoin exchanges, where bitcoins are traded for traditional currencies, may be required by law to collect personal
information.[87]

[88] For example, hierarchical deterministic

To heighten financial privacy, a new bitcoin address can be generated for each transaction.
wallets generate pseudorandom "rolling addresses" for every transaction from a single seed, while only requiring a single passphrase
to be remembered to recover all corresponding private keys.[89] Researchers at Stanford University and Concordia University have
also shown that bitcoin exchanges and other entities can prove assets, liabilities, and solvency without revealing their addresses using
zero-knowledge proofs.[90]

Fungibility
Wallets and similar software technically handle all bitcoins as equivalent, establishing the basic level of fungibility. Researchers have
pointed out that the history of each bitcoin is registered and publicly available in the blockchain ledger, and that some users may
refuse to accept bitcoins coming from controversial transactions, which would harm bitcoin's fungibility.[91] Projects such as
[92][93]
CryptoNote, Zerocoin, and Dark Wallet aim to address these privacy and fungibility issues.

Scalability
The blocks in the blockchain are limited to one megabyte in size, which has created problems for bitcoin transaction processing, such
as increasing transaction fees and delayed processing of transactions that cannot be fit into a block.[94] On 24 August 2017 (at block
481,824), Segregated Witness went live, increasing maximum block capacity and making transaction IDs immutable.[95][96] SegWit
also allows implementation of the Lightning Network, a second-layer proposal for scalability with instantaneous transactions and
near-zero fees.[97][98]

Economics

Classification
Bitcoin is a digital asset[99] designed by its inventor, Satoshi Nakamoto, to work as a currency.[6][100] It is commonly referred to with
terms like digital currency,[9]:1 digital cash,[101] virtual currency,[4] electronic currency,[18] or cryptocurrency.[102]

The question whether bitcoin is a currency or not is still disputed.[102] Bitcoins have three useful qualities in a currency, according to
[103] Economists define money as astore
The Economist in January 2015: they are "hard to earn, limited in supply and easy to verify".
of value, a medium of exchange, and a unit of account and agree that bitcoin has some way to go to meet all these criteria.[104] It
does best as a medium of exchange; as of February 2015 the number of merchants accepting bitcoin had passed 100,000.[14] As of
March 2014, the bitcoin market suffered from volatility, limiting the ability of bitcoin to act as a stable store of value, and retailers
[104]
accepting bitcoin use other currencies as their principal unit of account.

General use
According to research produced by Cambridge University, there were between 2.9
million and 5.8 million unique users using a cryptocurrency wallet, as of 2017, most
of them using bitcoin. The number of users has grown significantly since 2013,
when there were 300,000 to 1.3 million users.[15]

Acceptance by merchants
Liquidity (estimated, USD/year,
[14] Instead of
In 2015, the number of merchants accepting bitcoin exceeded 100,000.
logarithmic scale).[52]
2–3% typically imposed by credit card processors, merchants accepting bitcoins
often pay fees under 2%, down to 0%.[105] Firms that accepted payments in bitcoin
as of December 2014 included PayPal,[106] Microsoft,[107] Dell,[108] and Newegg.[109] In November 2017 PwC accepted bitcoin at
its Hong Kong office in exchange for providing advisory services to local companies who are specialists in blockchain technology
[110][111]
and cryptocurrencies, the first time any Big Four accounting firm accepted the cryptocurrency as payment.

Payment service providers

Merchants accepting bitcoin ordinarily use the services of bitcoin payment service providers such as BitPay or Coinbase. When a
customer pays in bitcoin, the payment service provider accepts the bitcoin on behalf of the merchant, converts it to the local currency,
ging a fee for the service.[112]
and sends the obtained amount to merchant's bank account, char

Financial institutions
Bitcoins can be bought on digital currency exchanges. According to Tony Gallippi, a co-founder of BitPay, "banks are scared to deal
with bitcoin companies, even if they really want to".[113] In 2014, the National Australia Bank closed accounts of businesses with
ties to bitcoin,[114] and HSBC refused to serve a hedge fund with links to bitcoin.
[115] Australian banks in general have been reported

as closing down bank accounts of operators of businesses involving the currency;[116] this has become the subject of an investigation
by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission.[116] Nonetheless, Australian banks have trialled trading between each
[117]
other using the blockchain technology on which bitcoin is based.

In a 2013 report, Bank of America Merrill Lynch stated that "we believe bitcoin can become a major means of payment for e-
commerce and may emerge as a serious competitor to traditional money-transfer providers."[118] In June 2014, the first bank that
[119]
converts deposits in currencies instantly to bitcoin without any fees was opened in Boston.

Plans were announced to include a bitcoin futures option on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in 2017.[120] Trading in bitcoin
[121]
futures was announced to begin on 10 December 2017.

As an investment
Some Argentinians have bought bitcoins to protect their savings against high inflation or the possibility that governments could
confiscate savings accounts.[87] During the 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis, bitcoin purchases in Cyprus rose due to fears that
savings accounts would be confiscated or taxed.[122]

The Winklevoss twins have invested into bitcoins. In 2013 The Washington Post claimed that they owned 1% of all the bitcoins in
existence at the time.[123]

Other methods of investment are bitcoin funds. The first regulated bitcoin fund was established in Jersey in July 2014 and approved
by the Jersey Financial Services Commission.[124] Forbes started publishing arguments in favor of investingin December 2015.[125]

In 2013 and 2014, the European Banking Authority[126] and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), a United States
self-regulatory organization,[127] warned that investing in bitcoins carries significant risks. Forbes named bitcoin the best investment
of 2013.[128] In 2014, Bloomberg named bitcoin one of its worst investments of the year.[129] In 2015, bitcoin topped Bloomberg's
currency tables.[130]

According to bitinfocharts.com, in 2017 there are 9,272 bitcoin wallets with more than $1 million worth of bitcoins.[131] The exact
number of bitcoin millionaires is uncertain as a single person can have more than one bitcoin wallet.

Venture capital
Venture capitalists, such as Peter Thiel's Founders Fund, which invested US$3 million in BitPay, do not purchase bitcoins
themselves, instead funding bitcoin infrastructure like companies that provide payment systems to merchants, exchanges, wallet
services, etc.[132] In 2012, an incubator for bitcoin-focused start-ups was founded by Adam Draper, with financing help from his
father, venture capitalist Tim Draper, one of the largest bitcoin holders after winning an auction of 30,000 bitcoins,[133] at the time
called 'mystery buyer'.[134] The company's goal is to fund 100 bitcoin businesses within 2–3 years with $10,000 to $20,000 for a 6%
stake.[133] Investors also invest in bitcoin mining.[135] According to a 2015 study by Paolo Tasca, bitcoin startups raised almost $1
billion in three years (Q1 2012 – Q1 2015).[136]

Price and volatility

The price of bitcoins has gone through various cycles of appreciation and
depreciation referred to by some asbubbles and busts.[137][138] In 2011, the value of
one bitcoin rapidly rose from about US$0.30 to US$32 before returning to
US$2.[139] In the latter half of 2012 and during the 2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis,
the bitcoin price began to rise,[140] reaching a high of US$266 on 10 April 2013,
before crashing to around US$50.[141] On 29 November 2013, the cost of one
Bitcoin price[f] history chart, linear
bitcoin rose to a peak of US$1,242.[142] In 2014, the price fell sharply, and as of scale
April remained depressed at little more than half 2013 prices. As of August 2014 it
was under US$600.[143]

According to Mark T. Williams, as of 2014, bitcoin has volatility seven times greater
than gold, eight times greater than the S&P 500, and 18 times greater than the US
dollar.[144] According to Forbes, there are uses where volatility does not matter,
[145]
such as online gambling, tipping, and international remittances.

In January 2015, noting that the bitcoin price had dropped to its lowest level since
spring 2013 – around US$224 – The New York Times suggested that "[w]ith no signs Price[f] (left vertical axis, logarithmic
of a rally in the offing, the industry is bracing for the effects of a prolonged decline scale) and volatility[g] (right vertical
axis)[52]
in prices. In particular, bitcoin mining companies, which are essential to the
currency's underlying technology, are flashing warning signs."[146] Also in January
2015, Business Insider reported that deep web drug dealers were "freaking out" as they lost profits through being unable to convert
bitcoin revenue to cash quickly enough as the price declined – and that there was a danger that dealers selling reserves to stay in
.[147]
business might force the bitcoin price down further

According to an article in The Wall Street Journal, as of 19 April 2016, bitcoin had been more stable than gold for the preceding 24
[148] On 3 March 2017, the price of a bitcoin surpassed the
days, and it was suggested that its value might be more stable in the future.
market value of an ounce of gold for the first time as its price surged to an all-time high of $1,268.[149][150] A study in Electronic
Commerce Research and Applications, going back through the network's historical data, showed the value of the bitcoin network as
measured by the price of bitcoins, to be roughly proportional to the square of the number of daily unique users participating on the
network, i.e. that the network is "fairly well modeled by theMetcalfe's law".[151]

Ponzi scheme and pyramid scheme concerns

Various journalists,[83][152] economists,[153][154] and the central bank of Estonia[155] have voiced concerns that bitcoin is a Ponzi
scheme. In 2013, Eric Posner, a law professor at the University of Chicago, stated that "a real Ponzi scheme takes fraud; bitcoin, by
contrast, seems more like a collective delusion."[156] A 2014 report by the World Bank concluded that bitcoin was not a deliberate
Ponzi scheme.[157]:7 The Swiss Federal Council[158]:21 examined the concerns that bitcoin might be a pyramid scheme; it concluded
that "Since in the case of bitcoin the typical promises of profits are lacking, it cannot be assumed that bitcoin is a pyramid scheme."
In July 2017, billionaireHoward Marks referred to bitcoin as apyramid scheme.[159]

On 12 September 2017, Jamie Dimon, CEO of JP Morgan Chase, called bitcoin a "fraud" and said he would fire anyone in his firm
caught trading it. Zero Hedge claimed that the same day Dimon made his statement, JP Morgan also purchased a large amount of
bitcoins for its clients.[160] In a January 2018 interview Dimon voiced regrets about his earlier remarks, and noted "The blockchain is
real, You can have cryptodollars in yen and stuff like that. ICOs ... you got to look at every one individually."[161]

Speculative bubble dispute

Bitcoin has been labelled a speculative bubble by many including former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan[162] and economist John
Quiggin.[163] Nobel Memorial Prize laureate Robert Shiller said that bitcoin "exhibited many of the characteristics of a speculative
bubble".[164] Journalist Matthew Boesler in 2013 rejected the speculative bubble label and saw bitcoin's quick rise in price as nothing
more than normal economic forces at work.[165] Timothy B. Lee, in a 2013 piece for The Washington Post pointed out that the
[139] On 14 March 2014, the
observed cycles of appreciation and depreciation don't correspond to the definition of speculative bubble.
."[166]
American business magnateWarren Buffett said, "Stay away from it. It's a mirage, basically

Two lead software developers of bitcoin, Gavin Andresen[167] and Mike Hearn,[168] have warned that bubbles may occur. David
Andolfatto, a vice president at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, stated, "Is bitcoin a bubble? Yes, if bubble is defined as a
liquidity premium." According to Andolfatto, the price of bitcoin "consists purely of a bubble," but he concedes that many assets
"have bubble component to their price".[56]:21 Speculation in bitcoin has been compared to the tulip mania of seventeenth-century
Holland. Comparisons have been made by the vice-president of the European Central Bank, Vítor Constâncio, by JPMorgan Chase
chief Jamie Dimon,[169] by hedge fund manager Ken Griffin of Citadel,[170] and by former president of the Dutch Central Bank,
Nout Wellink.[171] In 2013, Wellink remarked, "This is worse than the tulip mania [...] At least then you got a tulip [at the end], now
you get nothing."[171] On 13 September 2017, Jamie Dimon compared bitcoin to a bubble, saying it was only useful for drug dealers
and countries like North Korea.[172] On 22 September 2017, a hedge fund named Blockswater subsequently accused JP Morgan of
market manipulation and filed a market abuse complaint withFinancial Supervisory Authority (Sweden).[173]

The Guardian, CNBC, Forbes and Evening Standard compared bitcoin to bubbles such as the South Sea Bubble, the Wall Street
Crash, the sub-prime mortgage crisisand the Dot-com bubble.[174][175][176][177]

Researchers Neil Gandal, JT Hamrick, Tyler Moore, and Tali Oberman claimed that in late 2013, price manipulation by one person
[178]
likely caused a price spike from USD$150 to more than USD$1000.

Legal status, tax and regulation

Because of bitcoin's decentralized nature, nation-states cannot shut down the network or alter its technical rules.[179] However, the
use of bitcoin can be criminalized, and shutting down exchanges and the peer-to-peer economy in a given country would constitute a
"de facto ban".[180] The legal status of bitcoin varies substantially from country to country and is still undefined or changing in many
of them. While some countries have explicitly allowed its use and trade, others have banned or restricted it. Regulations and bans that
[181]
apply to bitcoin probably extend to similar cryptocurrency systems.

Energy consumption
Bitcoin has been criticized for the amounts of electricity consumed by mining. As of
2015, The Economist estimated that even if all miners used modern facilities, the
combined electricity consumption would be 166.7 megawatts (1.46 terawatt-hours
per year).[103]

To lower the costs, bitcoin miners have set up in places like Iceland where
geothermal energy is cheap and cooling Arctic air is free.[83] Bitcoin miners are
known to use hydroelectric power in Tibet, Quebec, and Austria to reduce electricity A mining farm in Iceland
costs.[182][183][184] Miners are attracted to suppliers such as Hydro Quebec that
have energy surpluses. [185]

Criminal activity
The use of bitcoin by criminals has attracted the attention of financial regulators, legislative bodies, law enforcement, and the
media.[186] The FBI prepared an intelligence assessment,[187] the SEC has issued a pointed warning about investment schemes using
virtual currencies,[186] and the US Senate held a hearing on virtual currencies in November 2013.
[82]

Several news outlets have asserted that the popularity of bitcoins hinges on the ability to use them to purchase illegal goods.[100][188]
In 2014, researchers at the University of Kentucky found "robust evidence that computer programming enthusiasts and illegal activity
[189]
drive interest in bitcoin, and find limited or no support for political and investment motives."
In popular culture

Academia
In September 2015, the establishment of the peer-reviewed academic journal Ledger (ISSN 2379-5980) was announced. It will cover
studies of cryptocurrencies and related technologies, and is published by the University of Pittsburgh.[190][191] The journal
encourages authors to digitally sign a file hash of submitted papers, which will then be timestamped into the bitcoin blockchain.
[192][193]
Authors are also asked to include a personal bitcoin address in the first page of their papers.

Film
The documentary film,The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin (late 2014), features interviews with people who use bitcoin, such as a computer
programmer and a drug dealer.[194]

Literature
In Charles Stross' science fiction novel, Neptune's Brood, "bitcoin" (a modified version) is used as the universal interstellar payment
system.[195][196]

Television
In November 2017, the American sitcom, The Big Bang Theory, dedicated an episode to the topic of bitcoins titled, "The Bitcoin
Entanglement". In the episode, after hearing the price of a bitcoin had risen to $5000, friends try to track down bitcoins they mined
seven years earlier.[197]

See also
Alternative currency List of Bitcoin forks
Base58 List of bitcoin organizations
Crypto-anarchism SHA-256 crypto currencies
List of bitcoin companies

Notes
a. As of 2014, BTC is a commonly used code.[21] It does not conform toISO 4217 as BT is the country code of Bhutan,
and ISO 4217 requires the first letter used in global commodities to be 'X'.
b. As of 2014, XBT, a code that conforms to ISO 4217 though is not officially part of it, is used byBloomberg L.P.,[22]
CNNMoney,[23] and xe.com.[24]
c. Relative mining difficulty is defined as the ratio of the difficulty target on 9 January 2009 to the current dif
ficulty
target.
d. It is misleading to think that there is an analogy between gold mining and bitcoin mining. The fact is that gold miners
are rewarded for producing gold, while bitcoin miners are not rewarded for producing bitcoins; they are rewarded for
their record-keeping services.[56]
[5]:ch. 8
e. The exact number is 20,999,999.9769 bitcoins.
f. The price of 1 bitcoin in US dollars.
g. Volatility is calculated on a yearly basis.

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