Guidelines For The Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway or Road Projects PDF

Guidelines For The
Environmental Impact
Assessment Of Highway Or
Road Projects
7.0m
5.0m
Roads Branch
Public Works Department Malaysia
Jalan Sultan Salahuddin
50582 Kuala Lumpur
GUIDELINES
for the
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
of
HIGHWAY/ROAD PROJECTS
Page 1
PREFACE
The following guidelines are presented as a specific supplement to the Handbook of Environmental
Impact Assessment Guidelines produced by the Department of Environment (DOE), Ministry of
Science, Technology and Environment (MSTE).
The guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Highway/Road Projects have been
specifically prepared in the context of the Malaysian environment, and for Jabatan Kerja Raya
(JKR), the Public Works Department.
JKR is the implementation agency for Highway/Road Projects in Malaysia, although the project ini-
tiator will usually be its Ministry, the Ministry of Works (MOW).
The guidelines have been prepared under a Technical Assistance (TA) as part of a World Bank loan
(3145 MA) to the Government of Malaysia for Highway Rehabilitation and Improvement.
Page 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
These guidelines for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway/Road Projects have been
undertaken in association with, and with the assistance of, Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR), the Public
Works Department. JKR made their resources (staff & vehicles) available to the EIA study team at
all times, and their support is gratefully acknowledged.
During the preparation of the EIA guidelines, guidance was sought from the EIA unit of the
Department of Environment (DOE) and their support in organising round table discussions and a
review of the draft guidelines document is gratefully acknowledged.
The EIA guidelines for Highway/Road Projects would not have been undertaken without the finan-
cial and technical support from the World Bank, and their assistance throughout the project and
review of the draft guidelines document is gratefully acknowledged.
The EIA guidelines have been prepared by the following personnel (in alphabetical order):
Kamalaldin bin Abd. Latif

Ibrahim bin Ahmad
Nicholas William Rogers
Othman bin Jaafar
Roslan bin Md Taha
Sharifah Aluyah bt Wan Othman
Page 3
JABATAN KERJA RAYA
GUIDELINES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
1.2 Categories of Road
1.3 Malaysian Environmental Legislation
And Policy
1.4 Highway/Road Projects
2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
2.1 General
2.2 Prescribed Activities
2.3 EIA Guidelines
2.4 EIA Process
3.0 ISSUE IDENTIFICATION, OR SCOPING
4.0 UNDERTAKING THE EIA
4.1 Preparing the scope of the EIA

4.2 Preparation of Terms of Reference
5.0 HIGHWAY/ROAD PROJECTS - ACTIVITIES,

ISSUES & EFFECTS
5.1 General
5.2 Main Activities
5.3 Key Issues
Page 4
6.0 EIA REPORT FORMAT ELEMENTS
6.1 Cover
6.2 Executive Summary
6.3 Introduction
6.4 Title of Project
6.5 Project Initiator
6.6 Statement of Need
6.7 Project Description
6.8 Project Options
6.9 The Existing Environment
6.10 Impact Assessment
6.11 Mitigation and Abatement Measures
6.12 Residual Impacts
6.13 Summary and Conclusions
6.14 Data Sources & Consultations
6.15 References
Page 5
JABATAN KERJA RAYA
GUIDELINES FOR THE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7.0 MONITORING
7.1 General
7.2 Physical Environment
7.3 Biological Environment
7.4 Social Environment
8.0 SELECTED REFERENCES PERTAINING

TO THE ENVIRONMENT OF MALAYSIA
APPENDIX A
A1 Environmental Significance Checklist

US Department of transportation, FHWA, 1985
A2 Checklist of Environmental Parameters, Asian Development Bank, 1990
APPENDIX B
Environmental Aspects of Quarrying Activities
Page 6
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General In urban areas, they form the basic framework
of road transportation system in urbanised area
In the promotion of environmentally sound and for through traffic. They also serve relatively
sustainable development, the Government of long trips and provide smooth traffic flow with
Malaysia has established the necessary legal full access control, thereby complementing
and institutional arrangements as such that the Rural Expressway.
environmental factors are considered at the
early stages of project planning. Environmental
assessment is an important technique for ensur- b) Highways
ing that the likely impacts of the proposed
development on the environment are fully They constitute the interstate national network
understood and taken into account before such and complement the express way network.
development is allowed to go ahead. They usually link up directly or indirectly the
Federal Capitals, State Capitals and points of
entry/exit to the country. They serve long to
1.2 Categories of Road intermediate trip lengths. Speed is not so
important as in an Expressway but relatively
In Malaysia, roads are divided into two groups high to medium speed is necessary. Smooth
by area, ie rural and urban. Roads in rural areas traffic is provided with partial access control.
are further classified into five categories by
function namely Expressway, Highway,
Primary Road, Secondary Road and Minor c) Primary Roads
Road and into four categories in urban area,
namely, Expressway, Arterial, Collector and They constitute the major roads forming the
Local Street. Their general applications are as basic network of the road transportation system
follows. within a State. They serve intermediate trip
lengths and medium travelling speeds. Smooth
traffic is provided with partial access control.
a) Expressway They usually link up the State Capitals and
District Capitals or other Major Towns.
An expressway is a divided highway for
through traffic with full control of access and
always with grade separations at all intersec- d) Secondary Roads
tions. In rural areas, they apply to the interstate
highways for through traffic and make the They constitute the major roads forming the
basic framework of National road transporta- basic network of the road transportation system
tion for fast travelling. They serve long trips within a District or Regional development
and provide higher speed of travelling and Areas. They serve intermediate trip lengths
comfort. To maintain this, they are fully access- with partial access control. They usually link
controlled and are designed to the highest stan- up the major towns within the District or
dards. Regional development Areas.
Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL Page 7

INTRODUCTION
They apply to all roads other than those 1.3 Malaysian Environmental
described above in the rural area. They form Legislation And Policy
the basic road network within a Land Scheme
or other inhabited areas in a rural area. They
also include roads with special functions such The Environmental Quality Act (1974) was
as holiday resort roads, security roads or access introduced into Malaysian Law as a compre-
roads to microwave stations. They serve mainly hensive piece of legislation to provide a com-
local traffic with short trip lengths and are usu- mon legal basis for coordinating all activities
ally with partial or no access control. relating to environmental control. Amended to
the environmental Quality (Amendment) Act
1985, this act requires any person or agency
e) Arterials intending to carry out a "prescribed activity" to
submit a report on its potential effects on the
An arterial is a continuous road with partial environment to the Director General,
access control for through traffic within urban Department of Environment (DOE), for
areas. Basically it conveys traffic from residen- approval.
tial areas to the vicinity of the central business
district or from one part of a city to another The Environmental Quality (Prescribed activi-
which does not intend to penetrate the city cen- ties) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order
tre. Arterials do not penetrate identifiable 1987 was gazetted in November 1987 and
neighbourhoods. Smooth traffic flow is essen- came into force on 1 April 1988. This Order
tial since it carries large traffic volume. lists the "prescribed activities" for which an
EIA is mandatory, including "Construction of
expressways and national highways" (Item 9 :
f) Collectors Infrastructure).
A collector road is a road with partial access Section 34A(2) of the 1985 Amendment Act
control designed to serve on a collector or dis- specifies that where an EIA is required under
tributor of traffic between the arterial and the the legislation, it shall follow the guidelines
local road systems. Collectors are the major prescribed by the Director General of DOE.
roads which penetrate and serve identifiable The procedures for preparing an EIA are set
neighbourhoods, commercial areas and indus- out in the Handbook of EIA Guidelines. In the
trial areas. Sixth Malaysian Plan under Road Transport
Prospects, 1991-1995, it is stated that environ-
mental impact assessment studies will be car-
g) Local Streets ried out as steps to reduce the negative impact
of road transport development on the environ-
The local street system is the basic road net ment.
work within a neighbourhood and serves pri-
marily to offer direct access to abutting land. The fundamental objective of an EIA is to
They are links to the collector road and thus ensure that full consideration is given to its
serve short trip lengths. Through traffic should potential effects so that wherever possible these
be discouraged. can be mitigated by careful design, construc-
tion and operation.

INTRODUCTION
Under the National Development Plan and in required environmental mitigation measures
the Second Outline Perspective Plan (OPP2) as through the conduct of Environmental
well as in the Sixth Malaysian Plan 1991 - Impact Assessment Studies; and
1995, emphasis is given to enhancement of the
environment and ecology to ensure sustainable - to promote greater co-operation and
development of the country. Based on the increased co-ordination among relevant
above Environmental Policy Objectives, the Federal and State authorities as well as
DOE has formulated and adopted a three- among the ASEAN Governments.
pronged strategy based on :
- pollution control and prevention;

1.4 Highway/Road Projects
- the integration of environmental factors in
project planning and implementation; and It must be stressed as the onset that
highway/road projects which provide trans-
- environmental inputs into resource and portation networks are fundamental to a nations
regional development planning. development, and the beneficiaries of such
projects are the nations citizens - directly
National environmental policy in Malaysia through increased mobility and access, and
will continue to give greater emphasis on the indirectly through enhanced economic prosper-
following objectives: ity.
- to maintain a clean and healthy envronment Beneficial impacts of the project, compared to
"no project", are usually one or more of the fol-
- to maintain the quality of the environment lowing:
relative to the needs of the growing popula-
tion - reduced travel times
- safer travel
- to minimise the impact of the growing pop- - opening up areas for development
ulation and human activities relating to min- - increased communication
eral exploration, deforestation, agriculture,
urbanisation, tourism and the development In undertaking highway/road projects, the
of other resources on the environment Government of Malaysia is, committed to envi-
ronmental protection as set out in :
- to balance the goals for socio-economic
development and the need to bring the ben- - Sixth Malaysia Plan 1991 - 1995
efits of development to a wide spectrum of
the population against the maintenance of - Outline Plan 1990 - 2000
sound environmental conditions
- Langkawi Declaration, October 1989
- to place more emphasis on prevention
through conservation rather than on curative - Kuala Lumpur Accord on the Environment
measure, inter alia by preserving the coun- and Development, June 1990
try's unique and diverse cultural and natu-
ral heritage - Kuala Lumpur Declaration on Environment
and Development, April 1992
- to incorporate an environmental dimension
in project planning and implementation, - Rio Declaration on the Environment and
interalia by determining the implication of Development, June 1992
the proposed projects and the costs of the

INTRODUCTION
The Langkawi Declaration is especially signifi-

cant as it provides government support for
activities related to the con - servation of biodi-
versity and genetic resources, including the
conservation of significant areas of virgin for-
est and other protected natural habitats.
On October 31, 1989, the World Bank issued

an Operational Directive (OD) to address the
Bank's concern to apply sound environmental
planning and management principles to proj-
ects such as highway/road projects. OD
4.00 sets out as Annex A guidance on the
Bank's policies and procedures for conducting
environmental (impact) assessments of pro-
posed projects. OD 4.00 standardises and for-
malises a process which is already taking place
for World Bank projects with major environ-
mental impacts. OD 4.00 and other World
Bank environmental documents are set out in
the list of selected references in Section 8.0.

2.0
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
2.1 General - AIRPORT
The need to systematically identify and evalu- - Construction of airports (having an airstrip
ate the environmental impacts of major projects of 2,500 metres or longer)
was first prescribed by the United States - Airstrip development in state and national
Congress in 1969 when it enacted the National parks
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). With this
Act, environmental impact assessment (EIA)
became an integral part of the decision making - INFRASTRUCTURE
process along with economic and technical
considerations. - Construction of hospitals with outfall into
beach fronts used for recreational purposes
The objective of any EIA requirement is to pro- - Construction of expressways
mote and ensure that planning decisions take - Construction of national highways
into account environmental costs and benefits.
Different countries have different approaches to
the decision making process but all basically - PORTS
subscribe to the viewpoint that the develop-
ment authorities make the trade-offs, except on - Construction of ports
the matter of compliance with prescribed stan- - Port expansion involving an increase of 50
dards. per cent or more in handling capacity per
annum
Few governments could cope with a blanket
requirement that all development projects be
subjected to an environmental impact assess- - WATER SUPPLY
ment. Aside from the administrative difficul-
ties this would create, such a requirement - Construction of dams, impounding reser-
would be unnecessary and wasteful. A crucial voirs with a surface area of 200 hectares or
issue is therefore how to prescribe criteria for more
those projects that should be subjected to EIA. - Groundwater development for industrial,
agricultural or urban water supply of greater
than 4,500 cubic metres per day.
2.2 Prescribed Activities
In Malaysia, a list of prescribed activities has 2.3 EIA Guidelines

been prepared for which an EIA is mandatory
under the Environmental Quality To help project proponents undertake EIA stud-
(Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact ies and prepare EIA reports, DOE in 1987 pre-
Assessment) Order 1987. Of relevance to JKR pared a Handbook of Environmental Impact
are: Assessment Guidelines. These guidelines are
necessarily general in nature and, in 1993
with the assistance of the World Bank, JKR

ASSESSMENT
decided to prepare specific guidelines for those Whilst EIA is a process, a strong focus needs to
prescribed activities for which it has responsi- be maintained on the requirement for the
bility, either as the project initiator or as the preparation of a comprehensive report which
implementation agency. will demonstrate to DOE that all the important
issues have been addressed and that appropriate
The Environmental Quality Act in general, and measures are to be incorporated into the design
the list of prescribed activities in particular, are &/or construction of the project to minimise or
currently under review. It is likely that the role mitigate potentially significant adverse environ-
and functions of the JKR enviromental unit mental impacts.
will be expanded as a result to the current
review of environmental legislation. An EIA process flow chart is presented as
Figure l, which sets out the tasks together with
the reporting requirements
Approval will only be given to EIA's which are

2.4 EIA Process
structured in strict accordance with the format
set out in the Handbook of Environmental
Environmental impact assessment is the
Impact Assessment Guidelines. Accordingly,
process whereby a systematic effort is made to
the JKR EIA Guidelines for Highway/Road
assess the environmental impacts and the
projects are described under the format ele-
options that may be open with regard to a
ments set out in the current DOE guidelines.
proposal, including the option of "doing noth-
ing". The fundamental objective of an EIA is to
ensure that before irrevocable decisions are
taken on a proposal, full consideration is
given to its potential environmental effects and
the views of those who may be affected by
them.
Ideally the EIA should be undertaken at the

inception of a proposal, when there is a real
choice between various courses of action. It
should therefore be an integral part of the deci-
sion-making process preceding the actual
implementation of any proposal.
In the Malaysian context, EIA is a study to

identify, predict, evaluate and communicate
information about the impacts on the environ-
ment of a proposed project and to detail out
the mitigating measures prior to project
approval and implementation. EIA is therefore
a planing tool for minimising" adverse environ-
mental impacts. The EIA process seeks to
avoid costly mistakes in project implementa-
tion, costly either because of the environmental
damage that is ikely to arise during project
implementation, or because of modifications
that may be required subsequently in order to
make the project environmentally acceptable.

ASSESSMENT

3.0
ISSUE IDENTIFICATION OR SCOPING
Once a proposed project has been defined, the Transportation (DOT). These checklists are
first activity to be performed as part of the EIA attached as Appendix A.
process is to identify those issues which are
important and which will need to be studied in It must be clearly understood that none of the
detail, and to screen out those issues which above checklists performs the role of an envi-
are of little or no importance and which can be ronmental impact assessment. They are, how-
thereafter effectively ignored. ever, useful in providing a memory jog to the
assessor(s) who may otherwise overlook
This issue identification, or scoping, process is an aspect of potential significance.
essential in order to ensure that the EIA is suf-
ficiently comprehensive but does not become Additional tools are available to assist with the
unnecessarily protracted and expen- sive. To scoping process, and reference should be made
assist in screening highway/road projects for to DOE conditions of approval for
key issues and potentially significant environ- highway/road projects, and to previous EIA's
mental impacts, various agencies have devel- for highway/road projects undertaken in
oped checklists. Many different types of check- Malaysia.
list are available to assist with the scoping
process. There is a limited amount of information which
can be obtained from desk studies, however,
The preliminary assessment matrix developed and many issues are best identified by inspect-
by DOE for use in Malaysia is a useful tool for ing the site of the proposed project (from the
screening out those impacts of no or little sig- ground and possibly also from the air), and by
nificance, and also assists the project ini- inspecting similar projects elsewhere in
tiator (who has ultimate responsibility and Malaysia, both completed and under construc-
hence liability in terms of the Environmental tion. Certain issues may only be identified by
Quality Act) compare and select from the talking to people who are present in the
real project options available. The matrix also area of the proposed project, and the opening
communicates to the reader the environmental up of dialogue between JKR and the people in
issues arising from the project proposal in project areas at an early stage is strongly rec-
graphic form, as illustrated by the matrix pre- ommended.
sented as Figure 2 which has been specifically
modified for the JKR EIA guidelines.
There are many different types of checklist cur-
rently in common usage, and two other check-
lists which could be utilised in addition to the
matrix include the Initial Environmental
Examination (IEE) checklist for Highway and
Road Projects developed by the Asian
Development Bank (ABD), and the
Environmental Significance Checklist devel-
oped by the Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA), Urban Mass Transportation
Administration (UMTA), US Department of

ISSUE IDENTIFICATION
OR SCOPING
® Environmenent a mps a s potentially significant but

on a temporary basis and will assume equilibrium PROJECT
after certain period of
Environ
O
prediction. Close monitoring and control is recommended. = O I
®
P t tia ll
which
Residual V V cW7 ao
and OUSz P.z4:1,
c93
z 0 -C
Significant environmental enhancement Q
0 19 < ` t a
0
0
OcOO
Identification of Activities
Land
Soil Profiles
Soil Composition
Slope Stability
o Subsidence and compaction
Seismicity
Flood Plains/Swamps
Land Use
Engineering and Mineral Resources
Buffer Zones
Shore Line
Bottom Interface
w r Flow Variation
:r 39: Water Quality
0 w Drainage Pattern
Water Balance
o: Flooding
a ,0 Existing Use
Water Table
Flow Diagram
3 Water Quality
z Recharge
Aquiter Characteristics
Existing Use
Air Quality
in w Air
w Climatic changes
1 aa
1
Visibility
zw
Intensity
z 0)
Frequency
O
v Terrestrial Vegetation
Terrestrial Wildlife
Other Terrestrial Fauna
z w g Aquatic/Marine
0
N d Other Aquatic/Marine Fauna
z
Terrestrial Habitats
om j Aquatic Habitats
(n i- Aquatic
9o Estuarine Habitats
v Estuarine Communities
Marine Communities
° Physical Safety
Psychological "Well-Being
Parasitic Disease
Communicable Disease
w Physiological Disease
x
Employment
Housing
0 Education
!9 z Utilities
N pw
Amenities
Landforms
z
Wilderness
Water Quality
Atmospheric Quality .
0 Climate
o
Sense of Community

4.0
UNDERTAKING THE EIA
4.1 Preparing the scope of the EIA
Once the key issues and potentially significant environmental impacts of the proposed project have
been identified from the scoping process, the next step is to scope in detail the contents of the EIA
by preparing a contents list and estimating the time and costs required to undertake the tasks.
Once the tasks have been determined the next step is to determine which of the tasks can be under-
taken in-house and which tasks will require external resourcing. Specific terms of reference
(TOR) or study briefs will be required for external resources, and briefs are also desirable for inter-
nal resources assigned specific tasks.
4.2 Preparation of Terms of Reference
In engaging external resources such as consultants from the private or public sector, the terms of
reference need to be sufficiently tight to ensure that the studies will meet budget and programme,
but sufficiently loose to ensure that the "experts" are not
limited by uninformed technical constraints.
Accordingly, performance briefs are preferred over detailed itemised briefs. An example TOR/brief
is set out in the next page.

UNDERTAKING THE EIA
Example
Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Biro Penyelidikan dan Perundingan
43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan
Dear Mohd Jailani,
Re: Noise Studies for New East-West Highway Project
Offer of Work
You are hereby invited to submit a proposal for noise studies to assist the JKR Environmental Unit
undertake an EIA for the above project.
Scope of Work
The workscope will entail :
a) Ascertain the existing physical environment (w.r.t ambient noise levels)
b) Assess the impact of the project on existing noise levels during construction and
highway/road operation
c) Predict noise dispersion and discuss the likelihood any adverse impact
d) Suggest appropriate mitigation measures, if any
e) Suggest an appropriate post-construction monitoring plan
EIA Procedure
The Consultant is to carry out noise studies only in those areas where problems are likely to occur
due to construction or operational traffic noise (eg nearby residential areas).
Technical and Financial Proposal
The Consultant shall submit a proposal giving :
a) Work Programme with Time Schedule

b) Start and completion dates
c) Cost for the noise study with cost breakdown
d) Curriculum Vitae of team members

UNDERTAKING THE EIA
Payment schedule will be as follows :
a) Mobilisation 20%
b) Submission of Draft Report 40%
c) Acceptance of Final Report 30%
d) EIA approval (of noise study component) by DOE 10%
EIA Reports and Submission
a) The text of the noise study is to be concise, free of jargon and word processed using Word
Perfect 5.1 (or later version)
b) The noise report should have :
- a one or two paragraph Summary in both English and Bahasa
- Colour photographs to show noise recording locations with respect to surrounding areas
- Tabulated Summary of Noise Impacts, Mitigating Measures and Residual Impacts
- Overall Conclusions and Recommendations
c) The Noise Report shall be to the satisfaction of DOE. Any further elaboration needed by DOE
would be at Consultant's cost.
d) Two (2) copies of draft report to be submitted within two weeks after commencement.
e) One (1) hard copy and one (1) copy on 31/2" diskette of Final Report would be submitted to
JKR within one week following the review by JKR.
Miscellaneous
a) The Consultant shall inform JKR of a suitable date for a familiarisation site visit.
b) A penalty of 1 % per day of the consultancy contract sum will be deducted for each day the
noise report is delayed beyond the due date, up to a maximum of 15%.
c) Your attention is drawn to the requirement by the Government of Malaysia for a 5 % tax on
Consultancy Services.
We look forward to your early response. Failure to respond to JKR within 7 days of receipt of this
letter will be taken as a rejection of our offer and we shall immediately approach other parties to
undertake the work.
Yours faithfully
Ms Sharifah Alauyah bt Wan Othman

JKR Environmental Unit

5.0
HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECTS - ACTIVITIES,

ISSUES & EFFECTS
5.1 General These guidelines subdivide the project into 18

main activities within three phases - precon-
To successfully undertake an EIA it is neces- struction, construction and post construction, as
sary to determine just what the issues are; to set out in the matrix on Figure 2.
identify precisely who or what could be affect-
ed and how; and to describe the project activi- Although the activities may be different, in
ties which could potentially adversely affect the many instances their impact on the environ-
environment. ment may be similar. Accordingly, when
evaluating and describing the existing environ-
A fundamental requirement of an EIA is to ment and the impact on this environment from
come to grips with the issues. Unless the issues the project, it is the issues which need to be
are faced, mitigation measures are likely to highlighted. When it comes to determining
focus on the symptoms (effects), rather practical mitigating measures, however, such as
than tackle the cause(s) of the problems. specifying clauses within contract documenta-
tion, the focus changes back to the activities.
This section sets out to establish the main activ-
ities, key issues and significant effects (adverse The 18 main activities are set out below in
and beneficial) of highway/road projects in Table 5.1, with associated subactivities.
Malaysia.
Quarrying activities have been addressed sepa-

rately within these guidelines, as such activi-
ties are "prescribed activities" under Malaysian
Law. JKR no longer develop or operate quar-
ries in Malaysia. On major road projects the
Contractor will often find it more economi-
cal to open up a new quarry close to site than
to haul aggregate from an existing rock quarry
remote from the site. A separate section
which specifically addresses EIA aspects
of quarrying activities is presented in Appendix
B.
5.2 Main Activities
Environmental impacts result from actions, or

activities, associated with planning, construct-
ing and operating highway/road projects. The
DOE matrix is structured whereby the
activities are set out along the X-axis and the
components of the environment are set out
along the Y-axis.

HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECTS -
ACTIVITIES, ISSUES & EFFECTS
TABLE 5.1
LIST OF ACTIVITIES
Pre-construction activities (Includes pre-feasibility, feasibility and design)
1.0 Survey
1.1 Putting People Into New Areas

1.2 Cutting Sight Lines Through Vegetation
1.3 Establishing Base Camps
2.0 Investigation
2.1 Putting People Into New Areas

2.2 Drilling Holes &/or Digging Pits
2.3 Establishing Base Camps
2.4 Putting In Access Tracks
3.0 Land Acquisition
3.1 Acquire Land

3.2 Remove Occupants Construction Activities
4.0 Temporary Occupation
4.1 Construction of Temporary Buildings

4.2 Water Supply
4.3 Solid Waste Disposal
4.4 Sewage Disposal
4.5 Workforce
4.6 Pest Control
4.7 Machine Servicing & Maintenance
5.0 Site Stripping
5.1 Demolition & Removal of Structures

5.2 Removal of Vegetation (including Trees)
5.3 Constructing Access Roads
5.4 Constructing Temporary Drainage
5.5 Operating Equipment (chainsaws, bulldozers)

6.0 Earthworks
6.1 Operating Equipment (bulldozers, diggers, trucks, scrapers)

6.2 Constructing Haul Roads
6.3 Cutting (may include drilling &\or blasting)
6.4 Transporting Soil & Waste
6.5 Filling
6.6 Building Ground Retention Structures
7.0 Drainage Works
7.1 Operating Equipment

7.2 Diverting Surface Water
8.0 Bridges & Culverts
8.1 Operating Equipment (piling, excavators)

8.2 Altering Surface Water Hydrology
9.0 Road Formation
9.1 Transporting Aggregate

9.2 Laying and Compacting Aggregate
10.0 Surfacing
10.1 Laying Pavement (flexible or rigid)
11.0 Abandonment
11.1 Borrow Areas

11.2 Unsuitable/ surplus spoil dumps
11.3 Camp Site(s)
11.4 Rubbish Dump
11.5 Equipment
11.6 Liquid Wastes
Post Construction Activities (includes operation & maintenance)
GUIDELINES for THE EIA OF HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECT Page 21

12.0 Road Presence (Includes bridges, culverts, walls and banners, signs and markings)
12.1 Roadway, Barriers, Signs and Markings

12.2 Bridges and Culverts
12.3 Amenities (shops, petrol stations, toilets)
12.4 Consequential activities (including logging and nature tourism)
13.0 Road Usage
13.1 Noise (vehicles & road)

13.2 Emissions
13.3 Accidents
13.4 Spills and Leaks
14.0 Road Runoff
14.1 Stormwater Runoff (particularly first flush)

14.2 Spills Into Stormwater Drains
15.0 Vegetation Control
15.1 Manual & Mechanical Cutting

15.2 Use of Herbicides
16.0 Maintenance
16.1 Repair of Slope Failures

16.2 General Maintenance
17.0 Re-Surfacing
17.1 Patching Pavement

17.2 Re-laying Major Lengths of Pavement
18.0 Abandonment
18.1 By-pass Due To Realignment

5.3 Key Issues - reduction in coastal water quality, reduced

aesthetics
5.3.1 Issue 1 - Erosion and - reduced water clarity, making in-stream

Sedimentation food harvesting difficult
The construction of highway/road projects nor-

mally involve substantial earthworks which Potentialment Beneficial Effects :
inevitably produce high sediment laden runoff
which in turn adversely affects surface water - beach replenish source of alluvial aggregate
quality by increasing turbidity and nutrient lev-
els. The increased sediment (both suspended
and bedload) may result in aquatic fauna (eg 5.3.2 Issue 2 - Vehicle Exhaust
fish) mortality, increased aquatic flora (algae Emissions
and weeds), and reduced navigability due to
aggradation. Discolouration of water will also All combustion engine pow ered vehicles
adversely affect the aesthetics. travelling on highways and roads emit contami-
nants into the air as a result of the burning of
The goal for highway/road projects should be fossil fuels, whether these be diesel, gasoline
zero sediment discharge to surface water, (leaded and unleaded), compressed natural gas
achieved by designs which balance cut and fill (CNG) or liquified petroleum gas (LPG).
(eg minimum cut to waste), and construction Vehicle emissions include C02, N02, CO, lead
methods which incorporate slope protection, and particulates. The dispersion of gases such
fill compaction, sediment control structures and as N02 and CO can be determined using sim-
buffer zones adjacent to watercourses. ple charts (Nomographs) or computer mod-
els. A reduction in emissions is beyond the con-
Erosion is a naturally occurring process which trol of JKR, so adverse effects are best min-
in Malaysia typically produces around 800 imised by buffer zones, roadside planting and
t/km2/yr. Accelerated, or soil erosion occurs careful routing. However, JKR can support
when the land is modified by man. MOT and DOE in lobbying for a catalytic con-
Accordingly, the soil erosion status of the land version on vehicle engines to reduce carbon
needs to be determined, and the amount of ero- monoxide, lead free petrol, and regular tune-up
sion and sedimentation due to project to reduce unburned hydrocarbons.
activities predicted.
Potential Adverse Effects :
- reduced visibility due to total suspended
- discolouration of streams and rivers, particulates (tsp) and photo-chemical smog
reduces aesthetics
- increased carbon monoxide affecting
- clogging of gills and filters, resulting in human health
aquatic fauna mortality
- increased lead levels affecting human health
- increased nutrients and sediment, increasing
aquatic plant growth (including weeds) - respiratory difficulties
- aggradation downstream, enhancing flood- Potential Beneficial Effects :

ing and reducing navigability
- none

5.3.3 Issue 3 - Vehicle Noise and 5.3.5 Issue 5 - Routing Through

Vibrations Pristine Natural Environments

- removal of rainforest
- disturbance due to noise - reduction in biodiversity
- removal of terrestrial habitats
- disturbance due to vibrations, building - reduction in wetland area
damage in severe cases - alteration of flow regimes & modification
of aquatic ecosystems
- opening up surrounding areas for exploita-
Potential Beneficial Effects : tion
- opening up areas to squatters
- pedestrian safety
Potential Beneficial Effects :

The goal for JKR should be to reduce noise
and vibrations at residential and commercial - opens up areas for development and
boundaries to acceptable levels (ie less than 55 income generation
dBA and 50 mm/s respectively), achieved - opens up areas for (re)settlement
through noise barriers and good road surfacing. - opens up areas for viewing and ecotourism
5.3.6 Issue 6 - Routing Through

5.3.4 Issue 4 - Routing Through
Modified Environments
Urban Areas

- rendering agricultural units uneconomic
- community severance
- taking out land of production
- dispossession of land
- change in land use
- resettlement
- noise and vibrations (refer issue 3)
- exhaust emissions (refer issue 2)
- improved access of goods to markets or

processing facilities
- easy access to/from highway
- increased mobility

5.3.7 Issue 7 - Highway Spills Potential Beneficial Effects :
- adds interest to the scenery

- threat to human life

- threat to aquatic ecosystems 5.3.10 Issue 10 - Modification of
- threat to wildlife Surface Water Hydrology by
Drainage, Culverts and
Bridges
- none
- dewatering streams affecting aquatic ecolo-
gy
5.3.8 Issue 8 - Contaminated - flooding upstream of constrictions and
Stormwater Runoff downstream where flows are augmented
- alteration of the hydrological flow regime
Substances, deposited on or alongside the road-

way due to normal operations include oil, Potential Beneficial Effects :
solid waste (litter), grease, rubber, lead,
sewage (rest areas) and carbon. These - reduction in downstream flooding due to
substances are washed into the waterways dur- impoundment upstream
ing rainfall, and the "first flush" of the
stormwater runoff is often highly contaminated.
5.3.11 Issue 11 - Modification of
Potential Adverse Effects : sub-surface water hydrology
due to built up of road
- threat to aquatic ecosystems and food embankment and introduttion
chain oxicity of drainage system.
Potential Beneficial Effects : Potential Adverse Effect :
- none - alteration of natural sub-surface hydrologi-

cal flow regime due to damming (cause
way-like construction of roadway) effect
and changes in drainage pattern.
5.3.9 Issue 9 - Modification of the
Landscape by Earthworks & - reduction in water flow/yield in certain
Structures streams and increase in others.
- flooding of roadway due to to “overtop-

Potential Adverse Effects : ping".
- scarring of hill slopes, degrading the

scenery and blocking views Potential Beneficial Effects :
- None

6.0
EIA REPORT FORMAT ELEMENTS
6.1 COVER 6.4 TITLE OF PROJECT
The cover of the EIA should have the Project The title of the project will be provided by the
Initiator at the top of the page, the Title of the project initiator, and will be common to all
Project (including the location of the project) in feasibility study reports. The title must include
the centre of the page, and the organisation the location of the project, including the
which prepared the EIA at the bottom of the state(s).
page, together with the date.
Example
6.2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY NEW EAST - WEST HIGHWAY PROJECT

Simpang Pulai to Gua Musang
Two executive summaries are now required to Package 1 - Simpang Pulai to Pos Selim
be incorporated into all EIA's, one in English PERAK
and one (Ringkasan Eksekutif) in Bahasa
Malaysia. The executive summary should be
brief (less than 10 pages) and wherever possi-
ble provide tables and figures to assist the read-
er understand the nature of the project and its
likely effects on the environment.
6.3 INTRODUCTION
This chapter sets out the nature of the project

(brief description), the requirement for the
EIA (e.g. a prescribed activity under the EQA,
or a condition of project financing) and intro-
duces the reader to the contents of the EIA.
The introduction will also include a summary
list of the EIA study team, listing the
positions, academic qualifications and role in
the project of every specialist, consultant
and researcher who contributed to the EIA,
together with their signatures.

EIA REPORT FORMAT
ELEMENT
6.5 PROJECT INITIATOR
DOE need to be completely clear which organisation has initiated the project, and to whom to
direct correspondence. Accordingly, the chapter setting out the project initiator will include the full
name and address of the organisation (together with telephone and facsimile numbers), and the
name and title of the appropriate person to whom enquiries regarding the EIA should be directed.
Example
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

Cawangan Jalan
Ibu Pejabat Kerja Raya
Jalan Sultan Salahuddin
50582 KUALA LUMPUR
Telephone (03) 2919011

Facsimile (03) 2921022
Contact:
Encik Kamalaldin bin Abd. Latif

Penolong Pengarah
Seksyen Piawaian, Spesifikasi dan Alam Sekitar
Telephone (03) 4407790 (direct line)
6.6 STATEMENT OF NEED
In describing the need for the project, it is important to clearly describe the transportation (and/or
other) problem(s) that the proposed project is intended to overcome.
The statement of need should outline the background to the project and the reasons for it being
proposed. The need for the improvement over the current situation which the project will fulfill
must be demonstrated to exist.

EIA REPORT FORMAT
ELEMENT
6.7 PROJECT DESCRIPTION (b) Recognised hazards such as flooding,

coastal erosion or slope instability
A detailed description of the highway/road
project must be given, including a description (c) Significant disruption to established
of the preferred project option (if one option communities
has emerged as a result of pre-feasibility stud-
ies). (d) Destruction of precious ecosystems
If more than one option still remains open as a (e) Significantly greater economic impacts
result of the pre-feasibility studies, then a than other options.
detailed description of the transportation con-
cept should be given.
As a guide, the highway/road description 6.8.2 No Project Option.

should include:
Included in the discussion of project options
(a) Description of the high-way/road project should be the "no-project" option, which
supported by all available technical data should cross refer to the discussion on the need
for the project. This will include discussion on
(b) Map, diagrams and photographs suffi- transportation problems that will continue to
cient to enable a reviewer to clearly grow as a result of a "no-project" decision.
understand the nature of the project and
the location of all the project compo- The impacts of not proceeding with the project
nents should be presented in this chapter. This
provides the project initiator with an opportuni-
(c) A summary, preferably in table form, of ty to highlight any technical, economic or
the technical, economic and environ environmental (including social) benefits that
mental features which are essential to are likely to accrue from the highway/road
the highway/road project. project which would be denied to the public
if the project does not proceed.
6.8 PROJECT OPTIONS

6.8.3 Alternatives to the proposed
project.
6.8.1 General
In the discussion of options, alternative trans-
In discussing project options, the chapter portation management systems should be
should begin with a concise summary of how described. This discussion would include
the reasonable options were selected, and pro- upgrading existing transportation systems.
vide the basis for the elimination of options Before major new highway/road projects are
determined to be not reasonable. proposed it must be demonstrated that upgrad-
ing existing transportation systems will not
Justification for eliminating an option can solve the transportation problems identified in
include: the chapter setting out the need for the
project.
(a) Significant conflict with State or
Municipal system planning

EIA REPORT FORMAT
ELEMENT
6.8.4 Route Options. nents is not all inclusive, and other subcompo-
nents should also be considered as appropriate.
Each feasible route option should be presented
as a brief written description along with However, the matrix serves a useful purpose in
appropriate graphics and data displays. screening out not only those issues which are
Graphics can include maps, conceptual dia- of little significance, but also those sub-compo-
grams, aerial photographs, satellite imagery and nents of the environment which are not affect-
other types of visual aids. Data displays ed by the proposed project or route options and
should include preliminary assessment matri- hence do not need to be described in detail
ces, bar charts, graphs and tables. in this chapter of the EIA.
The discussion on route options must identify The following aspects of the existing environ-
which option is preferred and why. If a pre- ment are normally described in detail for
ferred route option has been arrived at as a highway/road projects.
result of a weighted rating decision methodolo-
gy, then this evaluation process should be pre-
sented. 6.9.2 Physical ( Physico - chemical ).
- Geology and soils
6.9 THE EXISTING - Geomorphology

ENVIRONMENT
- Climate and meteorology
6.9.1 General - Surface hydrology
This chapter sets out a concise description of - Water quality

the relevant existing physical (physico-
chemical), ecological (biological) and social - Air quality
(human) com ponents of the environment
which could affect, or be affected by, the high- - Noise
way/road project and route options.
- Land use
The need for the project, project description
and the project options form separate chap-
ters in the EIA, and a description of the exist-
ing traffic volumes of the highway/road 6.9.3 Ecological ( Biological ).
should have already been presented in these
chapters (refer to 6.6, 6.7 & 6.8) as - Terrestrial habitats
background information to the EIA.
- Terrestrial fauna (including wildlife)
Traffic volumes will also needto be addressed
as a component of the social environment, - Terrestrial flora (including tropical
under transportation services (refer to sub-sec- rainforest)
tion 6.9.4).
- Aquatic habitats
Within the three main environmental compo-
nents, there are numerous subcomponents - Aquatic fauna (including fish)
which are set out in the preliminary assessment
matrix. The list of environmental subcompo- - Aquatic flora

EIA REPORT FORMAT
ELEMENT
- Wetlands - Cultural aspects
- Mangrove and other estuarine vegetation - Community services (including infrastruc-

ture)
- Marine ecosystem
- Transportation services
A preliminary assessment should be undertak- - Income

en to identify whether there are any
ecologically sensitive areas that may be affect- - Labour force
ed by the proposed highway/road project. The
area to be studied will invariably need to - Health and safety
extend beyond the immediate line(s) of the
road route(s) as ecological effects can be fairly
wide-spread. In the chapter describing the existing environ-
ment, all culturally sensitive (e.g. burial
To determine if there are ecologically sensitive ground) locations of features should be clearly
areas and/or threatened or endangered species, identified.
initial contact should be made with relevant
Government (e.g. DOE, Forestry Department) In describing transportation services, this chap-
and non-governmental organisations (NGO's) ter should also describe other ongoing or
such as the World Wide Fund for Nature planned projects for the area that could impact
(WWF). If these departments or agencies on, or be impacted by, and the options
advise that there are no sensitive ecological being considered.
areas, threatened or endangered species, then
the EIA should document such correspondence. Other related Federal, State or local municipal
highway/road projects should be described
If ecologically sensitive areas and/or threatened and their interrelationships, if any, with the
or endangered species may be present in the highway/road options currently being con-
vicinity, then an ecological assessment should sidered should be discussed.
be undertaken. This assessment should include:
(a) An on-site inspection

6.10 IMPACT ASSESSMENT
(b) Interviews with recognised experts in
the field
6.10.1 General
(c) A literature review to determine species
distribution, habitat needs, and other In the same way that the previous chapter
ecological requirements described the relevant components of the
existing environment, this chapter sets out and
(d) Field surveys and studies if necessary. discusses the potentially significant adverse and
beneficial impacts that the project (preferred
and/or options) could have on the physical
6.9.4 Social (Human). (physico-chemical), ecological (biological) and
social (human) components of the environ-
- Landscape ment.
- Population of communities (including

trends)

EIA REPORT FORMAT
ELEMENT
Correctly predicting traffic volumes is one of (g) Indirect (secondary) impacts and their
the most important sources for implementing signif-icance (e.g. acid rain due to com
the EIA. Traffic volumes translate directly to bustion of fossil fuels)
emission volumes and other direct and indirect
impacts. (h) Adverse environmental effects which
cannot be avoided
In setting out and discussing the potentially sig-
nificant environmental impacts of the proposed (i) Utilisation of finite resources.
project, consideration should be given to possi-
ble indirect, cumulative, synergistic or antago-
nistic environmental effects. The following environmental components are
discussed in the context of impacts normal-
It must be clearly stated at the outset that highly associated with highway/road projects.
way/road projects have positive economic and
social impacts, in enhancing economic devel-
opment through transport links; mitigation of
traffic congestion; and reduction in travel time. 6.10.2 Physical
Accordingly, whilst the focus of an EIA is usu- - Geology and Soils

ally on ways of mitigating potentially signifi-
cant adverse environmental impacts, if a cost- Highway/road projects may adversely affect
benefit approach is to be adopted the environ- the local geology and soils through removal
mental benefits also need to be highlighted, of lateral support or loading resulting in
particularly the positive social impacts. major land slippage. In addition, although not
usually locally significant, a major highway
The discussion should include comments on: can effectively sterilise any mineral resources
beneath it and similarly take soils out of pro-
(a) The component of the environment (e.g. duction. The extent to which these aspects
air quality) being affected become significant will depend upon the value
placed upon the particular geological and soil
(b) The source of the impact, usually the resources.
key issue (e.g. vehicle exhaust emis-
sions)
- Geomorphology (landforms)
(c) Direct impacts and their significance
(e.g carbon monoxide poisoning) Historically roads often used to be aligned
along former walking tracks which followed
(d) The nature of the impact (e.g. photo- the contours. Modern road design had tended
chemical smog) to modify these winding roads and today high-
ways are usually aligned as straight as possible
(e) Why the impact is judged to be signifi- to minimise costs and transport times.
cant (e.g. respiratory difficulty and lung Landforms along major highways are therefore
damage) typically significantly modified, resulting in
deep cuttings and extensive embankments.
(f) In the case of an impact of unknown
significance, any courses of action con-
sidered necessary to assess the impact
(e.g. ambient air monitoring, vehicle
exhaust emission monitoring, contami-
nant dispersion modelling)

EIA REPORT FORMAT
ELEMENT
- Climate and Meteorology
Climate and meteorology will mostly impact on, rather than be impacted by, the proposed project.
However, there may be sensitive locations where the highway/road project will alter the micro-cli-
mate. In other locations the interaction of the project and the local climate and meteorology may
produce significant adverse impacts such as photochemical smog, especially in basins or valleys
which do not have adequate flushing of contaminants.
- Surface Hydrology
Except where the routes are aligned along watershed (or catchment) divides, highways and roads
have the potential to significantly alter the surface hydrology of the areas through which they tra-
verse. Watercourses which have significant flows (mean or flood) are usually bridged or culverted.
Most bridges will be designed to pass the 100 year return period flood beneath them, but most
culverts will be designed to head up for flood flows greater than about a 5 or 10 year return period.
Where roads traverse estuaries, the road formation often forms a causeway with only a few cul-
verts being provided to allow for the passage of tidal flows. Where flows are small or even
ephemeral, they may be intercepted by road drains and diverted into different water courses and
even, in some cases, into different catchments.
The effects of highways and roads on surface hydrology may therefore be to create impoundments
(permanent or temporary) upstream of the roads, impair the navigability of watercourses due to
barriers and may change river geomor-phological characteristics, and to dewater streams due to
diversion, thereby impairing fisheries, aquatic ecology and other beneficial water uses.

- Water Quality
Water quality is controlled by DOE under the Environmental Quality Act (Clauses 25 and 29).
Water quality can become degraded as a result of highway/road projects due to erosion and sedi-
mentation (particularly during earthworks associated with construction) and due to contaminants
deposited onto and later washing off the road surface (e.g. oil and lead) and road sides (e.g.litter).
Water quality can also become degraded from the use of herbicides used to control roadside vege-
tation, and from sanitary services provided at rest areas.
Accordingly, the main pollutants are suspended solids (SS) arising from road construction, and
organic and inorganic contaminants which result in a high Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) or
Chemical Oxygen demand (COD), arising from both road construction and operation. DOE guide-
line limits for these components are currently, in mg/f.
Parameter Standard
(above water supply intake) (below water supply intake)
SS 50 100
BOD 20 50
COD 50 100
Lead 0.10 0.5
Oil & Grease < 2.0 10.0
Highway spills pose a major threat to water quality, and the EIA should review the existing system
for controlling and cleaning up such spills and if necessary prepare a specific Emergency
Response Plan (ERP).
Page 33
EIA REPORT FORMAT
ELEMENT
- Air Quality A possible long term health hazard is provided

by potential carcinogenic materials in the envi-
Motor vehicles using petrol, diesel, or gas ronment. Amongst vehicle emissions are poly-
(LPG, CNG) as fuel, emit a wide variety of cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). It has
gaseous and particulate materials, of which a been estimated that at least 50% of PAH in the
small proportion are harmful to people, plants urban atmosphere can be attributed to motor
and animals. The amount of pollution produced vehicles. The PAH exposure levels in urban
depends on the engine type, size, age, state of areas are equivalent to those produced by
maintenance, speed and operating condition. smoking one cigarette per day.
The contaminant concentration falls off Exhaust fumes produce a marked adverse
rapidly with distance from the source as the reaction from people. This reaction probably
emission disperses into the atmosphere or is involves a combination of the sight of black
deposited on to the ground. smoke and malodorous. These are both
nuisances and are not thought to constitute a
The main pollutants from vehicles are: direct health hazard. A large number of com-
pounds, some of them hydrocarbons, con-
Carbon monoxide (CO) tribute to the malodorous smell of the exhaust
gases.
Hydrocarbons
Of the oxides of nitrogen (NOx), nitrogen
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) dioxide (N02) can be a hazard to human health
and plants under certain conditions. The main
Particulates (smoke), including suspended oxide of nitrogen emitted from vehicles is
particulates nitric oxide (NO), which at normal concentra-
tions has no adverse effect on plants or
Lead humans. However, NO oxidises to N02 as it is
dispersed in the atmosphere, and this may
Oxides of sulphur (SOx) adversely affect the human respiratory system
and plant growth. In Malaysia the DOE limits
for N02 are 320 ug/m3 (1-hour average). DOE
Air quality in general is controlled by the have also set a 24-hour average proposed goal
Environmental Quality Act (Clauses 21 and of 94 ug/m3.
22) and the Environmental Quality (Clean Air)
Regulations 1978. A short term effect which may pose long term
hazards to health for certain people is produced
Carbon monoxide is possibly the most impor- by the photo-chemical oxidants (ozone (03),
tant pollutant producing short-term effects on N02 and peroxycetyl nitrate (PAN)) formed in
human health. It is rapidly absorbed into the the atmosphere from hydrocarbons and oxides
blood stream, reducing the oxygen supply to of nitrogen as these pollutants disperse away
the body and giving rise to headaches, dizzi- from the highway.
ness and ultimate collapse (coma and death).
Malaysia does not currently have limits for Ozone is a health hazard since it is highly
CO exposure, but the US Federal Air Quality reactive and unstable, nd it can exacerbate
Standards specify concentrations of CO of 35 respiratory problems and inhibit growth in
and 9 ppm which should not be exceeded more plants.
than once a year for exposure periods of 1 hour
and 8 hours respectively. To put CO exposure The amount of lead emitted from vehicles is
in context, the exposure levels in urban areas indirectly controlled by the Environmental
are typically equivalent to smoking one ciga- Quality (Control of Lead Concentration in
rette per day. Motor Gasoline) Regulations 1985, which

EIA REPORT FORMAT
ELEMENT
sought to reduce the lead level to less than 0.40 Experience has shown that in order to rank the
g/l by 1 January 1986 and less than 0.15 g/1 by loudness produced by road vehicles the sound
1 January 1990. The new limit (0.15) forms the pressure level has to be adjusted to give com-
basis of a European Community Air Quality paratively more weight to the frequencies
Directive that the annual mean concentration which are detected most readily by the human
of airborne lead should not exceed 2 micro- ear. The "A" weighting has been found to give
grammes per cubic metre in places where the best correlation between perceived and
people may be continuously exposed for long actual loudness, and measurements to which
periods, such as residential areas alongside this weighting has been applied are described
trunk roads. Severe lead poisoning may as being in dB(A) units.
occur when the blood level exceeds 80 Ntg/m3, In describing the noise impact from proposed
and lead can result in a range of physiological highway/road projects, it is necessary to evalu-
and behaviour problems. ate the existing noise levels as well as make
predictions of changes in noise levels resulting
- Noise from the project. Ambient noise levels can be
easily measured and future noise levels can be
In evaluating the impact of noise from a pro- predicted using manual techniques or computer
posed highway/road project, it is necessary to models. Noise contour maps are a useful tech-
identify the numbers and types of activities nique to visually display existing and predicted
which may be affected. Special attention noise levels.
should be given to identifying the effects on
noise sensitive areas such a schools, hospitals Significant noise impacts occur when predicted
and residential areas. noise levels exceed DOE limits or predicted
noise levels are significantly greater than exist-
Noise is often defined as unwanted sound, ing measured noise levels.
and for the purposes of these guidelines is
taken to be the perceived sound emitted by Noise is controlled by DOE under the
road traffic or other sources near the site of Environmental Quality Act, Clauses 21 and
a road. A sound wave travelling through air is 23. DOE guideline limits for noise are typical
a regular disturbance in the atmospheric pres- ly 65 dB(A) for industrial boundaries and 55
sure. These pressure fluctuations, when with- dB(A) for residential and commercial bound-
in the audible range, are detected by the aries. Many countries consider 55 dB(A) to be
human ear, producing the sensation of hearing. too noisy for night time residential areas, and
The audible range of the human ear is very adopt lower values (eg 45 dB(A) in Japan and
large, but its reception of the different frequen- New Zealand). Vehicle noise is controlled by
cies in the audible range is not uniform. the Environmental Quality (Motor Vehicle
Noise) Regulations 1987.
The level of sound is expressed in terms of the
logarithm of the ratio of its rms (root mean
square) pressure to a very small reference pres- - Land Use
sure. The unit used is the decibel (dB), defined
as twenty times the log of this ratio. As pres- All the land which will be required for the
sure changes are proportional to the square of highway/road project, including the formation,
the energy changes a doubling of the energy cut and fill batter slopes and rest areas, will
level is equivalent to a 3 dB change. A change have an existing use even if this current "use"
of only 1 dB within the audible range is just is growing mangrove or tropical rainforest.
perceptible, whereas a change of 10 dB is
experienced by the average listener as a dou- The EIA land use impact analysis should assess
bling or halving of loudness. the consistency of the options (particularly
route options) with the development plans

EIA REPORT FORMAT
ELEMENT
existing or proposed for the area. If increased

pressure for development is anticipated, the The most serious potential impact on terrestrial
discussion should include an assessment fauna from road projects, however, is the open-
of the type, location, and time frame in ing up of areas of precious ecology which
which the induced development is expected to roadways allow, and this is often encouraged
occur. The changes in existing land use as a by the states as a means of generating income
result of the project must be described, and any (e.g logging).
conflicts between proposed future land
use(s) and the project identified.
- Terrestrial Flora
6.10.3 Ecological The issue of tropical rainforest depletion has

gained worldwide media attention because of
- Terrestrial Habitats its implications for a reduction in the worlds
biodiversity. It is not only the plant species
Development in Malaysia is occurring at which are threatened by deforestation, but the
a rate that few species can adapt to and, wildlife (insects, reptiles, mammals and birds)
because of the interdependence between for which the forest is their home (habitat).
wildlife habitats, development in one locality
may cause significant changes in the status If a highway/road project will result in defor-
of animals and plants over a wide area. In estation, then the impact of the removal of for-
many cases there will be no effect but if a est for road construction needs to be quantified
highway/road project is likely to produce such (in terms of hectares cleared and important
changes, as assessment should be made (threatened, endangered or rare) species
of the ecological impact. removed. This will involve an expert in
Terrestrial Flora (botanist) walking representa-
The EIA should include an authoritative opin- tive sections along the surveyed road route(s)
ion that the proposed project and selected route in order to provide an authoritative statement
alternative is not likely to destroy any sensitive on the impact of the highway/road project on
ecological areas nor jeopardise any threatened terrestrial flora.
or endangered species.
- Aquatic Habitats
- Terrestrial Fauna
Highways and roads generally impact aquat-
Malaysia is rich in terrestrial fauna, having ic habitats indirectly, through flow alteration
some of the largest mammals (elephant, as a result of drainage works, increased sedi-
rhinoceros, tiger, leopard), birds (hornbill, ment as a result of earthworks or substances
eagle) reptiles (crocodile, python), and insects resulting from leaks or spills on the roadway.
(beetles, butterflies, stick insects an grasshop- The effects are generally expressed in a reduc-
pers) in the world. Unfortunately, due to forest tion in aquatic fauna species and an increase in
clearance, logging and hunting, many species aquatic weeds.
of terrestrial fauna are becoming threatened
with extinction. - Aquatic Flora
Road projects in themselves usually take only The main impact of highway/road projects
a relatively small area of habitat, but some is the increase in aquatic flora due to sedimen-
wildlife may find a road-way a physical or psy- tation arising from earthworks. This effect will
chological barrier to sources of food, water often be felt for a considerable time after earth-
or trace elements (eg salt licks). Large mam- works are completed, due to sediment trapped
mals (such as elephants) may also pose a dan- within the waterway.
ger to motorists if they do cross a roadway.
EIA REPORT FORMAT
ELEMENT
- Wetlands Visual obstruction is the blocking of the view

by the road structure, whether this be an
Wetlands, like tropical rainforests, have gained earth embankment or a flyover. This is a rea-
considerable attention over recent years sonably objective effect which in principal can
because of the rate of which they are disap- be demonstrated from particular view angles.
pearing. Previously seen as areas of idle land, For visual obstruction to be a relevant issue
swamps (wetlands) were typically drained there must be a view, there must be observers,
and converted into arable land at the and some part of the new scheme must
expense of the fauna and flora which inhabit- appreciably cut off the view from the
ed them. Wetlands are now recognised for observers.
what they are - unique ecosystems which often
contain rare and endemic species of plants and Visual intrusion is more subjective and relies
animals. upon the opinion of the particular viewer as to
whether the impact on the landscape is nega-
Wetlands are also important for temporary tive or positive, and its degree of significance.
ponding and attenuation of flood peaks, and Traffic adds another dimension to the degree of
the drainage of wet-lands has often resulted in visual intrusion, together with secondary
increased flooding (frequency and size) down- impacts such as exhaust emissions.
stream.
A major highway/road project can intrude on
Highway/road projects which cross wetlands the landscape because it is large, but more
therefore need to address both the biodi- important because it is man-made and can
versity and flooding issues in determining therefore be out of character with the rest
whether to allow a causeway to be constructed of the landscape by virtue of its alignment,
across the wetland, or whether to re-route or materials, or lighting and/or on account of the
bridge the roadway. traffic moving on it.
- Mangroves The degree of visual intrusion of a road

therefore depends upon the quality and
Mangrove forests are important as they both type of landscape through which it runs, and
stabilise and trap fine sediment within estuar- assessment of visual impact is usually
ies and serve to protect coastal margins, but undertaken by qualified landscape architects.
more importantly their trunks - roots provide a
habitat for fish spawning. If a coastal highway
were to take out a significant area of mangrove, - Population and Communities
it is not only the reduction in vegetation
which needs to be evaluated but also the Land access for new, or widening existing
potential reduction in the fishing, with its con- highways or roads can directly displace indi-
sequential socio-economic effects. vidual households, thereby requiring compen-
sation and/or resettlement. As set out in World
Bank OD 4.30 and in Annex 111/2 of
Appendix A2, the whole issue of displacement
6.10.4 Social / resettlement has gained considerable promi-
nence over the last 10 years. Lending agencies
- Landscape now place such importance on this issue that
loans are unlikely to be approved unless it can
The impacts of highway/road projects on be demonstrated that the resettlement issue can
the landscape fall into two categories, visual be resolved without significant adverse social
intrusion and visual obstruction. impact. It is therefore imperative at the outset
of a project that the facts be obtained as to the

EIA REPORT FORMAT
ELEMENT
extent of land acquisition required, the number - Labour Force

of people who might be displaced, and the pro-
cedures which will be adopted by the agencies The potential social impact of putting a tem-
responsible for the acquisition and compensa- porary labour force into a new community are
tion/resettlement process. often very significant. These range from
adverse effects such as the spreading of dis-
Highway/road projects can therefore have ease, brawling and other anti-social behaviour
marked effects on population and communi- thus affecting the "host" community, to benefi-
ties. The ribbon effect where development cial effects such as improved local business
occurs alongside roads is typical of how roads servicing the labour force.
encourage settlement. Highways and roads
can, however, result in destabilising existing - Health and Safety
communities, due to by-passing communities
or cutting communities in two (community Adverse physical health impacts from
severance) highway/road projects are widely recognised
to arise from vehicle emissions, but adverse
Community severance is the separation of res- psychological (mental health) impacts of high-
idents from facilities and services they use way/road projects are also potentially signifi-
within their community, from friends and rela- cant.
tions (and possibly also from place of work) as
a result of changes in road patterns and traffic Driver stress encompasses adverse mental
levels. The effect of community severance and physiological effects experienced by a
resulting from road routing are most widely driver travelling a road network. Factors which
felt during construction and in the first few contribute to driver stress include road layout,
years after construction. geometry, surface riding characteristics, junc-
tion frequency, vehicle speed and flow per lane.
Driver stress includes both physical and emo-
- Cultural Aspects tional tension.
Many highways and roads projects incur Driver frustration is caused by a driver's
delays due to the discovery of sites of cultural inability to drive at a speed consistent with his
significance such as burial grounds, or other own wishes in relation to the general standard
such sacred sites. of the road. Frustration increases as speed falls
in relation to expectations and may be due to
high flow levels, intersections, roadworks, or to
- Community Services difficulties in overtaking slower moving traffic.
Community services are usually enhanced Fear can be induced in a driver by the pres-
as a result of highway/road projects, as they ence of other vehicles, inadequate sight lines,
bring people closer (in travelling time) to facil- the likelihood of pedestrians (especially chil-
ities such as schools and hospitals. dren) stepping onto the road, inadequate light-
ing, narrow roads, roadworks and poorly
maintained surfaces. Driver stress, just like
- Transportation Services tiredness, can cause accidents. Road safety
involves not only drivers but passengers,
Transportation services are also usually signifi- cyclists and pedestrians. Good road design,
cantly enhanced as a result of highway/road incorporating median barriers and side guard
projects, with buses and taxis increasing in rails, and provision for cyclists and pedestri-
number. ans, can greatly reduce both driver stress and
accidents.

EIA REPORT FORMAT
ELEMENT
A particular aspect of road safety which may summarised in the preceding chapter) are best
need specific attention within the EIA is the described under the key project activities.
possibility of spills of hazardous substances
which could endanger communities in the Table 6.1 sets out the main highway/road proj-
vicinity of the highway. For highways and ect activities, together with the potentially sig-
roads which pass through, or close to, urban nificant environmental impacts arising from
areas, a specific emergency response plan those activities and suggested mitigation meas-
(ERP) may need to be prepared. However, the ures.
onus for the preparation for such an ERP
should be on the companies transporting haz-
ardous materials, not the highway/road project
initiator.
6.11 MITIGATION AND

ABATEMENT MEASURES
6.11.1 General
Various impacts will occur at the different

stages of a project, and it is usual to split the
project activities into the following three phases
when discussing mitigation and abatement
measures.
- pre-construction (including feasibility

studies and design)
- construction, and
- post construction (including operation

and maintenance)
For example, removal of vegetation and earth-

works associted with construction activities
may result in the destruction of rare or endan-
gered species (animals or plants) and reduction
in water quality due to sedimentation. A signif-
icant reduction in air quality, however, will
probably only occur once the highway or road
is operational.
The practical measures which can be incorpo-

rated into the design and/or construction
(via specifications in the contract documents)
of the project to minimise or mitigate the
potentially significant adverse impacts (identi-
fied through the scoping and EIA process and

ACTIVITY SEI* MITIGATION MEASURES RESIDUAL IMPACTS DOE COMMENTS
PRE-CONSTRUCTION
1.0 SURVEY
1.1 Line Cutting - Temporary removal of terrestrial - minimise cutting - none
vegelation and terrestrial
habitat (s)
1.2 People in Field - Social conflict - employ local labour as line - none
cutters & survey assistants
- threat to wildlife - control weapons, hunting and

( hunting/poaching ) fishing
1.3 Base Camps (s) - health & safety - immunise against diseases - none
- bury solid waste
- construct pit toilet
- minimum of 3 person teams
GUIDELINES for THE EIA OF HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECT

- equip with first air kits
1.4 Clearing for camps, - temporary removal of terrestrial - use previously cleared areas - none
vehicles ( access tracks ), vegetation and terrestrial whatever possible, and locate
helicopters ( helipads ) habitat (s) a road centre line (ie: areas
which will later be cleared in
any event).
Page 40
ELEMENT
EIA REPORT FORMAT
ACTIVITY SEI MITIGATION MEASURES RESIDUAL IMPACTS DOE COMMENTS
PRE-CONSTRUCTION
2.0 GEOTECHNICAL/SOIL INVESTIGATION
2.1 People in the Field - Temporary removal of terrrestrial - minimise cutting - none
vegetation and terrestrial
habitat(s)
2.2 Base Camp (s) - health & safety - imunise against diseases - none
- bury solid waste
- construct pit toilet
- minimum of 3 person teams
- equip with first aid kits
2.3 Clearing for camps, - temporary removal of terresstrial - use previously cleared areas - none
vehicles ( access tracks, vegetation and terresstrial wherever possible, and locate
drilling sites ), helicopters habitat (s) a road centre line ( ie: areas
( helipads ) which will later be cleared in
any event ).

2.4 Drilling holes & - noise disturbance - restrict work to daylight
digging pits hours 0600 to 1800
- impact of waste products on - isolate drilling operation by - none

water quality & aquatic habitat perimeter trench or bund
(s) due to drilling fluid, sediment,
diesel & hydraulic fluid
Page 41
ELEMENT
EIA REPORT FORMAT
PRE-CONSTRUCTION
3.0 LAND ACQUISITION
3.1 Acquire land ( & houses ) - Loss of income, reduced asset - negotiation and compensation - none
by way of cash payment or
other land ( & houses )
3.2 Removal of Occupants - homelessness - resettlement, provision of - reduced population and

alternative accommodation flow-on adverse social and
economic impacts

Page 42
ELEMENT
EIA REPORT FORMAT
PRE-CONSTRUCTION
4.0 TEMPORARY OCCUPATION
4.1 Construction of Temporary - removal of vegetation/habitat - landscaping and planting - none
Buildings
4.2 Water Supply - reduction in flow downstream - provide residual flow for - none
downstream & in-stream users
4.3 Solid Waste Disposal - disease, rats - bury solid waste and cover with - none
soil daily
4.4 Sewage Disposal - disease - provide pre-fabricated toilets, - none

or septic tank system
4.5 Workforce - Temporary removal of terrestrial - minimise cutting - none

vegetation and terrestrial

habitat (s)
4.6 Pest Control - endangering wildlife - use specific cage/traps rather - none
than pesticides/poisons
4.7 Machine Servicing & - reduced water quality due to oil, - provide secure containers for - none
Maintenance grease and hydraulic fluid spills disposal then remove to secure
landfill
Page 43
ELEMENT
EIA REPORT FORMAT
PRE-CONSTRUCTION
5.0 SITE STRIPPING
5.1 Demolition & Removal of - noise disturbance, dust - limit hours of operation, water - none
Structures as necessary to control dust
5.2 Removal of Vegetation - permanent removal of vegetation, - recover rare or endangered - permanent loss of
loss of terrestrial habitat plants or animal, revegatate vegetation and terrestrial
road sides habitat
5.3 Constructing Access - temporary removal of vegetation, - minimise clearing - none

Roads loss of terrestrial habitat
5.4 Constructing Temporary - alteration of surface hydrology - provide adequate culverting - none
Drainage effect on aquatic flora & fauna
5.5 Operating Equipment - noise, spills and leaks - limit hours of operation, control - none

( chainsaws, bulldozers ) maintenance facility
Page 44
ELEMENT
EIA REPORT FORMAT
PRE-CONSTRUCTION
6.0 EARTHWORKS
6.1 Operating Equipment - noise disturbance - limit hours of operation - none
( bulldozers, diggers, - spills and leaks, affecting water - contain equipment where
trucks, scrapers ) quality and aquatic fauna & possible
flora
6.2 Constructing Haul Roads - temporary removal of vegetation - minimise cutting width - none
& terrestrial habitat - divert haul road around large
trees
6.3 Cutting ( may include - dust, reduced air quality, erosion - workers exposed to dust to use - visual impact of modified
drilling &\ or blasting ) and sedimentation masks landscape
- dampen ground, over exposed - aggradation downstream

soil, temporary ( mesh, plastic,
matting ) & permanent ( turfing,
hydroseeding, planting
protection )

- limit height of cut or fill slopes
to 6m before benching
- place a drain on each bench
- reduce slope angle if soils are

weak
Page 45
ELEMENT
EIA REPORT FORMAT
6.4 Transporting Soil & Rock - dust, loose soil or rock affecting - cover truck, put in wheel wash - none
health & safety facilities as appropriate
6.5 Filling - dust, reduced air quality, erosion - refer 6.3 - visual impact of modified
and sedimentation landscape
- bench & install drainage before
- slope failure filling - aggradation downstream
- compact fill material
6.6 Building Ground Retention - noise disturbance where piling - limit working hours - none
Structures is involved
Page 46
PRE-CONSTRUCTION
7.0 DRAINAGE WORKS
7.1 Operating Equipment - noise, spills and leaks - limit hours of operation, control - none
maintenance facility
7.2 Diverting Surface Water - erosion & reduction in water - line channels and size - none
quality adequately
7.3 Flow Alterration - dewatering of streams - provide residual flows if - none

necessary
- downstreams flooding
- provide flood banks if
necessary

PRE-CONSTRUCTION
8.0 BRIDGES & CULVERTS
8.1 Operating Equipment - noise disturbance - limit hours of operation - none
( piling, excavators )
- spills and leaks, affecting water - contain equipment where
quality and aquatic fauna & Flora possible
8.2 Altering Surface Water - flooding upstream of structures - size structures to ensure no - none
Hydrology adverse effects
- aggradation downstreams
Page 47
PRE-CONSTRUCTION
9.0 ROAD FORMATION
9.1 Transporting Aggregate - collision with trucks - traffic control - none
- broken windscreens by - cover trucks

aggregate
- sweep roads
9.2 Laying and Compacting - noise and vibrations - limit hours of operation - none
Aggregate
- dust, reduced air quality - water surface as necessary

PRE-CONSTRUCTION
10.0 SURFACING
10.1 Laying Pavement - reduced water quality due to oil - use fast drying bitumen - none
( flexible or rigid ) or cement
- return excess material to source
or provide secure landfill at site
Page 48
PRE-CONSTRUCTION
11.0 ABANDONMENT
11.1 Borrow Areas - erosion & sedimentation, - regrade if necessary, revegetate - none
aesthetics
11.2 Unsuitable/surplus spoil - erosion & sedimentation - revegetate - none

dumps aesthetics
11.3 Camp Site (s) - aesthetics - convert accommodation into - none

school, hostels if appropriate,
otherwise demolish &/or remove
from site, revegetate bare areas
11.4 Rubbish Dump - health, aesthetics - cover all rubbish dumps with - none
300mm minimum of soil and
re-vegetate
11.5 Equipment - safety, aesthetics - remove all equipment from site - none
11.6 Liquid Wastes - reduction in water quality - remove all liquid wastes from site - none
Page 49
POST-CONSTRUCTION SEI MITIGATION MEASURES RESIDUAL IMPACTS DOE COMMENTS
ACTIVITY
12.0 ROAD PRESENSE
12.1 Roadway, Barriers, Signs - aesthetics - plant road sides, cut and fill slopes - none
and Markings - community severance
- barrier to wildlife - provide underpasses/overpasses - reduced mobility
12.2 Bridges and Culverts - aesthetics - design to be in landscape context - none
- flooding upstream of structures - size structures to ensure no

adverse effects
12.3 Amenities ( shops, petrol - reduction in water quality arising - contain &/or treat wastes from - none
stations, toilets ) from discharges shops, petrol stations and toilets
12.4 Consequential activities - encroachment into ecologically - limit acces by provision of barries - loss of threatened rare and
sensitive areas ( adverse impact ) endangered species,
reduction in biodiversity
- opening up land for development - encourage access by providing - enhanced economic

( beneficial impact ) pull off areas and road junction development due to forestry
points or agriculture
- social benefits due to

provision of resettlement
areas
Page 50
ACTIVITY
13.0 ROAD USAGE
13.1 Access - increased mobility, reduced travel - beneficial - increased mobility, reduced
time travel time
13.2 Noise ( vehicles & road ) - disturbance due to excessive - reroute roading or construct noise - noise disturbance,
noise barriers physiological illness
13.3 Emissions - reduced air quality, illness due to - - reduced viability and air
contaminants quality, increased incidences
of respiratory illness
13.4 Accidents - danger to human life - provide clear signs - none
- ensure good skid resistance
- provide underpass for large

mammals
13.5 Spills and Leaks - danger to human & wildlife - preparation of a practical - none
emergency response plan ( ERP )
where the road goes through
heavily populated areas
Page 51
ACTIVITY
14.0 ROAD RUNOFF
14.1 Stormwater Runoff - reduction in water quality, - where necessary place oil/water - none
( particularly first flush ) endangering in-stream wildlife and separation in drainage sumps
downstream water users
14.2 Spills Into Stormwater Drains - danger to human & wildlife - preparation of a practical - none
emergency response plan ( ERP )
where the road goes through
heavily populated areas

ACTIVITY
15.0 VEGETATION CONTROL
15.1 Manual & Mechanical Cutting- labour intensive - beneficial, provides employment - increased employment
15.2 Use of Herbicides - reduced water quality, threat to - control use, limit to clam and fine - decreased water quality from
wildlife conditions toxic residues
Page 52
ACTIVITY
16.0 MAINTENANCE
16.1 Reapir of Slope Failures - delays to traffic, river stress - traffic control, work off-peak - none
hours
16.2 General Maintenance - labour requirement - beneficial, provides employment - increased employment

ACTIVITY
17.0 RE-SURFACING
17.1 Patching Pavement - safety - provide traffic control - none
17.2 Re-laying Major Lengths of - delays to traffic, driver stress - traffic control, work off-peak - none
Pavement hours

ACTIVITY
18.0 ABANDONMENT
18.1 By-pass Due To Realignment- loss of business - compensation, assistance with - reduced standard of living
relocation
- reduced traffic
- beneficial, improved safety and - improved living standard
air quality
Page 53
EIA REPORT FORMAT
ELEMENT
6.12 RESIDUAL IMPACTS 6.15 REFERENCES
Potentially significant environmental impacts Scientific and technical publications used or

which remain after mitigating measures have quoted in the EIA report should be listed.
been applied are termed residual impacts.
These residual impacts need to be clearly
stated so that the project proponent is made
fully aware of the long term effects of the
project when making the decision on whether
or not to proceed with the project.
For highway/road projects, typical residual

impacts are set out in Table 6.1
6.13 SUMMARY AND

CONCLUSIONS
The assessor should draw appropriate conclu-

sions in each section of the EIA report. It is
useful however, to have the conclusions sum-
marised in a series of brief statements
referring to relevant sections of the reports,
together with a summary of the key issues
associated with the highway/road project.
6.14 DATA SOURCES &

CONSULTATIONS
The individuals or agencies consulted and the

environmental data collected during the EIA
should be quoted to support conclusions in
each section of the EIA Report and should be
fully documented in this section.
Documentation of consultations with specialists
should include the persons names and the
organisations they represent, the form of the
communication and the data. Written opinions
received from specialists should be append-
ed. The form, extent and results of any public
participation during the EIA process should be
reported in full.

7.0
MONITORING
7.1 General (1980) covers all effects on people or periodic

or transient vibrations whereas ground level
As set out in Sections 1 & 2, an EIA is a plan- recordings of vibration will normally suffice,
ning tool, designed to ensure that full consider- some structures (eg houses) can amplify the
ation is given to its potential effects so that ground acceleration and in such cases the
wherever possible these can be mitigated by recorders should be set up in adjacent
careful design, construction and operation. To buildings.
ensure a highway/road project achieves its
environmental objectives, it must be monitored 7.2.2 Air Quality
during construction and once it is fully opera-
tional. During construction the main containment is
dust. (particulates), and as with noise particu-
Whereas mitigation measures focus on project lates should be monitored at a specific location
activities (primarily so that there can be incor- such as an urban boundary.
porated into contract documentation packages),
monitoring focuses on the key environmental Dust or particulates are defined as deposited
components. particulates, suspended particulates an visibility
reducing particulates. Each of these definitions
is defined by their size, and the specific atmos-
pheric monitoring method used for their meas-
7.2 Physical Environment urement.
7.2.1 Noise & Vibrations Of most concern to DOE are deposited particu-
lates which, because of their aerodynamic
Construction noise and vibrations will rise from diameter and density, fall from the air. In gener-
heavy machinery (bulldozers, trucks, piling al terms deposited particulates has a diameter
rigs and scrapes) whereas operational noise greater than 10-20 /,m, and can be monitored
and vibrations will arise from normal traffic using a deposit gauge consisting of an open
(trucks, cars & motorbikes). cylinder with an internal diameter of 200mm
and a depth of 400 mm, as described by
Ambient noise levels should be recorded at ISO/DIS 4222.2.
specific loca-tions such as residential bound-
aries, and many precision grade sound level Once a road is operational, the main air quality
recorders are now available (eg Kjaer type indicators are total suspended particulates
2203). All sound level records must be (TSP) and visibility reducing particulates aris-
calibrated to ensure that noise levels recorded ing from diesel powered vehicles, N02, CO
are demonstrably reliable. Cabrication units are and lead.
readily available (eg Bruel & Kjaer electronic
calibration model 4230). Suspended particulate matter (TSP) requires
high volume samples, as described by AS
Vibrations are normally recorded as vertical 2724.3. Monitoring of TSP should be undertak-
velocities or acceleration using compact seis- en over a period of at least a year, for the data
mographs (eg NOMIS). Standard ISO 2631 to be meaningful.

MONITORING
N02, CO and Pb can be monitored at road or encouraged during biological monitoring. To

urban boundaries using portable gas analyses monitor the larger scale effects of encroach-
(eg Monitor Lab 8441 contains NOx analyzer ment, comparative air photo interpretation or
and Data Logger, Monitor Labs 8830 CO ana- satellite image evaluation can be useful moni-
lyzer) and compound sampling techniques. As toring tools.
with TSP, long term monitoring is recommend-
ed for meaningful results.
7.4 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

7.2.3 Water Quality
Follow up surveys of community groups which
The main water quality indicators are suspend- the EIA predicted could possibly be affected
ed solids (SS), oil and grease, and solid waste should be undertaken every 5 years.
(litter). Suspended solids should be monitored Information on the health and safety of the
both upstream and downstream of the high- communities is available through annual health
way/road activities, taking note of the river statistics, and information on population and
stage (low flow, flood, etc) and the weather community location is available through census
conditions. data (every 10 years).
If excessive litter is entering a waterway as a A complaints register should be maintained at

result of illegal dumping alongside the road- the local JKR offices, and all complaints should
way, BOD levels may also need to be record- be followed up by staff of the environmental
ed. unit.
If no oil sheen is visible on the water, then it is

likely that the oil concentration is less than
10 ppm.
With all the above water quality indicators,

qualitative assessments may prove adequate for
monitoring_ purposes, with quantitative meas-
urements only necessary for compliance pur-
poses.
Biological monitoring may also be an alterna-

tive to physico-chemical monitoring if it is the
in-stream values which are the main perquisites
for a high level of water quality.
7.3 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Monitoring of the biological environment will

be mostly restricted to sensitive areas such as
mangrove forests, wetlands and forest areas
containing rare or endangered species of flora
& fauna. Liaison with interested groups such as
DOE and reputable NGOs (eg WWF &
Malaysian Nature Society), should be

REFERENCES
8.0
SELECTED REFERENCES PERTAINING TO THE

ENVIRONMENT OF MALAYSIA
A. Salam Abdullah. 1990. Poisonous Plants in Malaysia.
Abdul Rahim Nik. 1985. Watershed Management in Malaysia: A Perspective. Wallaceana

December 1985.
Amin JM, Ibrahim I, Taib K.A (1993). Some Erosion Characteristics of Residual Soil Slopes in
Malaysia Int. Cont. on Environment Management Geo-water and Engineering Aspects,
Wollongong.
Anon 1974. A Blueprint for Conservation in Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nat. J. 27:1-16.
Anon 1987. Malaysian Wetland Directory. Department of Wildlife and National Parks. Kuala
Lumpur. 316 pp.
Appanah, S. & Weinland, G. 1993. Planting Quality Timber Trees in Peninsular MalaysiaA
Review.
Argent, G. & Lamb, A. & Phillipps, A & Collenette, S. 1988. Rhodedendrons of Sabah. Asian
Development Bank, 1990. Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure Projects, Office of
the Environment.
Asian Development Bank. 1991. Environmental Guidelines for Selected Agricultural and Natural
Resources Development Projects. Office of the Environment, Asian Development Bank, Manila.
Asian Development Bank. 1986. Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure Projects.
Infrastructure Department, Asian Development Bank, Manila.
Aw, P.C. (1990). The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Suncyai Aring Area, Kelantan Darul
Naim, District Memoir 21.
Azmy Hj. Moliamed. 1992. Potensi Rehung Buluh.

Barlow, H.S. 1982. An Introduction to the Moths of South East Asia.
Basu, K.S. 1992. Rattans (Canes) in India - A Monographic Revision.
Beccari, O. 1991. Wanderings in the Great Forests of Borneo.
Bennett, E.L & Goinberk, F. 1993. Prohoscis Monkeys of Borneo.
Berry P.Y. 1975, 'The Amphibian Fauna of Peninsular Malaysia. Tropical Press, Kuala Lumpur.
130 pp.

REFERENCES
Boulenger G.A. 1912. A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsular. Taylor and Francis, London.
204 pp.
Brifettt, C & Sutari Supari. 1993. The Birds of Singapore.
Briffett, C. 1992.A Guide to the Common Birds of Singapore.
Briggs, J. 1991. Parks of Malaysia.
Briggs, J. 1988. Mountains of Malaysia: A Practical Guide and Manual.
Bugliarrelo, G., Alexander, A., Barnes, J., Wakstein, C. (1978). The Impact of Noise Pollution: A
Socio-Technological Introduction. Pergamon Press Inc., New York.
Burgess P. 1969. Ecological Factors in Hill and Mountain Forests of the State of Malaya.
Malay. Nat. J. 22: 119 - 128.
Chai, P. 1993. Borneo Alive - Exploring Sarawak's Rainforest.
Chin, H.F. & I.C. Enoch. 1988. Malaysian Trees in Colour.
Chin, H.F. & Yong H.S. 1988. Malaysian Fruits in Colour. Chin, H.F. 1977. Malaysian Flowers in
Colour.
Choo-Goh, G.T., Hails, C.J., Harrison, B & Y.C Wee. 1990. A Guide to the Bukit Timah Nature
Reserve.
Chou, L.M. 1990. A Guide to the Coral Reef Life of Singapore.
Chou, L.M. 1992. A Guide to the Dangerous Marine Animals of Singapore.

Chou, L.M., Portirio 111.A. 1992. An Underwater Guide to the South China Sea.
Corbet A.S and Pendlebury H.M. 1978. The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsular. Malayan Nature
Society, Kuala Lumpur. 578 pp.
Corbet, A.S & Pendlebury, H.M revised by Eliot, J. N. 1992. The Butterflies of the Malay
Peninsula.
Corner, E.J.H. 1992. Botanical Monkeys.

Corner, E.J.H. 1988. Wayside Trees of Malaya.
Corner, E.J.H. 1992. Botanical Monkeys.
Cramphom J. 1983. Sungai Trengganu Fish Survey, 1980. Malayan Naturalist. 36(4): 1620.
Dansfield, S. 1992. Bamboos of Sabah.
Dansfield J. 1979. A Manual of the Rattans of the Malay Peninsular Malayan Forest Records. 29:
270 pp.

REFERENCES
Davison, G.W.H. 1992. Birds of Mount Kinabalu, Borneo.
Dansfield, S. 1992. Bamboos of Sabah.
Davison, G.W.H. 1988. Endau-Rompin: A Malaysian Heritage.
Davison, G.W.H., Phillipps, K., Alias, K. 1989. Pengenalan Burung-Burung Malaysia.
Department of Environment. 1989. A Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines.

Department of Environment, Kementerian Sains Teknolcji dan Alam Sekitar, Kuala Lumpur.
Department of Environment. 1990. Environmental Quality Report. Department of Environment,

Kementerian Sains Teknoloji dan Alam Sekitar, Kuala Lumpur. Department of Environment,
1989. A Guide to the Preparation of Terms of Reference for Highway/Road Projects, (First
Edition) EIA Unit, DOE, October 1989.
Department of Environment. 1992. Peta Punca-punca Pencemaran Air, 1992. Department of

Environment, Kementerian Sains Teknolcji dan Alam Sekitar, Kuala Lumpur.
Department of Environment. 1992. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Procedure and

Requirements in Malaysia. Department of Environment, Kementerian Sains Teknolcji dan Alam
Sekitar, Kuala Lumpur.
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US Department of Transportation, FHWA
ENVIRONMENTAL HANDBOOK
March 1985 ( Adapted to Malaysian Conditions, May 1993 )
ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANT CHECKLIST
This checklist is used to identify physical, biological, social and economic factor which might
be impacted by the proposed highway/road project. In many cases, the background studies performed in
connection with the project clearly indicate the project will not affect a particular item. A "NO" answer
in the first column documents this determination. Where there is a need for clarifying discussion,
an asterisk is shown next to the answer.
PHYSICAL. Will the proposal either directly or indirectly :-

YES OR IF YES, IS IT
NO SIGNIFICANT?
YES OR NO
1. Apprcciably change the topography or ground surface relief fcatures ?
2. Destroy, cover, or modify any unique geologic or physical features ?
3. Result in unstable earth surface or increase the exposure of people
or property to geologic or seismic hazards ?
4. Result in or be affected by soil erosion or siltation ( whether by water
or wind ?
5. Result in the increased use of fuel or energy in large amounts or in a
wasteful manner ?
6. Result in an increased in the rate of use of any natural resource ?
7. Result in the substantial depletion of any nonrenewable resource ?
8. Violate any published Federal, State, or local standards pertaining to
hazardous waste, solid waste or litter control ?
9. Modify the channel of a river or stream or the bed of the ocean or
any bay, inlet or lake ?
10. Encroach upon a floodplain or result in or be affected by floodwaters
or tidal waves ?
11. Adverscly affect the quantity or quality of surface water, groundwater
or public water supply ?
12. Result in the use of water in large amounts or in a wasteful manner ?
13. Affect wetlands or riparin vegetation ?
14. Violate or be inconsistent with Federal, State, or local water quality
standards ?
15. Result in changes in air movement, moisture, temperature, or any
climatic conditions ?
16. Result in an incerased in air pollutant omissions, adverse effects on
or deterioration of ambient air quality ?
17. Results in the creation of objectionable odors ?
18. Violate or be inconsistent with Federal, State, or local air standards
or control plans ?
19. Results in an increased in noise levels or vibration for adjoining areas ?
20. Result in any Federal, State, or local noise sriteria being equal or
exceeded ?
21. Produce new light, glare, or shadows ?
Page 68
ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANT CHECKLIST ( Cont. )
BIOLOGICAL. Will the proposal result in ( either directly or indirectly ):

NO SIGNIFICANT?
YES, OR NO
22. Change in the diversity of species or number of any species of plants
( including trees, shrubs, grass, microflora, and aquatic plants ) ?
23. Reduction of the numbers of or cncroachment upon the critical habitat
of any unique, treatened or endangered species of plants ?
24. Introduction of new species of plants into an areas, or result in a
barrier to the normal replenishment of existing species ?
25. Reduction in acreage of any agriculatural crop or commercial timber
stand, or effect prime, unique, or other farmland of state or local
importance ?
26. Removal or deterioration of existing fish or wildlife habitat ?
27. Change in the diversity of species or number of any species of
animals ( birds, land animals including reptiles, fish and shellfish,
benthic organisms, insects or microfauna ) ?
28. Reduction of the numbers of or cncroachment upon the critical habitat
of any unique, treatened or endangered species of plants ?
29. Introduction of new species of animals into an area, or results in a
barrier to the migration or movement of animals ?
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC. Will the proposal directly or indirectly :
30. Cause disruption of orderly planned development ?
31. Be inconsistent with any elements of adopted community plans,
policies or goals, or the urban strategies ?
32. Be inconsistent with a coastal zone management plan ?
33. Affect the location, distribution, densily, or growth rate of the
human population of an area ?
34. Affect life-style, or neighborhood character or stability ?
35. Affect minority, elderly, handicapped, transit-dependent, or other
specific interest groups ?
36. Divide or disrupt an established community ?
37. Affect existing housing, require the acquisition of residental
improvements or the displacement of people create a demand for
additional housing ?
38. Affect employment, industry or commence, or require the displacement
of businesses or farms ?
39. Affect property values or the local tax base ?
40. Affect any community facilities ( including medical, educational,
scientific, recreational, or religious institution, ceremonial sites
or sacred shrines ) ?
41. Affect public utilities, or public, fire emergency or other public
services ?
42. Have substantial impact on excisting transporting systems or alter
present patterns of circulation or movement of people and/or goods ?
Page 69
ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANT CHECKLIST ( Cont. )
NOT SIGNIFICANT ?
YES OR NO
43. Generate additional traffic ?
44. Affect or be affected by existing parking facilities or result in
demand for new parking ?
45. Involve a substantial risk of an explosion or the release of
hazardous aubstances in the event of an accident or otherwise
adversely affect overall public safety ?
46. Result in alterations to waterborne, rail or air traffic ?
47. Suppot large commercial or residential development ?
48. Affect a significant archacological or historic site, structure,
object, or building ?
49. Affect wild or scenic rivers or natural landmarks ?
50. Affect any scenic resources or result in the obstruction of any
scenic vista or view open to the public, or ceration of an
aesthetically offensive site open to public view ?
51. Result in substantial impacts associated with construction activities
( e.g. noise, dust, temporary drainage, traffic detours and temporary
acces, etc. ) ?
52. Result in the use of any publicly-owned land from a park, recreation
area, or wildlife and waterfowl refuge ?
MANDATORY FINDINGS OF SIGNIFICANCE YES OR NO
53. Deos the project have the potential to substantially degrade the
quality of the environmental, substantially reduce the habitat of a
fish or wildlife species, cause a fish or wildlife population to drop
below self-sustaining levels, threaten to climinate a plant or animal
community, reduce the number or restrict the range of a rare or
endangered plant or animal or climinate important examples of the
major periods of Malaysian history or prehistory ?
54. Does the project have the potential to achieve short-term, to the
disadvantage of long-term, environmental goals ? ( A short-term impact
on the environmental is one which occurs in a relatively brief,
definitive period of time while long-term impacts will endure well
into the future. )
55. Does the project have environmental effects which are individually
limited, but cumulatively considerable ? Cumulatively considerable
means that the incremental effects of an individual projects are
considerable when viewed in connection with the effects of past
projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of
probable future projects. It includes the effects of other projects
which interact with this project and, together, are considerable.
56. Does the project have environmental effects which will cause
substantial adverse effects on human beings, either directly or
indirectly ?
Page 70
CHECKLIST
1. This lists all significant environmental effectsa known to

have occurred in past highway and road projects in developing
countries.
2. This is arranged to permit: (1) ready acreening out of
non-pertinent items by checking the column 'No Significant
Effects'; and (if) ready grading of significant environmental
effects by degree of effect.
3. The checking process of (2) above fumishers the information
needed for preparing the IEE.
Table 1: Checklist of Environmental Parameters for Highway and Road Projects

For (Name of Project)
Page 71
Page 72
ANNEX I
SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS COMMONLY

ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHWAY AND ROAD PROJECTS
The following is a listing and brief description 2. Construction Stage :

of environmental problems commonly associat-
ed with highway and road projects which have (a) Will the project construction operations
not been normally considered in the planning against excessive soil erosion/silt runoff
of such projects. An additional listing (Annex from cut-and-fill areas, including use of
1.1) describes other environmental aspects of temporary holding ponds be needed?
11 & R projects which are normally considered
by Bank staff in the planning and preparation (b) Will any exposed areas be left without
of these projects. proper resurfacing/replanting which
would result in continuing excessive
erosion?
A. Environmental Problems for
Major 11 & R Rehabilitation (c) Will the construction operations involve
Projects (Most Bank 11 & R other hazards of the type listed in
projects have been in this Annex 111/1?
category.):
(d) Will the construction plan include provi-
sions for monitoring to ensure contrac-
tor's compliance with specified con-
1. Project Planning :
straints?
Projects usually involve few if any significant
adverse environmental effects because they
are limited to rehabilitation of existing 11 & 11,
3. Post-construction monitoring
hence problems commonly associated with
(new project) :
new H & R projects can hardly be expected to
occur, including problems associated with
disruption of surface hydrology, excessive
Will any continuing postconstruction moni-
erosion and silt runoff, inadequate attention to
toring be needed for ensuring adequate
resettlement issues, encroachment into pre-
environmental protection? (See Annex 111/3.)
cious ecological areas or into historical/cultural
monuments, flooding due to inadequate cul-
vert capacity, etc. The 1EE effort for such
projects should be limited to checking with
government officials concerned (including
national highway agency and NEnPA) on
whether there have been any significant
complaints on any environmental issues stem-
ming from construction and use of the existing
H & R system, and if so, to prepare the TOR
for an EIA for evaluating these complaints
and for recommending mitigating or remedial
measures which should be considered in the
planning of the new project.

SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHWAY
AND ROAD PROJECT
B. Environmental Problems for 6. Noise and vibrations :

New Major 11 & R Projects
Will the project result In noise and vibration
nuisances to neighboring properties and if so,
1. Encroachment oil. Precious how can these be feasibly minimized and off-
ecology : set? (See Annex 111/6.)
Will the proposed H & ll. routing encroach

upon precious ecological resources, including 7. Air pollution hazards :
forests and swamps, which could be avoided
by feasible rerouting and if not, how can these In urban areas, will the project result In dis-
losses be feasibly mitigated or offset? (See charge of air pollutants from motor veldcles,
Annex 111/5.) especially carbon monoxide, which under
adverse weather conditions could cause serious
air pollution hazards to nearby areas or com-
2. Encroachment on Itistorical/cultural ntonun- munities, and if so, how can these be mini-
tents/areas: mized or offset? (Note: Usually the control of
carbon monoxide from motor vehicles is feasi-
Same question as for (1) above. ble but for most other air pollutants the prob-
lem must be approached from a regional rather
than on a highway project basis.) (see Ref.
3. Intpairrnent of fisherieslaquatic ecology and 11.18, 20).
other beneficial water uses :
Will the changes in surface hydrology caused 8. Highway runoff pollution :

by the project result in impairment of valuable
fisheries/aquatic ecology, or of other valuable Surface runoff from highways may contain
beneficial water uses, and if so, how can sufficient petroleum drippage plus spilled
these be feasibly mitigated or offset? materials (including toxic and hazardous
materials) which can adversely affect aquatic
ecology and environmental aesthetics (see
4. Erosion and siltation : Annex 111/4 and Ref. 11.2).
Will the project result in excessive erosion and

silt runoff (and impairment of downstream 9. Highway spills :
water quality or in damages to land values)
due to excessive erosion/silt runoff from One of the most serious hazards posed by
exposed areas which are not properly resufaced highways is accidental spills of hazardous
or replanted? materials. The EIA should review the exist-
ing system for controlling and cleaning up
such spills including appropriate recommen-
5. Environmental aesthetics : dations, from the regional point of view
(see Ref. 11.2 and Annex 111/4).
Will the project result in unwarranted deprecia-
tion of environmental aesthetic (scenic) values
due to (a) lack of resurfacing/replanting of
exposed areas, (b) blocking of scenic views, or
(c) inattention to the aesthetic appearances of
the H & R structures (see lief. 11.6, 7).

SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHWAY
AND ROAD PROJECT
10. Construction stage problems : 4. Erosion and silt runofr. Same as B(4)
( See Annex 111/1. ) above.
(a) erosion and silt runoff: Will the con- 5. Dust nuisances: Does the project design
struction procedures protect against give reasonable attention to minimize dust
excessive erosion/silt runoff from cut- nuisances caused by road usage? (See
and-fill areas, including use of tempo- Annex 111/8.)
rary holding power if required?
6. Construction stage: Same as B(9) above.
(b) other- construction hazards: See Annex
111/1. 7. Post-construction monitoring: Same as
B(10) above.
(c) monitoring: Does the construction plan
include adequate monitoring to ensure
contractor's compliance with speci-
fied constraints?
11. Post-construction monitoring:
Does the project plan make provision for any

needed continuing post-construction moni-
toring for assessing the actual environmental
impacts of the project and for recommending
needed correction measures? (See Annex
111/3.)
12. Critical review criteria:
Does the project involve any of the overall

project critical review criteria listed in Annex
111/10?
C. Environmental Problems for

Rural Rondo
1. Encroachment into precious ecology :

Same as B(1) above.
2. Encroachment into historical/cultural n:oitu-

ments/areas : Same as B(2) above.
3. Inrpairntent of Tsheries/aquatic ecology and

of other beneficial water uses:
Same as B(3) above.

ANNEX 1.1
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS COMMONLY

IUNDLED BY BANK STAFF IN THE PREPARATION OF H&R
PROJECTS
A. Problems Relating to Project Planning and Design
1. Disruptions of surface hydrology resulting in impairment of beneficial water uses including

fisheries, navigation, community water supply, recreation and others.
2. Disposal of sanitary wastes for highway toilet facilities. Usually this involves appropriate use
of subsurface leaching systems.
3. Traffic congestion and hazards at access and exit points, especially for expressways.
4. Provisions in project post-construction operations plan for minimum adequate O&M program.
(See Annex 111/9.)
B. Problems Relating to Socioeconomics
1. For rural roads, does the road network plan provide for reasonably equitable set-vice to rural
residents?
2. With respect to resettlement, are the proviions for property compensation and for rehabilitation
reasonable and fair? (See Annex 111/2.)

ANNEX 11
REFERENCES FOR OBTAINING ADDITIONAL

INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF HIGHWAY
AND ROAD PROJECTS
1. Detailed Design and Environmental Irnpact Assessment of the Second Stage Expressway
System, (Final Report), PCI Consortium for NEB, Bangkok, 1986.
2. Errvironrnental Considerations in Highway Planning by California Departrrtent of

Transportation, John Meersman, etal., for Department of Civil Engineering, Standford
University, December 1978, approx. 250 pp.
3. Environmental Impact Assessment for Bali Irrigation Project, H. Ludwig for ELC/ADC
Consortium for DGWRD, Jakarta, 1981.
4. Environmental Impact and Related Procedures, Department of Transportation, Federal

Register, Washington, D.C., 30 October 1980.
5. Environmental Intlmct Assessment Policies for Thailand, P. Ruyabliorn and fl. Ludwig,
National Environment Board, Bangkok, 1985.
6. Errvir-ortntental IrrrpactStatement, PA-23, U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 1985.
7. Environmental Quality Standards and Criteria, the Problem in Developing Countries, P. K.ira
vanicli, S. Pairojborioboon, and H. Ludwig, NEB, Bangkok, June 1985.
8. A Graphical Solution Procedrtre for Estimating Carbon Monoxide Concentrations Near

Roadways, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., March 1981.
9. Guidance Material for Preparation of Environmental Documents, Federal Highway

Administration, Washington, D.C., February 1982.
10. Guidelines for Review of En viron"tentat Impact Statements, Vol. 1, Highway Projects,
USEPA, 1976.
11. "Highway Maintenance, It Costs a Lot Only If It's Not Done", P. Fossberg and C. Harral,
World Bank Report, July-August 1979.
12. Interim Guide for Environmental Assessment (HUD Field Office Edition), Voorhees for
Department of Housing and Urban Development, June 1985, approx. 500 pp.
13. Manual ofNEB Guidelines for Preparation of Environmental Impact Evaluations, National
Environment Board, Bangkok, April 1979, approx. 160 pp.
14. Mathematical Approach to Estimating Highway Inq)act on Air Quality, Vols. 4 and 5, USDOT,
Washington, D.C., 1972.

REFERENCES FOR ONTAINING ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF
HIGHWAY AND ROAD PROJECT
15. Mobile Source Emission Factor Tables for Mobile 3, Federal Highway Administration,
Washington, D.C., January 1986.
16. Noise and Vibrations, Present State and Countermeasures, Japanese Environmental Protection
Agency, 1982.
17. "Use of Vegetation for Abatement of Highway Traffic Noise", R. Harris and L. Cohn, Journal
of Urban Planning and Development, ADCE/USA, November 1985.
18. "Vail Pass Highway, Respecter of Urban Ecology", Civil Engineering, ASCE, June 1980.
19. "Viaduct Built from the Top Down", Engineering News-Record, 28 October 1982.
20. West Side Highway Project, Final Environmental Impact Statement, Federal Highway
Administration, Region One, 1977.

ANNEX III
GUIDELINES ANN
FOR ALL TYPES OF PR OJECTS
Annex III/1 : Environmental Constraints for Projects Involving Major

Construction Operations
Annex III/2 : Resettlement
Annex III/3 : Post-Construction Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP)
Annex III/4 : Control of Pollution Emissions and Hazardous Materials
Annex III/5 : Encroachment into Forests and Swamplands
Annex III/6 : Effects and Abatement of Noise and Vibrations
Annex III/7 : Dams and Reservoirs
Annex III/8 : Environmental Standards
Annex III/9 : Operations and Maintenance Problgms
Annex III/10 : Critical Parameters for Overall Project Environmental Review

ANNEX III/1 : GUIDELINES ANNEX
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS FOR PROJECTS

INVOLVING MAJOR CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
A. Introduction
1. Most major construction projects of all types involve certain impacts on environmental
resources that are significant and can be very serious if not properly managed during project
planning and implementation, and which tend to be overlooked by many planners and engi-
neers because it was not necessary to worry about them in the pre-environmental protection
eras. These constraints, which must be evaluated for all projects at least at the IEE level, to
determine whether any follow-up EIA will be needed, are described below.
B. Environmental Constraints During Construction Phase
2. Almost all major construction projects impose quite significant temporary hazards to environ-
mental resources during the project's construction phase. Hence these hazards need to be
accounted for and the proper protection measures included in the project FS, and their cost
included in the project's construction budget. The FS/ElA should describe these hazards and
how they will be managed.
3. The most common serious problems posed by most major construction projects (during the
construction phase) are shown as follows:

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS FOR
PROJECTS INVOLVING MAJOR
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
HAZARDS CONTROL METHODS AS

NEEDED
a. Runoff erosion during rains from unprotected a. (i) Careful planning of cut-and-fill to minimize
excavated areas resulting in excessive erosion, including resurfacing/revegetation
soil erosion. Can be very damaging to of exposed areas.
marine ecology, beach/recreational
areas.
a. (ii) provision of dikes to hold runoff to settle out
soil particles (with use of flocculating agents
where affected resources are sensitive, such
as corals)
b. Safety of workers from accidents. b. Appropriate safety measures

( consistent with local country economics ).
c. Communicable disease hazard to workers c. Provision of decent housing, water supply,

from lack of sanitation (water supply and and excreta management).
excreta management.
d. Insect vector disease hazards, especially d. Appropriate control of anopheline species

malaria from imported carriers in workers' camp area, especially spraying.
e. Slum hazards, i.e., where will workers live e. Appropriate planning for this, such as
after construction is completed if they provision of acceptable permanent housing.
decide to stay?
f. Cultural hazards due to differences in customs f. Appropriate planning for for this
of imported workers and local villagers. contingency.
g. Use of hazardous materials (toxics, g. Appropriate planning and controls.

inflammables, incendiaries, explosives). See Annex 111/4.
h. Dust/odors/fumes which are hazards or h. Appropriate planning nuisance and controls.

to workers or nearby residents.
i. Noise and vibrations which are hazards or i. Appropriate planning and controls.
nuisances to workers or nearby residents.
j. Quarrying operations :
(i) Safety precautions (i) Appropriate procedure to safeguardworkers,

nearby workers / residents, and wildlife.
(ii) Failure to clean up / aesthetics. (ii) Degradation of environmental replantblasting

area.
k. Accidents or other disruptions of utility k. Appropriate planning and prompt repairs

services (water, gas, etc.) when accidents occur.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS FOR
PROJECTS INVOLVING MAJOR
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
l. Description of street traffic for prolonged l. Careful construction schedulling

periods including :
(i) Traffic congestion
(ii) Blocking of access to buildings
m. Pollution of groundwater by dumping of m. Careful planning for spoils disposal.

construction spoils.
n. Local flooding from watering of excavation, n. Appropriate planning and controls.

flushing, pipes, etc.
o. Dredging and filling in lakes, rivers, bays, o. Careful planning for water use.
estuaries, coastal areas.

RESETTLEMENT
A. Introduction C. Additional Information
5. Study of equitable resettlement solutions in

1. Prior to the Environmentalist Movement, it Southeast Asia has been pioneered by the
was common practice In the DMCs, for Mekong Committee (Bangkok). This work
major projects requiring resettlement of has been summarized in the Mekong
families living in the proposed project area, Committee's publication No. MKG/36,
to compensate these facilities only for their "Environmental Effects of Pa Mong", 1976.
nonmovable properties, with little attention
to the problem of "rehabilitation", that is, of
assisting the family in finding occupation
elsewhere and in achieving an earnings
level equal to the without-project condition.
The rehabilitation problems were simply
left by the project planners (including the
participating international assistance
agency) to the local government's Ministry
of Public Welfare (which invariably had no
sufficient funds for this purpose).
2. Since the advent of the EIA process, it is

now becoming increasingly recognized that
provision of funds for rehabili-tation (as
well as for property compensation) must be
an integral part of the project's core budget.
B. Rehabilitation
3. Rehabilitation usually will require training

of the resettler in how to manage his new
occupation, for example, a lowlands paddy
farmer who is moved uphill to grow upland
crops, or is moved to an urban center for
employment.
4. In addition to training, rehabilitation costs

usuallywill include some sunsidy to com
pensate the resettler over the period before
he can be expected to achieve earnings
equal to his earnings in his original with-
out-project setting.

POST - CONSTItUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

PROGRAM (EMP)
A. Purpose of EMI' 2. Report preparation, including frequency

and distribution
1. Prior to the establishment of the EIA
process, project implementation was usually 3. Cost estimate
limited to the phases of: (i) planning/design,
and (ii) construction/startup. The EIA 4. Funding: Recommendations for
process has added a third phase, (iii) post- sharing of costs and for financing.
construction monitoring, with the purpose
of making periodic checks on the actual 5. Benefit/cost analysis: An approximate
environmental impacts of the project over evaluation of benefits versus costs for
the years following completion of the EMP, based on with and without
construction, as compared with those pro- EMP conditions, to show that the EMP
jected at the time of project appraisal. This is cost beneficial (not just additional
environmental monitoring program (EMP) overhead). The E MP should be the min-
furnishes feedbacks for use in correcting imum cost-program needed.to protect
any serious project deficiencies and for use sensitive affected environmental
in planning of future projects. resources.
6. Provisions for periodic review/revision:

B. Component of EMP The EMP should Include provisions for
annual evaluations of the data collected,
2. Virtually all major projects will exert signif- In order to delete collection of data
icant environmental impacts, hence will which are not needed, and to add
require an ElA which must include the collection of Important data not includ-
proposed post-construction EMP. This ed in the program.
should include:
1. Technical aspects:
a. Roles of NEnPA, national executing

agency, and project management
(usually the project management is
responsible for the detailed monitor-
ing, using consultants as heeded,
to be done following TOR prepared
by NEnPA).
b. Administration and coordination

(usually the EMP will involve a
steering committee with membership
from all significantly affected nation-
al agencies).

CONTROL OF POLLUTION EMISSIONS AND

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
A. Use of Treatment Process enforcement is the rule in practically all

Equipment Developed In ICs, it is not the rule in most DMCs,
Industrialized Countries because of lack of understanding in DMCs
that effective monitoring is essential to the
overall pollution control process and hence
the lack of willingness to fund the monitor-
1. One of the most difficult environmental
ing.
protection prolems in developing member
countries (DMCs) relates to the use of
3. The project FS must take the difference in
processes for removal of pollutants from
O&M capabilities into account when select-
waste emissions which depend upon the
ing processing equipment and in planning
proper functioning of equipment of thetypes
the O&M program.
used in the industrialized countries (ICs).
The Project Consultants responsible for
designing/implementing the system com-
monly assume that, because such equip-
B. Control of Hazardous Wastes
ment does solve treatment problems when
used in the ICs, the same will happen in the
DMCs. Unfortunately, the Project
Consultants are usually not involved in the 4. Control of hazardous wastes, especially
project beyond the construction and start-up spills, including toxic, incendiary, explosive
phases, when they themselves are present to and inflammable materials, both within the
furnish expert guidance to ensure proper project area or on access routes, again
equipment operation. The assumption usually means use of IC-type equipment,
made by the Project Consuilant is that the hence involves the same problem in the
equipment will be operated and maintained quality of O&M to be expected as
in the DMCs at the same level of quality as described in (1) above.
in the ICs. Unfortunately, this is rarely the
case, even when the Project Consultants'
contract provides for training of local O&M
staff while the Project Consultants are on C. Environmental Standards
the job.
2. The reason for this is shown clearly in the 5. In dealing with control of wastes and haz
history of pollution control activities every- ardous materials, one of the aspects to be
where, including the ICs, in which it is considered by the Project Consultants in
noted that pollution control equipment is doing the FS/EIA Is the existing environ-
operated properly only when the applicable mental standards of the country. These must
laws and regulations on maximum tolerable be taken into account because of their legal
emissions are actually enforced, including aspects, but the Consultants must also real-
operation of an effective periodic monitor- ize that the existing standards may not be
ing program. "No monitoring, no function- very appropriate because of the fact that
ing" is the common saying. While such most DMCs/NEnPAs are still in a

CONTROL OF POLLUTION EMISSONS
AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
beginning state of developing capability in the used water may contain a large quantity
the difficult problem of setting appropriate of pollutants which may be very difficult to
standards. Instead, the MOM tend to copy remove because of the large volumes
IC standards which may be quite unafford- involved. This plus heating of the water
able, or to set standards which are too low. may drastically impair stream ecology and
Details on this are given in Ref. 12.1 water quality.
(Item 12 below).
11. Where recirculatory cooling towers are used
6. The Job of the Project Consultants is to (the usual case), various types of chemical
make an objective evaluation of the prob- compounds are added to the recirculating
lem and to recommend the optimal cost- water for purposes of slime and corrosion
effective solution which will be reliable, control, and usually these contain toxics,
together with the justification. especially chromium (which in the hexava-
lent form is very toxic to people, animals
and fish). Hence provision mustbe made for
removal of the toxics from the cooling
D. Plant Area Drainage tower blowdown, and extra special care is
needed to ensure that the system will be
kept properly functioning to achieve 100
7. The plant surface drainage system should per cent treatment of all blow-down, that is
be carefully designed to prevent flooding of to ensure against reserve supplies of chemi-
the plant area (a matter of proper civil engi- cals for chemical treatment systems, and for
neering design which is often overlooked in electrolytic systems a reserve power supply
the DMCs). or a place for temporary storage of blow-
down.
8. The plant drainage water has been often
regarded in DMCs as "clear" or "clean",
whereas it usually contains considerable oil
from plant machinery drippage so that an F. Storage of Materials in Plant
API-type separator is needed prior to Yard
discharge.
9. The plant drainage may also contain spilled 12. It is common practice in DMCs to store
toxic materials, such as chromium spilled solid materials either plant inputs or out
while loading hoppers feeding chromium puts, in open areas where they are exposed
into the cooling water system (see Item 6 to rain, resulting in washing away of some
below). of the materials into the plant drainage sys-
tem. The environmental implications of this
need to be assessed, and roofed-area storage
furnished, if necessary.
E. Cooling Water System
10. Plant cooling water systems in DMCs

sometimes are of the non-recirculating type
(single pass) which require huge volumes of
water to be extracted from a nearby surface
stream, and while the used cooling water Is
usually returned to the stream (to maintain
the stream flow quantity in the dry season),

CONTROL OF POLLUTION EMISSONS
AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
G. Disposal of Plant Sanitary economical and safe solution will be to haul

Sewage the waste for landrillihg disposal at a site
where there is no potential groundwater use,
with precautions to prevent surface runoff.
13. It is often possible, when a sizeable invest- For details, see Disposal of Industrial Solid
ment is being made in building an effective Wastes in Eastern Seaboard, National
system for treating plant industrial liquid Environment Board, Bangkok, 1984.
wastes to save considerable money for
treatment of the sanitary sewage produced
in the plant or near- byworker residences,
by processing the sanitary flow by septic J. Disposal to Unconfined
tank treatment or primary treatment only, Ocean Waters
with the effluent then discharged to pass
through the industrial waste treatment
system. 17. Whenever the plant is located near the sea,
where access to unconfined seawater is
feasible by use of a submarine outfall, this
method of disposal will usually be much
H. Final Storage Pond more economical and provide much safer
protection to environment than systems dis-
charging to streams or to confined marine
14. It is generally necessary, as part of the waters such as estuaries and bays. For
plant's overall system for treating industrial details, see Ref. 12.2.
wastes, to provide a final holding pond (fur
nishing several days of storage or more) as
a final factor of safety before discharging to
the environment, especially to protect K. Post-Construction Monitoring
against "spills" of untreated wastes. The RequIrein ents: See Annex
ponding action evens out the discharge flow II/3.
and thus can greatly reduce the environ-
mental damage from the spill. In addition,
the final pond serves to act as a final treat-
ment or "polishing" system.
I. Solid Wastes
15. Industrial plants can usually dispose of non

hazardous organic solid wastes and refuse
most economically by means of sanitary
landfilling, either by building/operating
their own landfills or by contracting for this
service with a municipal system.
16. hazardous solid wastes represent a special

problem requiring very careful planning and
attention during operation. Usually the most

ENCROACHMENT INTO FORESTS AND SWAMPLANDS
A. Forests 3. Whenever special enhancement/protective

measures are to be recommended to be
funded by the project, they should be clear-
1. Encroachment into forests and swamplands ly justified in terms of economic and
is one of the most disruptive effects of resource conservation grounds, including
highways, roads, pipelines and transmission projects of the future status of the
lines and other adverse impact on the for- forest/wildlife resource with and without the
est/wildlife resource which is often very recommended special measures.
severe. This is due both to (a) encroachment
by the project per se; and (b) even more so
the subsequent follow-up encroachment by
people which is made possible by the B. Swamplands
access into the forest area furnished by the
project, including encroachments by rural
population in search of more farmland or 4. A similar problem is encroach-ment into
firewood or food (poaching), by entrepre- swampland zones, either freshwater or estu
neurs in fields like logging and mining, and aries, which are usually rich fishery
by illegal operators (especially logging). reproduction/nursery zones, as well as habi-
Careful attention must be given in planning tat for waterfowl and other swamp-orient-
the route alignment to select a feasible rout- ed wildlife.
ingwhich minimizes the damage, and to the
use of enhancement and protective meas- 5. In addition to the offsetting / protection
ures (to be funded by the project) for offset- measures noted above for forests, another
ting unavoidable degradation. Enhancement alternative where intrusion into precious
and protective measures may include: (a) swampland Is unavoidable is to use engi-
establishing forest reserves; (b) fencing off neering measures to recreate a similar
of the H&R and/or policed monitoring; (c) swampland zone in the same vicinity.
establishment of new rural village occupa-
tions so that the villagers will be economi-
cally better off by protecting the forst
/wildlife than by using it up.
2. For these reasons evaluation of the

forest/wildlife problem in detail, including
assessmtnt of the intrinsic value of the for-
est/wildlife resource in the overall national
resource context may be required in order
to determine the need for con-sidering alter-
native routings which will avoid degrada-
tion of precious irreplaceable resources
whenever possible.

ANNEX 111/6 : GUIDELINES ANNEX
EFFECTS AND ABATEMENT OF NOISE AND VIBRATIONS
A. Types of Noise and B. Impacts of Noise and

Vibrations Vibration
1. There are three principal types of noise and 1. General audible noise
vibration environments, namely: (i) general
audible noise; (ii) special noise; and (iii) 4. Commonly experienced problems caused
vibrations. General audible noise is noise by changes of levels of exposure to noise
commonly encountered in the everyday liv- are public health and welfare effects. In the
ing environment. This is the noise environ- range of 55 dB to 75 dB, impacts are of the
ment of most concern because many proj- "annoyance" type resulting from interfer-
ects result in temporary or permanent ence with speech communication, general
increases in exposure of humans to general wellbeing and sleep. Response to such
audible noise. General audible noise can be problems varieswith the receptor, for exam-
adequately described by either the equiva- ple schools, offices and similar receptors
lent A-weighted sound level (Leq) (which is where ease of speech is of primary con-
best used to describe 8-hour exposures such cern, will not have the same response to
as for occupational health). A variation an increase from 55 dB to 60 dB as a
includes a nighttime weighing to obtain a busy commercial district. Above 75 dB,
day-night sound level (Ldn) which is useful the possibility of severe health effects
for assessing 24-hour exposures such as occurs such as loss of hearing (Ref. 3).
from highways or airports.
5. A summary of protective noise levels used
2. Some noise, such ns infrasound, ultrasound as guidelines in the United States for prepa-
and high energy impulse, cannot be meas- ration of noise criteria is presented in Table
ured by average sound levels. Human expo- I (Ref. 6)
sure to such special noise (such as sonic
booms) is infrequent (as compared to expo-
sure to significant changes in general audi-
ble noise) and the abatement measures are
not similar, thus special noises will not be
further discussed.
3. Many projects which cause changes in gen-

eral audible noise also generate vibrations.
Vibrations transmission may be generated
by airborne noise (for example airborne
noise from vehicular road traffic causing
vibrations) or transmission may be struc-
tureborne.

EFFECTS AND ABATEMENT OF
NOISE AND VIBRATIONS
Table 1 : Yearly Ldn Vnlues that Protect Public Health and Welfare with a Margin of Safety
( US ) ( Ref. 2 )
Effect Level Area
Hearing Leq (24) S 79 dB All areas (at the ear)
Outdoor activity inter- Leq 55 dB Outdoors in residential areas

ference and annoyance and farms and other outdoor
areas where people spend
widely varying amounts of
time and other places in
which quiet is a basis for use.
Leq (24) 56 dB Outdoor areas where people

spend limited amounts of
time, such as schoolyards,
playgrounds, etc.
Indoor activity inter- Leq (24) 45 dB Other indoor areas with

ference and annoyance human activities such as
schools, etc.

2. Vibrations 9. Noise enclosures (barriers) attelruate noise

by enclosing either the machine or the
6. Vibrations of structures may be due to air- operator. The enclosure should be as heavy
borne acoustical waves or solidborne vibra- as necessary to achieve the attenuation and
tion. Groundborne vibration is likely to should be impervious to air flow. An
accompany some mitring, construction and absorbent lining should be provided to limit
other industrial activities. The frequency the increase of noise level within the enclo-
range of vibration inside buildings which sure resulting from reverberation. Partial
may result in human response is between enclosures on barriers are of limited use and
1Hz and 80 11z with human sensitivity to the dimensions must be several times the
acceleration (by vibration effects) decreas- wave length of the frequency of sound.
ing with decreasing frequency. Some basic They must be placed close to the sound
threshold values for acceptable vibration source or receptor (Ref. 4).
environments is presented in Table 2.
7. Structural damages may be caused in indus-

trial areas by vibration-exciting machines,
in mining areas by blasts, in construction
zones by pile driving or other activities, in
residential areas from traffic on roads and
railroads, etc. There are three general cate-
gories of damage, namely; (i) threshold
damage consisting of visible cracks in non-
structural members such as partitions, fac-
ings, plaster walls; (ii) minor damage con-
sisting of large permanent cracks in non-
structural and structural members; and (iii)
in settlement and displacement of founda-
tion.
C. Noise and Vibration

Abatement
1. Noise control in industry
8. Noise control at an industry is usually

achieved by reduction of noise at the source
or insertion of a barrier between the noise
source and the hearer (receptor). Reduction
of the source is usually done by the
machine manufacturer by modifying com-
ponents or processes such as use of belt
drives in place of gear drives, welding in
place of riveting, insertion of resilient
damping material between impacting metal
parts, reducing response of vibrating sur-
faces by increasing the stiffness and mass,
and reduction of air turbulence.

Table 2 (Ref. 1) : Basic Threshold Acceleration Values forAcceptable Vibration

Environments
Type of Place Time of Continuous of Impulse Shock

Date Intermittent rms Excitation Peak
Acceleration Acceleration
( m / sq / sec ) ( m / sq / sec )
Hospital Operating Day 0.036 0.005

Rooms and Other Such
Critical Areas
Night 0.036 0.005
Residential Day 0.072 0.1
t N
Night 0.005 0.01
Office Anytime 0.14 0.2
t N
Factory and Workshop Anytime 0.28 0.4
t N
t = duration seconds of vibration, for durations greater than 100 sec, use t as 100 sec.
N = number of discrete shock excitations that are one sec or less in duration. For more than
100 excitations, use N = 100.
Daytime is 7 am to 10 pin. Nighttime is 10 pin to 7 pin.

2. Vibration control in 4. Noise and vibration abatement for

industry projects with permanent effects
on urban or suburban noise
10. Abatement measures to prevent vibration environment
from having harmful consequences include:
(a) reducing vibration at its source, at the 12. Activities which may affect the "neighbor-
design stage, and by various steps to hood" noise environment are many, from
improve balancing and centering of moving the local restaurant or market sounds to an
parts and reduce play between them, and airport. Most control measures are regu-
careful design of gears and transmission latory, including land use zoning and envi-
systems; (b) a reduction of working hours ronmental quality standards for noise. Most
and/or the introduction of short pauses abatement measures which have been
during the working day; and (c) when man- developed for noise and vibration for high-
ual operation of a vibrating tool cannot be way and airport projects are applicable as
avoided, shock absorbers may be mounted well for other projects (Ref. 1 and 2). These
between the body of the tool and its moving measures are summarized as follows:
parts, vibrationdamping materials may be
inserted between the handle and the opera- a. Acquisition of property to serve as a
tor's hand, special vibration-absorbing buffer zone between the source and the
gloves may be worn, the tools can be sus- receptor
pended to reduce the influence of the vibrat-
ing mass, and duration of exposure can be b. Construction of noise barriers or
reduced by avoiding over-specialization of devices; however, costs alone often rely
workers (Ref. 4). on barrier as a general alternative
measure
c. Noise insulation of public-use buildings

3. Noise and vibration abatement such as schools and hospitals
during construction
d. Management measures such as prohibi-
11. Most abatement measures during construction of certain types of vehicles for high-
tion are similar to those described below, ways; time use restrictions for industry,
that is, use of sound barriers and noise highways and airports; and flight pattern
reduction from equipment and vehicles. restrictions for airports
Additional abatement measures may be
required in special cases such as use of e. Improvement of equipment or vehicle
vibration-free piling tnetliods where con structure, for example USEPA has
ventional pilingwould be hazardous. Except demonstrated noise reduction from
in special situations, because noise and trucks from about 82 dB(A) down to 72
vibration from construction are of a transi- dB(A) at a cost addition of about 3 per-
tory nature, no attempt is usually made to cent over the baseline price (Ref. 2)
keep them below the threshold of human
perception but rather to prevent health or f. Improvement of structural design
structural damage. Thus the key to control including buildings, airports, highways,
is effective monitoring and enforcement railways and other structures to reduce
(Ref. 3 and 6). transmission of noise and vibration

REFERENCES
1. Dentonstration of Truck Progrant 1, Program Suntntary, Truck Noise Reduction, PB-82-

220328, EPA, December 1981.
2. Department of Transportation, Pederal Highways Administration Noise Policy and Related

Environmental Procedures (Federal Noise Series, Vol. 111) EPA (PB-285940), July 1978.
3. Guidelines for Noise Impact Analysis, USEPA (Report No. 550/9-82-105), April 1982.
4. Occupational. Health Safety, ILO, 1972.
5. Protective Noise I,etiels (Condensed version of EPA Levels Documents), EPA (550/9-79-100),
November 1978.
6. "Vibration Problems in Civil Engineering", O'Neil, D.B., Instrumentation for Ground

Vibration and Earthquakes, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, 1978.

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
A. Appropriate Standards program so that EPA publications are rela-

tively readily available. The next step is to
1. Setting of appropriate standards (and/or cri- obtain a standard to be utilized locally.
teria for environmental quality is a basic Often this results in promulgation of a stan-
task facing the national environmental pro- dard which is simply unrealistic in that the
tection agencies (NEnPAs) of all D1VICs, local national establishment will not be
and probably the most complex, difficult willing to make the expenditures needed to
and confusing of the host of problems. At achieve it.
first glance the problem seems simple
enough. All the NEnPAs need to do is to: (i) 3. An appropriate approach to setting stan-
review the standards (and/or criteria) uti- dards in DMCs is to review the history of
lized in other countries; (ii) adjust these to their evolution in the ICs, such as in the
be appropriate for the local national situa- United States. Such review shows, except
tion; (iii) establish these officially through for a few standards that are directly
legislation and promulgations; and (iv) health-related (such as the amount of mer
monitor to see to it that the standards are cury that a human can tolerate), most
followed and complied with. However, on environmental standards bear a close rela-
Item (ii) above, adjustment, to be appropri- tionship to the country's status in economic
ate for local situations, is a most complex development. By this means the DMC offi-
assignment because setting the standards cial can obtain guidelines on selection of
which are indeed appropriate for local use standards appropriate for the country's cur-
involves not just the basic principles of rent development situation.
environmental protection, such as preserv-
ing scarce and irreplaceable natural
resources, maintaining community environ-
ments that are reasonably clean and fit to B. Water Quality Standards
live in, etc., but also involves, at equal
depth, the basic principles of the national 4. The principles noted above have been rec-
economic situation. This means considera- ognized in some DMCs in the establish-
tion of what is affordable, and the national ment of water quality (WQ) standards much
cultural traditions and values including the less strict than for the ICs. For example,
mole of enforcement in the government's the USEPA standard of safety of drinking
relationship to society and socioeconomics. water froni pathogenic hazards, as judged
by the coliform index, requires an average
2. A common approach used by NEnPAs is to maximum density of total coliform of I per
review the latest standards in use by IC 100 ml, which is readily met in ICs
agencies (which Dave done most of the where O&M quality is high. An appropriate
work on the subject), and the standards set standard used in some developing countries
by the international assistance agencies Is 6 per 100 ml. Slmilarly, a turbidity of 5
(IRAs), which are often adaptations of the ppm is commonly allowed for filtered water
IC standards. The USEPA standards have In developing countries, com-pared to less
been the most used, because not only has than I ppm in the ICs.
EPA done the most work on the subject, but
also has a liberal publications distribution

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
C. Occupational Health
Standards
5. This is another area of confusion in many

developing countries, in trying to set mean-
ingful standards for protecting the health
and safety of workers, including protection
from exposure to toxic substances, from
explosions and fires, from excessive noise
and vibrations, etc. Again, the answer Is not
in copying IC standards, which may be
unaffordable, but in setting requirements
that match the existing economic/socioeco-
nomic situation.
6. An excellent reference for detailed informa-

tion on occupational health is the World
Bank publication, Occupational Health and
Safety Guidelines, Office of Environmental
Affairs, World Bank, June 1984.

ANNEX 111/9 : GUIDELINES ANNEX
OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS
A. Quality of O&M Equipment 3. The project ITS must take this difference in
O&M capabilities into account when select-
1. One of the most difficult environmental ing processing equipment and in planning
protection problems in DMC9 relates to the the O&M program.
use of equipment for water and waste treat-
ment, for air pollution control, and other
environmental protection purposes, which
depend upon the proper functioning of B. Reasons for Problem of
equipment of the types used in the industri- Inadequate O&M
alized countries (ICs). The Project
Consultants responsible for designing / 4. A common assumption by the International
implementing such systems commonly assistance agencies (IAA9) is that the O&M
assume that, because such equipment does problem in DCs can be solved by use of
solve problems when used in the ICs, that appropriate training programs. While these
the same will happen in the DMCs. are helpful, the basic problem is usually the
Unfortunately, the Project Consultants are low levels of pay for O&M personnel. Once
usually not involved in the project beyond trained, the individual is prompted to seek
the construction and startup phases, when employment elsewhere with pay matching
they themselves are present to furnish his new skills level.
expert guidance to ensure proper equipment
operations. Tire assumption made by the 5. The 1AAs, Including ADB, need to give
Project Consultant is that the equipmentwill more attention to this problem in formulat-
be operated and maintained in the DMCs ing Bank-sponsored project's.
at the same level of quality as in the ICs.
Unfortunately, this is rarely the case, even
when the Project Consultant's contract pro-
vides for training of local O&M staff while
the Project Consultants are opt the job.
2. The reason for this is shown clearly in. the

history of pollution control activities every-
where, including the ICs, in which it is
noted that pollution control equipment is
operated properly only when the applicable
laws and regulations on maximum tolerable
emissions are actually enforced, including
operation of an effective periodic monitor-
ing program. "No monitoring, no function-
ing" is the common saying. While sucli
enforcement is the rule in practically all
ICs, it Is not tire rule in most DMCs,
because of lack of under standing that effec-
tive monitoring is essential to the overall
pollution control process and hence the lack
of willingness to fund the monitoring.

ANNEX III/I0 : GUIDLINES ANNEX
CRITICAL PARAMETERS FOR OVERALL PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW
Based on experience of the U.S. Council on Environmental Quality, a number of questions have
been developed for testing of the overall environmental appropriateness ofproposed projects.
Adapting these to suit DMC conditions results in the following list of questions:
1. Will the project create unwarranted losses in precious/irreplace able natural or other
resources?
2. Will the project make unwarranted accelerated use of scarce resources in favor of short-
term over long-term economic gains?
3. Will the project adversely depreciate the national energy and/or foreign exchange problem
to an unwarranted degree?
4 Will the project result in unwarranted hazards to endangered species?
5. Will the project tend to intensify undesirable rural-to-urban migration to an unwarranted

degree?
6. Will the project tend to increase the "income gap" between the poor and affluent sectors?

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF
QUARRYING ACTIVITIES
1.0 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS - flying rock fragments (safety)
Quarries are listed within the Environmental - dust (air quality, health)
Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental
Impact Assessment) Order 1987, and as such - sediment (water quality, aquatic ecology)
an EIA is mandatory under section 34A of the
Environmental Quality Act, 1974 for :
Quarries : 2.1.3 Activity 3 (Rock Processing

- Crushing & Screening)
Proposed quarrying of aggregate, limestone,
silica, quartzite, sandstone, marble and decora- - dust (air quality, health)
tive building stone within 3 kilometres of any
existing residential, commercial or industrial - noise (health)
areas, or any area of which a licence, permit or
approval has been granted for residential, com- - sediment (water quality, aquatic ecology)
mercial or industrial development.
2.1.4 Activity 4 (Transportation of

Processed Aggregate)
2.0 KEY ISSUES
- trucks/traffic (safety)
2.1 General Issues
- spilled aggregate (safety)
The key issues generally associated with quar-
rying activities are noise, vibrations and dust
associated with blasting, and their adverse
2.1.5 Activity 5 (Abandonment)
effect (or impact) on people living nearby
(within 3 kms). These and other issues are - vertical cliffs (safety, aesthetics)
presented in the following sub-sections 2.1.1 to
2.1.5. - building & plant (safety, aesthetics)
2.1.1 Activity 1 (Site Clearing &

Earthworks)
- removal of forest cover & terrestrial habitat

(biodiversity, aesthetics)
- loss of fauna & flora (biodiversity)
2.1.2 Activity 2 (Rock Extraction -

Blasting & Rock Breaking)
- noise (health, tranquillity)
- vibrations (health, settlement)

3.0 SPECIFIC EIA STUDIES 3.2 Air Quality Studies
In order to undertake an assessment and predic-

3.1 Noise Study tion of air quality around the quarry site, an Air
Quality Specialist will need to carry out the fol-
In order to undertake an assessment and predic- lowing subtasks.
tion of noise around a proposed quarry site a
Noise Specialist will typically carry out the
following tasks: 3.2.1 Measurement of ambient air
quality
3.1.1 Assessment of existing The main pollutant emitted from the quarry
noise levels will be pulverised rock fragments. These
finely pulverised rock fragments will range in
Noise measurements would be undertaken at size and form both deposited particulates and
the nearest residential area using equipment suspended particulates.
such as the following :
Deposited particulate matter is dust or aerosol
- Bruel and Kjwr precision integrating Sound that, because of its aerodynamic diameter and
Level Meter model 2231 with Statistical density, falls from the air. In general terms
Analysis Module deposited particulate has a diameter of greater
than about 10 to 20/m. However there is no
- Bruel and Kjwr precision Sound Level sharp dividing line between these particles and
Meter model 2203 the smaller particles of suspended matter that
more slowly fall out of the air.
- SONY TCD-D3 DAT recorder
Suspended particulate matter is dust or aerosol
The model 2231 meter allows measurements of that stays suspended in the atmosphere for sig-
L,o and Leq to be made directly on site. The nificant periods. Its exact definition is depend-
model 2203 meter and DAT recorder enables ent on the monitoring procedure adopted. In
calibrated recordings of the noise environment general terms suspended particulate has a
to be made, so that additional analysis can be diameter up to about 10 pin, although some
undertaken at a later stage if required. particulate up to about 50 pm can be collect-
ed, and therefore measured, by the monitoring
system.
3.1.2 Prediction of noise due to Ambient air monitoring for particulates (both
operation of the quarry deposited and suspended) can be undertaken
using samplers specified in ISO/DIS 4222.2
A computer modelling technique will need to and AS 2724.3.
be utilised to ensure that noise controls set by
the Department of Environment can be
achieved by the proposed quarry project. In 3.2.2 Predictions of Dust from
some cases it may be desirable to measure Quarry Operations
noise levels from a trial blast at the site to con-
firm/calibrate the computer model. It is usually sufficient to utilise simple models
for predicting dust emissions from the vari-
ous quarrying activities, which can be used
along-side USEPA emission factors.

3.3 Water Quality Studies The acceptance criteria need to take account
of :
Blasting, crushing and processing (washing)
rock for aggregate results in fine material - type and quality of construction and build-
which can be washed into receiving waters ing materials
thereby adversely affecting water quality due to - building foundations
suspended solids. - age of building
- duration of vibration effects
It should be sufficient to sample the closest - characterisation of vibrations
watercourse upslope and downstream of the
quarry face for pH, COD, BOD, suspended
solids and oil and grease in accordance with
DOE requirements. Physiological Criteria
The suspended solids content of the water will Human sensitivity to vibrations is very high
inevitably increase as a result of quarrying with discomfort levels being affected by :
operations, and practical recommendations will
need to be made to ensure that the off-site - position of affected person
water quality complies with DOE industrial - direction of incidence with respect to the
effluent criteria. human spine
- activity of the affected person
- community
- age and individual characteristics time of
3.4 Vibration Studies day
Depending on the quarry location, vibration

limits may need to be determined for the quar- The intensity of perception depends on the
ry site on the basis of international recommend- physical vibration parameters :
ed acceptance levels for :
- displacement, velocity, acceleration
structural criteria amplitudes
- duration of events and damping
physiological criteria characteristics
- number of occurrences
- vibration frequency
Structural Criteria
Induced vibrations may cause deformations It may be desirable to monitor vibrations aris-
and a range of forms of distress to building ing from a test blast at the proposed quarry
including : site using seismographs set up at both the near-
est residential area and at the closest ownship.
- cracking of walls and slabs
- aggravation of existing cracking
- displacement of equipment, cladding and
roofing elements
- fatigue and overstress in principal load
bearing elements (continuous vibrations)

3.5 Fauna & Flora Studies
Quarry sites usually only encompasses relative-

ly small areas of land. The amount of habitat is
therefore usually insignificant in relation to the
surrounding land area.
It may be sufficient to undertake a qualitative

assessment of the existing fauna and flora, in
order to confirm that the area is not ecological-
ly sensitive through meetings with DOE, World
Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Wildlife
Department and Forestry Department.
3.6 Social Impact Studies
The views of the nearest local community

should be sought through interviews or a public
meeting.

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Guidelines For The

Kamalaldin bin Abd. Latif

GUIDELINES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL

2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

3.0 ISSUE IDENTIFICATION, OR SCOPING

4.0 UNDERTAKING THE EIA

4.1 Preparing the scope of the EIA

5.0 HIGHWAY/ROAD PROJECTS - ACTIVITIES,

GUIDELINES FOR THE

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF

8.0 SELECTED REFERENCES PERTAINING

A1 Environmental Significance Checklist

A2 Checklist of Environmental Parameters, Asian Development Bank, 1990

Environmental Aspects of Quarrying Activities

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL Page 7

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL Page 8

- pollution control and prevention;

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL Page 9

The Langkawi Declaration is especially signifi-

On October 31, 1989, the World Bank issued

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL Page 10

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

2.1 General - AIRPORT

2.2 Prescribed Activities

In Malaysia, a list of prescribed activities has 2.3 EIA Guidelines

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL Page 11

Approval will only be given to EIA's which are

Ideally the EIA should be undertaken at the

In the Malaysian context, EIA is a study to

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL Page 12

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL Page 13

ISSUE IDENTIFICATION OR SCOPING

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL Page 14

® Environmenent a mps a s potentially significant but

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL Page 15

UNDERTAKING THE EIA

4.1 Preparing the scope of the EIA

4.2 Preparation of Terms of Reference

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL Page 16

Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor

Dear Mohd Jailani,

Re: Noise Studies for New East-West Highway Project

The workscope will entail :

a) Ascertain the existing physical environment (w.r.t ambient noise levels)

d) Suggest appropriate mitigation measures, if any

e) Suggest an appropriate post-construction monitoring plan

Technical and Financial Proposal

The Consultant shall submit a proposal giving :

a) Work Programme with Time Schedule

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL Page 17

Payment schedule will be as follows :

EIA Reports and Submission

b) The noise report should have :

- a one or two paragraph Summary in both English and Bahasa

- Tabulated Summary of Noise Impacts, Mitigating Measures and Residual Impacts

- Overall Conclusions and Recommendations

Ms Sharifah Alauyah bt Wan Othman

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, KL Page 18

HIGHWAY / ROAD PROJECTS - ACTIVITIES,

5.1 General These guidelines subdivide the project into 18

Quarrying activities have been addressed sepa-

5.2 Main Activities

Environmental impacts result from actions, or