Diagnostics of Endocrine Disorders:

1. Patients physical disorders and behavior Appearance observation

2. Chemical history of patient and also important in evaluating the rate progress
and stage of development of the endocrine disorders.
3. Confirmation of the disorders by laboratory tests such as urine and blood
samples are important in hormonal disorders.
4. Techniques of analysis procedure include:
a) (RIA) methods to determine the concentration of hormones.
b) Protein bound iodine (PBI) test to determine the level of iodine in the
blood.
c) Blood content of cholesterol for thyroid.
d) Measurement of sodium potassium ratio for Addison diseases.
e) Glucose Tolerance test in fasting Patient for Diabetes mellitus
f) Urinary analysis is also important endocrine disorders:
I. Urine glucose test
II. Large volume of urine indicate diabetes insipids 5-10L per day
III. Dilute urine of low specific gravity.
g) Adrenal Glands Tests:
I. Can be detected by examining changes for their hormones in
urine sample, collects over 24 hours.

Panhypitatrism: Is reduction in the activity of pituitary gland as the result of

1. Intracranial hemorrhage a blood clot, prolonged steroid-Treatment or Tumor a

total impairment, term panhypopiluitarism. This will result as progressive and
general loss of hormonal activities examples as
I. Gonads failure stop functioning and the person may suffer
a) As amenorrhea (lack of menstruation) or a sperma (no
sperm production)
b) Loss of pubic auxiliary hair. Thyroid and adrenal gland stop
functioning, people who are suffering these conditions will
depend on hormonal replaced thyroxine.

Growth Hormone:

Abnormal growth hormone secretion causes during childhood a condition:

1. Pituitary dwarfism (inadequate growth a rare condition called pituitary cachexia,

which is premature aging caused by tissue atrophy.
 2. Oversecretion of growth hormone during childhood is a condition called
gigantism which is an abnormal growth in bone length because the epiphyseal
plates have already ossified.
3. Hypersecretion of growth hormone secretion in adult causes acromegaly; a
condition in which persons appearance gradually changes as a result of a
thickening of bones and growth of soft tissue particularly in face, hands and f

Inadequate ADH secretion:

1. In appropriate function of ADH secretion causing a condition called diabetes

insipidus

Symptoms:

1. Polyuria (excessive urination)

2. polydipsia (consumption large amount of water, in balance of electrolytes(Na/K)

Myxedema: is hypothyroidism of adults, Symptoms Includes:

1. Fluid retentions
2. Causing edema
3. Increase blood volume
4. Increase blood pressure
5. low metabolic rate
6. lethargy
7. Sensitivity to cold
8. Tendency to increase weight
9. Treatment include: thyroxine or triiodothyroxine pills taken oral.

Endemic Goiter:

It is a disease of an abnormal growth of the gland.

1. The cause is due inadequate dietary intake of iodine

Symptoms include:

1. Low iodine level in blood

2. Abnormal growth of thyroid gland
3. Excessive TSH secretion
4. Result of endemic goiter
5. Hypothyroids
Hypothyroid disorder:

Infantile form hypothyroid

Cretinism:

1. Child usually appears normal because thyroxine provided by mothor’ s placenta.

Symptoms of Cretinism:

1. Stunted growth
2. Thickened facial features
3. Abnormal bone development
4. Mental retardation
5. Low body temperature
6. General lethargy

Treatment includes: administrating thyroxine

Graves’ Disease (toxic goiter)

1. Involves growth of the thyroid associated with Hypersecretion of thyroxine.

2. Thyper thyroidism is produced by antibodies that act like TSH
3. Stimulate the thyroid
4. It is an autoimmune diseases
5. Result secretion of high level of thyroxine
6. Metabolic rate and heart rate increase
7. Loss of weight
8. Excessive sweating induced by the autoimmune nervous system
9. Exophthalmos or bulging of the eyes.
10. Edema in the tissues of the eyes.
11. Swelling of sockets of extrinsic muscles
12. Increase metabolic rate and increase blood pressure
13. Weight loss
14. Nervousness

Disorder of PTH (parathyroid glands):

 Removal of the parathyroid gland.

 Reduces the secretion of calcium
 Due to fall of parathyroid hormone
 Decrease of the hormone level
 Cause severe muscle tetancy
  Hypoparathyroidism Secrete by tumors
 Cause secrete excessive PTH (Hormone)
 Stimulates demineralization bones
 Makes the bones soft and raises the blood of calcium and structure
 Results changes the bones are subject to deformilty and structure
 Stones composed of calcium phosphate develop in the urinary tract.

Pancreatic Islets:

1. Diabetes mellitus
2. Fasting hyporglycemia
3. Pressure of glucose in the urine
4. There are two forms of this disease:
a) Type I or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
b) Type II non-insulin dependent diabetes